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Son of Geoffrey Plantagenet and Empress Matilda, daughter of King Henry I of England.

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Gains vast territories in southwestern France through this marriage

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King Stephen recognizes Henry as his heir, ending the civil war known as The Anarchy

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Ends years of civil war known as The Anarchy between his mother, Empress Matilda, and King Stephen.

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Henry reasserts royal authority over the Welsh princes.

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Reclaims castles taken during the civil war.

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Thomas Becket becomes Archbishop of Canterbury

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Once Henry’s friend and chancellor, Becket later becomes his rival over church vs. royal power.

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Henry tries to limit the power of the Church courts.

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Henry attempts peace with Becket and tries to settle disputes with his sons.

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Henry knights murdered Thomas Becket in Canterbury Cathedral

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Begins English control over parts of Ireland.

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Henry walks barefoot to Canterbury and is flogged by monks to show repentance.

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• Henry’s wife, Eleanor of Aquitaine, and his sons rebel against him with support from France.

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Introduces assize courts and trial by jury, laying the foundations for English common law.

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Plays a role in resolving disputes among French nobles, showing his influence across Europe.

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Creates succession conflicts among Henry’s remaining sons.

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Richard allies with King Philip II of France against his father.

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Dies at Chinon Castle in France.

Succeeded by his son Richard I (“Richard the Lionheart”).

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Armies of European Christians responded to a papal plea to recapture the holy city Of Jerusalem from Muslim forces

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King Richard helped defeat enemy forces in Palestine during the third crusade

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King Richard was killed in battle

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the barons presented the king with the document we now call “Magna Carta”

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a plague from the east carried by rats and fleas reached England killing up to 40% of the population

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The conflict went on through the reigns of two York kings until the triumph of I ancastian henry Tudor in 1485.