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xenotransplantation affords the opportunity to identify a novel organ source and overcome the organ shortage and provide a kidney for every person in need.”  

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xenotransplantation affords the opportunity to identify a novel organ source and overcome the organ shortage and provide a kidney for every person in need.”  

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Study conducted by the University of Alabama in Birmingham showed that xenotransplantation is successful under certain circumstances

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The long term effects of the transplant in terms of compatibility and performance are still unknown.

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Study only considered one case

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The study conducted used conditions and methods which were similar(as similar as possible) to an actual allotransplant

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There still are a number of roadblocks before xenotransplantation can be used as a widespread substitute for allotransplantation

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Despite the study mirroring conditions to an actual transplant it was still conducted on a brain-dead patient in a lab by experts

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Case consisted of a kidney transplant wherein pig kidneys were transplanted into a brain-dead human body. Brain death had been established as a pre-clinical model.

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getting approval from the FDA and other governing bodies along with running an equitable number of clinical trials.

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psychological implications unknown

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We do not know whether normal physicians would be able to replicate this as it still is a different type of transplant as compared to allotransplantation

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The time period of the study was 77 hours.

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Purple = claim

Red = Support for statement that the red box is connected to

Blue = Against the statement that the blue box is connected to

White = Context/ cause and effect with the box the white box is connected to

Yellow = quotes from the reading

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Transplant

Xenotransplantation

Allotransplantation

Organ shortage

Transplanted/Pig Kidneys

Clinical Study/Trial

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The test case consisted only of one subject

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we do not know the how kidney transplants will work for people who perhaps have certain diseases or conditions that have are not part of the test case

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While the transplanted kidneys did function as expected during this time, there is no research on how long the kidneys will function till

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A pair of kidneys were taken from a pig that was grown in a pathogen-free facility.

Before the transplant, the kidneys were genetically modified to be compatible with the human body.

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“Xenotransplantation is simply filling the gap that allotransplantation cannot quite fill, but it needs to be done in concert"

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“Xenotransplantation is simply filling the gap that allotransplantation cannot quite fill, but it needs to be done in concert"

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(Locke Jayme, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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“We have a long way to go before xenotransplantation is available to the masses"

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“We have a long way to go before xenotransplantation is available to the masses"

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(Locke Jayme, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"It is important that these 10 gene edits occur so that the pig kidney becomes a bit more human. "

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"It is important that these 10 gene edits occur so that the pig kidney becomes a bit more human. "

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(Locke Jayme, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"Without question this study has established brain death as a pre-clinical human model to study the human condition "

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"Without question this study has established brain death as a pre-clinical human model to study the human condition "

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(Locke Jayme, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"The study recipient had two genetically modified pig kidneys transplanted in his abdomen after his native kidneys were removed. "

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"The study recipient had two genetically modified pig kidneys transplanted in his abdomen after his native kidneys were removed. "

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(Alicia Rohan, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"It mirrored — as much as possible — every step of a conventional transplant between humans."

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"It mirrored — as much as possible — every step of a conventional transplant between humans."

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(Alicia Rohan, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"The study recipient had two genetically modified pig kidneys transplanted in his abdomen after his native kidneys were removed. "

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"The study recipient had two genetically modified pig kidneys transplanted in his abdomen after his native kidneys were removed. "

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(Alicia Rohan, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"The kidneys remained viable until the study was ended, 77 hours after transplant."

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"The kidneys remained viable until the study was ended, 77 hours after transplant."

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(Alicia Rohan, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"The organs were procured from a genetically modified pig at a pathogen-free facility."

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"The organs were procured from a genetically modified pig at a pathogen-free facility."

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(Alicia Rohan, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"This is a sanitary process as the pigs are raised in a pathogen-free facility."

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"This is a sanitary process as the pigs are raised in a pathogen-free facility."

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(Alicia Rohan, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"Additionally, the modification of the pig’s genes makes their organs less likely to be rejected by a human recipient."

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"Additionally, the modification of the pig’s genes makes their organs less likely to be rejected by a human recipient."

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(Alicia Rohan, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"Revivicor pig lines are bred to be free of PERV C, so we see little chance of a PERV A x PERV C recombination event infecting human patients. The FDA, going back 10 years, has embraced this as sufficient."

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"Revivicor pig lines are bred to be free of PERV C, so we see little chance of a PERV A x PERV C recombination event infecting human patients. The FDA, going back 10 years, has embraced this as sufficient."

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(Jayme Locke, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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"However, the risk of infections like porcine retrovirus, a pig virus that may be transmitted to humans, is considered very low risk. "

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"However, the risk of infections like porcine retrovirus, a pig virus that may be transmitted to humans, is considered very low risk. "

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(Jayme Locke, Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of "When would UAB be able to take this into a living human clinical trial?

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paragraphs 1, 2, and 3 of "When would UAB be able to take this into a living human clinical trial?

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(Xenotransplantation: what it is, why it matters and where it is going)

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Meeting all of these regulations will take a long time. This pushes widespread usage of xenotransplantation down the line by a number of years at the very least

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There are still a number of regulations that need to be fulfilled before xenotransplantation is available to the public

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Xenotransplantation: What it is, why it matters and where its going

Alicia Rohan

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What are the ethical and religious implications and concerns of this practice?

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Does saving a human life justify taking an animal's?

Do we have the right to just pick and choose parts of animals that we want and dispose of the rest?

Is it ethical to breed and raise animals just to slaughter them to solve our problems?

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There are certain religions which centre around not harming other animals or people ( such as Jainism and Buddhism among others). Followers of these religions are generally vegetarian.

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Religious and philosophical dilemma continued 

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Religious and philosophical dilemma continued 

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Would they be willing to go through xenotransplantation if it meant saving their life or of someone they loved?

What happens if the person who requires the transplant is unconscious?

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Are there any potential diseases or dangers to this process?

Is this process sanitary?

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Alicia Rohan mentions that the process is sanitary as the pigs are grown in a pathogen-free facility.

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The pigs are genetically modified to decrease the chances of being rejected by humans

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Chances of pig viruses being transmitted to humans are considered very low

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Pigs are bred to be free from certain diseases.

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Where would vegetarians and vegans weigh in on this