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Singapore attempts to address this through state intervention in housing policies and urban development. Racial quotas, HIP, neighbourhood schools, decentralising transport hubs and communal centres in various districts, etc., help to counter the natural tendencies for the population to congregate along racial/religious lines, and maintain/upkeep the living conditions and opportunities of residents regardless of location.

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Would a war torn nation such as Gaza be an example? Stealing for survival is a norm.

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Parents sometime worry that if they do not engage their children (with positive activities) during school holidays, the latter will engage in deviant acts with their peers. "An idle mind is a devil's workshop".

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If understood alongside labelling theory, could explain the phenomenon surrounding ex-convicts and the structural (and perception) challenges surrounding employment opportunities and, consequently, their ability to "escape" their label. Employers could have genuine concerns (or assumptions) on the hiring of ex-convicts, especially if the work environment is conducive for recidivism or proliferation or learning of the criminal act among existing employees. E.g. Sex offenders and the teaching profession. Nonetheless, we have also seen hackers that become ethical hackers or cyber security leads for companies due to their technical expertise.

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Schooling committing the offence can be viewed as him drifting between conforming to social norms and committing the delinquent. Despite the assumption that his his social bond is solid; with rigorous training since young along with other fellow competitive swimmers, it does not deter him from falling into peer pressure or experimenting the drug. Matza mentions that drifting usually fall between childhood/young and adulthood, Schooling committing the act at a ripe age of 27, does not define young here.

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Example of this can be seen in sweden’s ghettos in Malmö which is home to large migrant populations. Especially those who have fled their homes for both economic and security reasons. These people are in a completely different country with different social and religious beliefs which in turn alienate the migrant population as the native populations moved away from the ghettos the area experiences “normlessness” as migrants don’t know they are Swedish or their native origins which leads to deviance as crime rates grow in those neighbourhoods.

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There was a recent article about former Ss member that graduated from NUS. "Gary Lau overcame his challenging childhood, having less than stellar PSLE and N-level results, being part of a street gang in his early teens, to graduate with a B.Soc.Sci. (Hons) in Social Work with the highest distinction on 7 July 2022."

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I tend to relate this to pop culture, where genres of music could reflect anti-culture or forming subcultures e.g. gangster rap. Through their music, listeners relate to their status frustration, and how these singers are representative of marginalised individuals, or outcasts in society. Critics also argue the influence of pop culture to criminal behaviour e.g. guns, drugs, prostitute solicitation. But Sutherland argues criminal behaviour is learned through intimate settings, not from TV, music etc. This is also in line with Social Disorganisation theory where environments might influence one's propensity towards crime.

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I tend to relate this to pop culture, where genres of music could reflect anti-culture or forming subcultures e.g. gangster rap. Through their music, listeners relate to their status frustration, and how these singers are representative of marginalised individuals, or outcasts in society. Critics also argue the influence of pop culture to criminal behaviour e.g. guns, drugs, prostitute solicitation. But Sutherland argues criminal behaviour is learned through intimate settings, not from TV, music etc. This is also in line with Social Disorganisation theory where environments might influence one's propensity towards crime.

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Hopefully this is relevant.

In Singapore's context, during the circuit breaker, people start to horde for essential items like toilet paper, rice and masks. Durkheim mentioned that societal circumstances forces us to be independent which results in the weakening of social consciousness. Over-hording of items for personal use while disregarding others is one example of the weakening in social consciousness and also a form of deviance.

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What about nightspot areas such as Clarke Quay/Boat Quay vs Geylang/Orchard Towers? The latter are stereotyped as area plaqued by vice. Can we assume that there is no vice going on in a place like Clarke Quay? Is Clarke Quay a "problem free" locale?

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In an ideal world, first timers offenders will be separated from the multiple timer offenders. However, space constraint and nature of the crime does not permit that to happen. Hence, a first timer may learn about the "wonderful world" of crime from a multiple timer. e.g, the first timer's crime is drink driving that cause death. he is that locked up with multiple drug offenders. By the time he release, he will know all the drug location and how to make money fast.

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Protestors in Hong Kong, not primarily because of the extradition rule, but rather, increasing cost of living and a perceived lack of help from the government.

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In Singapore context - There is a stigma that those  staying at rental hdb units always have issues with the law. The background of these residents are usually from broken family or parents in prison and are from low income. This is relevant to the zone of transition.

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In Singapore context - There is a stigma that those  staying at rental hdb units always have issues with the law. The background of these residents are usually from broken family or parents in prison and are from low income. This is relevant to the zone of transition.

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Case of auxiliary PO committing armed robbery at a pawn shop. Feeling strained that he is unable to pay off personal debt which led to the criminal act of armed robbery. Failed to obtain money via socially-approved means.

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This could explain Singapore's Compulsory Education Act. The state may believe that keeping individuals in school through their formative years can reduce the likelihood of drifting from occurring, with focus on discipline, socialisation of state-approved norms and values, and formation of (sometimes lifelong) social bonds. Could apply to NS too, in a sense, as a secondary outcome.

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The recent luxury goods scam by a couple can be considered innovation, one of merton's 5 adaptations. By scamming others, they were able to achieve the societal goal of being rich via illegal or criminal means instead of conventional means (e.g. working at a high paying legal job)

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I feel differential association really undersells the power of association via media as they only view through the lens of intimate personal settings. If we look at Chicago's gang culture/war, it has spread like wildfire online with gang feuds & gossip spreading online and videos about it generating hundreds of thousands of views and the rap sub-culture that grew from it (drill-rap) growing in popularity. And with the rise in popularity the younger generation of undeserved communities in Chicago grow up being more prone to adopting that lifestyle because its seen as "cool"