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1866: Founding of the National Labor Union

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1866: Founding of the National Labor Union

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First national labor federation; fought for the eight-hour day (won only for federal workers in 1868). Collapsed in the 1870s depression.

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Nationwide union pushing for eight-hour day, higher wages, women’s rights, racial equality, child labor laws, and worker cooperatives. Peaked at 800,000 members by 1886.

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Mass strike against wage cuts spreads nationwide; 100 killed, 100,000 workers involved. Defeated by militias and federal troops but energized the labor movement.

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May 4, 1886: Haymarket bombing in Chicago

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May 4, 1886: Haymarket bombing in Chicago

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Eight-hour day rally ends in bombing; seven police and several civilians killed. Trial of anarchists discredited; led to crackdown on labor and decline of Knights of Labor.

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Craft-based federation focused on wages and hours over radical change. Grew slowly as Knights collapsed.

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Intended to curb monopolies, but often used against unions and strikes.

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Steelworkers strike against Carnegie Steel; defeated by militia after bloody conflict with Pinkertons. Union power broken in steel for decades.

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250,000 railway workers boycott Pullman cars. Federal troops crush strike; ARU destroyed and leaders jailed.

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Radical, inclusive union for all workers; key in free speech fights and strikes until WWI repression.

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30,000 garment workers, mostly women, strike for pay, hours, and union rights; major gains achieved.

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March 25, 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

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March 25, 1911: Triangle Shirtwaist Fire

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146 workers (mostly women) die; spurred safety reforms and stronger labor laws.

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20,000 workers (mainly women) strike pay cuts; IWW-led protests gain national sympathy; company concedes.

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Colorado miners’ tent colony attacked by militia; 25 killed including women and children. Strike failed but spurred reforms.

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Established eight-hour day for railroad workers.

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Four million workers strike; repression fueled “Red Scare.” Setbacks followed.

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Banned anti-union “yellow-dog contracts” and limited courts’ strike injunctions.

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Toledo Auto-Lite, Minneapolis Teamsters, and West Coast longshoremen win major gains; Textile workers strike (400,000) ends in failure.

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Guaranteed collective bargaining rights, strikes, and created NLRB.

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Established pensions, unemployment insurance, and aid for low-income families.

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Organized mass-production workers into powerful industrial unions.

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Workers occupy Flint plant; GM concedes, UAW gains huge membership.

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March 2, 1937: U.S. Steel recognizes union

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March 2, 1937: U.S. Steel recognizes union

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Signed agreement with CIO’s SWOC; eight-hour day, raises, grievance system.

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Police kill 10 unarmed protesters at steel strike.

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Established 40-hour week, overtime pay, minimum wage, and child labor ban.

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Six million workers strike across industries; many wage gains won.

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Restricted strikes, banned closed shops, enabled right-to-work laws, and purged left-wing unionists.

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Created large but conservative federation, criticized for Cold War stances.

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Jan 17, 1962: Federal Workers’ Bargaining Rights

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Jan 17, 1962: Federal Workers’ Bargaining Rights

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Kennedy grants collective bargaining to federal employees; sparks public-sector union growth.

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Banned sex-based wage discrimination.

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Outlawed workplace discrimination by race, sex, religion, or origin.

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César Chávez organizes farmworkers with strikes and boycotts; wins contracts and state law protecting union rights.

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Created OSHA to enforce workplace safety standards.

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Air traffic controllers fired by Reagan; union crushed, signaling wider anti-union shift.

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10-month strike over wage cuts fails; workers defeated despite national support.

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Late 1980s: Justice for Janitors Campaign

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Late 1980s: Justice for Janitors Campaign

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SEIU-led campaign raises pay and rights for janitors with public protests.

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Free trade deal blamed for job losses, weaker unions, wage cuts, and inequality.

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Nov 30–Dec 1, 1999: Seattle WTO Protests

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Nov 30–Dec 1, 1999: Seattle WTO Protests

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Mass protests against globalization disrupt WTO meeting; highlight labor-environment alliances.

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100,000 protest law stripping bargaining rights from public workers; law survives.

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Movement against inequality and neoliberalism; spread globally despite crackdowns.

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CTU wins contract fight through militant, community-backed campaign; model for social movement unionism.