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1750-1850- The Birth of the Working Class

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1750-1850- The Birth of the Working Class

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Industrial Revolution & social upheaval

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Early Industrial Revolution in Britain- shift from agrarian to industrial labor.

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Urbanization, rise of factories, and poor working conditions

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Revolutions across Europe → first working-class political consciousness.

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1850-1914- Class Consciousness and the European Dream of Progress

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1850-1914- Class Consciousness and the European Dream of Progress

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Industrial expansion, socialism, reform.

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Marxism and social democracy spread (SPD in Germany, Labour movements in Britain and Scandinavia).

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Worker protections emerge, unionization, suffrage expansions.

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European imperialism fuels industrial economies. The “dream” now tied to empire.

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1914-1945 Crisis and reimagining the worker

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1914-1945 Crisis and reimagining the worker

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War, depression, totalitarianism.

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WWI, workers mobilized for war → rise of class resentment.

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First socialist state--> global impact on labor politics.

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Great Depression→ unemployment and fascism’s promise of stability.

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WWII. Total war economy, resistance movements.

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1954-1991 Welfare, Work, and the Good Life

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1954-1991 Welfare, Work, and the Good Life

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The European Dream realized (for some).

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Welfare state expansion, Marshall Plan, “never again” mentality.

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Golden Age of growth, unions at peak strength, consumer society emerges.

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Neoliberalism begins to challenge state intervention, unemployment rises again.

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Work redefined in post-industrial Europe.

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Fall of USSR → market economy spread eastward.

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EU enlargement; migration and labor mobility reshape class dynamics.

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Financial crisis → rise of gig economy, insecurity.

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Green transitions, automation, youth unemployment, populism.