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Fourteen-year-old Emmett Till was brutally killed in Mississippi for allegedly offending a white woman. His death was widely publicized and became a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement.

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The USS Maine exploded in Havana Harbor. The U.S. blamed Spain, even though the cause was unclear. This event helped start the Spanish-American War.

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This was a major Supreme Court case that said it was okay to have "separate but equal" public stuff for Black and white people. Basically, it made segregation (keeping races apart) legal for a long, long time with those awful Jim Crow laws

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A conflict fought from 1846 to 1848 which resulted in the U.S. gaining large territories in the Southwest. The immediate fight over slavery in these new lands sharply increased national tension.

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In 1803, the U.S. bought a huge area of land from France for $15 million. This doubled the size of the country and gave control of the Mississippi River, which was important for trade. It also opened new land for farming and settlement.

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Britain fought France and their Native American allies for control of land in North America. Britain won, but the war was very expensive. To pay for the debt, Britain started taxing the colonies, which upset many colonists.

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Columbus “Discovers” the New World (October 12, 1492)

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Columbus “Discovers” the New World (October 12, 1492)

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On October 12, 1492, Christoper Columbus, on a voyage sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain, landed on an island where his original goal was to find spices and goods. Instead, he introduced European exploration and colonization of the Americas, an event that began the Age of Exploration.

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The Spanish-American War was a short conflict between the U.S. and Spain. The U.S. won easily and gained territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines. This marked the U.S. as a rising world power.

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Passed in 1820, this law kept peace between free states and slave states. Missouri became a slave state and Maine became a free state. It also banned slavery in most of the northern Louisiana Territory.

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African American college students staged nonviolent sit-ins at a segregated Woolworth’s lunch counter in North Carolina. These protests sparked a nationwide movement to end racial segregation in public spaces.

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A significant 1857 Supreme Court ruling that stated African Americans were not citizens and ruled that the federal government could not prohibit slavery in any U.S. territory.

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This happened in Chicago when workers were protesting. Someone threw a bomb at the police, and then a bunch of people died. It made Americans really scared of labor unions and anarchists, so it hurt the worker's movement badly.

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After the war, the king said colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains. This was meant to avoid conflicts with Native Americans. Many colonists were angry because they wanted to expand west.

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The Conquest of Tenochtitlan was an event where Hernán Cortés, along with his Spanish conquistadors and indigenous helped conquer Tenochtitlan and marked the end of the Aztec Empire and the beginning of Spanish colonial rule in Mexico. Tenochtitlan fell to the Spanish on August 13, 1521

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Roanoke Settlement was created in 1585, it was an attempt to establish a permanment colony in North Carolina by Sir Walter Raleigh. The purpose of the Roanoke Settlement included harassing Spanish shipping, mining for gold and silver, discovering a passage to the Pacific Ocean, and Christianizing the Indians. It was also used as a military outpost, but quickly became a lost colony.

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King Phillip's War was between 1675-1676 and was a brutal conflict between New England and Native Americans. The conflict was led by led by Wampanoag chief Metacomet, whose name translates to King Phillip's War. The war was sparked by many different factors, including land, economic disputes, and cultural problems.

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A popular uprising mainly location in colonial Virginia. It was led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. After Bacon attacked the native tribes, it quickly escalated into a civil war. The factors of the war mainly consisted of economic distress, unfair taxation, falling tobacco prices, and frontier conflict with Native Americans.

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The British passed the Tea Act, which gave them control over tea sales in the colonies. Colonists protested by dumping tea into Boston Harbor. This event showed growing anger at British taxes and control.

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Delegates from most colonies met in Philadelphia to discuss how to respond to Britain’s laws. They agreed to stop trading with Britain and prepare militias. This was the first major step toward unity among the colonies.

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British soldiers marched to seize colonial weapons, but colonists resisted. Fighting broke out, marking the first battles of the American Revolution. This showed the colonies were willing to fight for independence.

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The colonies officially declared they were breaking away from Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote most of it, explaining the reasons for independence. It also listed the rights of people and complaints against the king.

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American forces won a big victory against the British at Saratoga, New York. This showed the world that the Americans could win the war. Because of this, France decided to join the Americans as an ally.

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American and French troops surrounded the British army at Yorktown, Virginia. The British were forced to surrender. This was the last major battle of the war, leading to peace talks.

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Articles of Confederation ratified (1781)

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Articles of Confederation ratified (1781)

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The Articles created the first government of the United States. It gave most power to the states and very little to the national government. This made the government too weak to solve major problems.

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Articles of Confederation ratified (1781)

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Leaders from the states met in Philadelphia to fix the Articles of Confederation. Instead, they created a new plan called the U.S. Constitution. This gave the national government more power but still protected state rights.

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At the end of his presidency, George Washington gave advice to the nation. He warned against forming political parties, which could divide the country. He also warned against making permanent alliances with foreign nations.

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In 1814, during the War of 1812, British troops invaded Washington, D.C. They set fire to the White House and other government buildings. This shocked Americans but also motivated them to keep fighting.

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A war between the U.S. and Britain that lasted from 1812 to 1815. Trade problems, impressment of American sailors, and conflicts with Native Americans caused it. The war ended without a clear winner but made Americans feel more united and confident.

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An executive order issued by President Lincoln that took effect in 1863, which declared that all enslaved people held in Confederate states were free. This changed the purpose of the war to include ending slavery.

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In 1848, women held a meeting in Seneca Falls, New York, to fight for equal rights. Leaders like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott demanded the right to vote and more equality. This event started the organized women’s rights movement in the U.S.

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A big change in the U.S. economy during the early 1800s. New inventions, factories, and transportation made it easier to produce goods and trade across the country. Many people moved to cities for jobs, and the economy grew quickly.

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This was a huge, violent strike at a steel plant owned by Andrew Carnegie in Pennsylvania. The workers fought a literal gun battle with the Pinkerton guards the manager hired. The workers lost, and the steel union basically got crushed.

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The Lusitania was a British passenger ship sunk by a German submarine. Over 100 Americans died. This helped turn the U.S. against Germany before WWI.

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The workers who made Pullman train cars went on strike because the company cut their pay but kept their rent super high. The strike messed up the railroad system across the country until the President sent in the army to stop it

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The location in Virginia where Confederate General Robert E. Lee formally surrendered his army to Union General Ulysses S. Grant in April 1865. This event is considered the end of the main fighting in the Civil War.

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The murder of President Abraham Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth just five days after the surrender at Appomattox. His death complicated the starting of the Reconstruction process.

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The period following the Civil War (1865–1877) focused on rebuilding the South, bringing the former Confederate states back into the Union, and setting up and protecting the rights of formerly enslaved people.

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A massive civil rights rally in Washington, D.C., where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his famous “I Have a Dream” speech. The march helped push for stronger civil rights legislation.

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This is a famous book by Upton Sinclair that showed how disgusting and gross the meatpacking factories in Chicago were. It was so gross that it made people demand new laws, like the Pure Food and Drug Act, to make food safer

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WWI was a massive war mostly fought in Europe between two big alliances. New weapons made it extremely deadly. The U.S. joined in 1917 and helped the Allies win.

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The Roaring 20s was a time of economic growth, jazz music, new fashion, and cultural change. Many people spent money freely and enjoyed new inventions like radios and cars. It ended with the Great Depression.

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The Great Depression was the worst economic crisis in U.S. history. Millions of people lost their jobs, homes, and savings. It lasted about ten years.

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The New Deal was a series of programs started by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. It created jobs, built roads, and helped struggling families. It also changed how the government handled the economy.

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President John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, shocking the nation and leading to major political and social consequences.

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WWII was a global war involving most major nations. The U.S. fought in both Europe and the Pacific. The war ended after Germany surrendered and the U.S. dropped atomic bombs on Japan.

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Normandy was the location of the largest seaborne invasion in history. The Allies landed on the beaches of France to push back German control. It was a major turning point in WWII.

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The Battle of Okinawa was one of the bloodiest battles in the Pacific. It brought U.S. forces close to Japan’s mainland. It showed how costly a full invasion of Japan would be.

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Hiroshima was the first city hit by an atomic bomb. The explosion caused massive destruction and killed tens of thousands instantly. It led to Japan surrendering soon after.

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Civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. was assassinated, triggering nationwide mourning and riots. His death marked a turning point in the civil rights movement and prompted further civil rights legislation.

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Also called the Fair Housing Act, it prohibited discrimination in housing based on race, religion, or national origin. It was passed shortly after MLK’s assassination to strengthen civil rights protections.

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The United States gradually removed troops from Vietnam, ending direct military involvement. North Vietnam eventually took control, unifying the country under communism.

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1. A political scandal involving President Nixon’s cover-up of a break-in at the Democratic National Committee. It led to Nixon’s resignation and a crisis of public trust in the government.