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Appeals to the authors status and knowledge.  Helps to validate the author to also validate the piece of writing.

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Appeals to the readers emotions and feelings. It can evoke all different kinds of emotions in the reader.

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Appeals to logic and reasoning.

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"A writers language can help us identify his or her audience, the readers whose opinions and actions the writer hopes to influence or change."

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Being an academic writer means you can write and defend a good argument. Like the textbook says you can "a text that is crafted to persuade an audience."

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You can't shut down other arguments you need to be able to understand all perspectives to better defend your opinion.

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"Making academic argument's is also a social act, like joining a conversation."

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We need to have the same perspective we do in a verbal conversation that we do in writing. We need to piece apart what the other side of the argument is.

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A summary should be a lot longer than a few sentences it could range from a few paragraphs to a book.

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Summary is a means to inquiry.

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Summary is essential in writing because it takes what you gained and learned from someone else's writing and applied it to your own.

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Use summarizing to present key ideas of a writing piece that will help your argument or objective.

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Make sure the write has good reasons to support their claim and good evidence to back it up