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Frederick was the King of Prussia 1740 - 1786. As a kid, he wanted to study music, philosophy, and poetry. His father forced him to live with a strict military discipline. Frederick raised one of the best trained armies in Europe.

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Was built for King Louis XIV and cost over 2 billion dollars. Was at first a royal hunting lodge, but soon became an important royal building with a growing government. Consisted of the finest paintings and over 2000 rooms. This shows the great power monarchs had in the absolutism era.

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Louis XIV was inherited the throne at 5 years old. Reduced the power of the aristocracy and created the middle class. Called himself the sun king because like the sun, everything revolved around him. Revoked the Edict of Nantes which caused the French economy to slow down. Raised the army almost 10 times bigger, but wasn't able to expand borders.

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Took the throne at 10 years old. Had a vision to westernize all of Russia and brought many ideas and technologies from western Europe. Improved trading, education, and infrastructure. Expanded Russia, and raised the largest army in the East. Reduced the power of greedy landowners and promoted men of lower-ranking families who proved their loyalty.

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St. Petersburg was a city built by Peter the great to show off his best efforts at modernizing Russia. He heavily induced new ideas and cultures, and brought skilled Italian architects and artisans to create great palaces with western influences. He forced many lower class serfs to clean out the swampy land, and many lost their lives.

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Red - English Civil War
Green - Scientific Revolution
Purple - Absolutism
Yellow - Enlightenment

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Nicolaus was a polish astronomer who studied planetary motion for over 25 years. Reasoned that the stars and planets revolved around the sun, and not the earth. Did not publish his finding until many years later in fear of rejection. Many questioned his idea, especially religious people. The idea that the earth moved was hard to believe, but inspired scientist to study the theory.

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Kepler was a German astronomer who observed and studied planetary motion. Kepler calculated the path planets take around the sun and found that its an elliptical orbit, or oval shaped. Proved mathematically that Copernicus's theory was right.

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Built a telescope in 1609 to study the heavens. He found that stars were not made of pure substance, and his other findings supported Copernicus's heliocentric theory. His new ideas caused a lot of conflict and had the church condemn him for challenging Christian beliefs. he was placed under house arrest for life.

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Formulated the law of gravity, and invented calculus, a math which help prove Copernicus's, Galileo's, and other scientist's theories. In 1697, he published his theories in a book called "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy", or "Principia".

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William Harvey was an English physician who explained how the heart acted ass a pump, and circulated blood all around the body. He also described the function of blood vessels. He also published on The Motion of the Blood and Heart in Animals.

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Hobbes was an enlightened thinker who argued that all humans were born naturally selfish and wicked.  He believed that we needed a powerful government to keep humans in check, and without government to keep us in check, the quality of life would decrease. Hobbes wrote the Leviathan in 1651, a book about his ideas.

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Locke was an enlightened thinker who believed people were generally good and with experiences could improve themselves. Locke believed all people had the natural ability to govern their own affairs and were born equal and free. Locke came up with the idea that all people have 3 unalienable rights. Life, Liberty, and Property. He believed that the government is run by the people and the government should protect those rights.

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Montesquieu was a French enlightened thinker who believed to promote liberty and prevent tyranny. He believed that at the time England had the best government, and he decided the government should be divided into 3 branches in order to ensure checks and balances. The Legislative, the Judicial, and the Executive.

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Rousseau believed that people were naturally good, and the evils of society corrupted ones goodness. He believed that there should be little government involvement and it should be a direct democracy. He thought that the government should be made by the people and the good of the community should be above a single individual.

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Voltaire believed that everyone should be entitled to freedom of religion, freedom of speech, and separation of church and state. He was arrested twice due to his allegations on the church. He believed that the only hope for a good government is a good monarch to govern its people.

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Charles I was a king of England chosen through divine right. He caused more debt in England due to his lavish lifestyle and war. Raised taxes for financial support. Parliament forced him to sign the petition of right, which limited his power. In retaliation he dissolved parliament and ignored the petition. Caused a divide between people in England and indirectly started the English civil war.

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Created a militia called the roundheads, in support of parliament. He chose officers by skill rather than social class. Eventually after 4 years, they defeated the opposing force that supported Charles I, the cavaliers. Parliament held a trial for Charles and was sentenced to death for treason. Later as acting dictator, Cromwell abolished dancing, gambling, and theater.

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Son of Charles I. Restored the monarchy when he took the throne in 1660. Popular ruler and reopened taverns and theaters. Reestablished the Church of England and worked alongside parliment.

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Brother to Charles II, and took the throne in 1685. Created the first official political parties and factions in England. Appointed Catholics to high offices, and many protestants feared he would bring back the Roman Catholic church. Those in support of the King were called Tories, and those against were called Whigs.

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In reaction to King James II appointing Catholics, parliament invited James's protestant daughter Mary and her husband William to take over the throne. The couple attempted to fight James, but he fled to France. The bloodless overthrow was known as the glorious revolution.