# data[].attributes.headline
In the early decades of the United States, and "up until 'World War 1, linguistic diversity was often accepted and the presence of different languages was frequently encouraged through religion, newspapers in different languages, and in both private and public schools" (Baker, 2021). During this period of time in history, mulitlingualism was common and not seen as something to be regulated by educational policies that promoted English-only instruction. This is relevant to today's discussions of policy, because during much of our country's history multilingualism was seen as a non-issue and was found in many aspects of daily life.

# data[].attributes.subject
In the early decades of the United States, and "up until 'World War 1, linguistic diversity was often accepted and the presence of different languages was frequently encouraged through religion, newspapers in different languages, and in both private and public schools" (Baker, 2021). During this period of time in history, mulitlingualism was common and not seen as something to be regulated by educational policies that promoted English-only instruction. This is relevant to today's discussions of policy, because during much of our country's history multilingualism was seen as a non-issue and was found in many aspects of daily life.

# data[].attributes.headline
In 1968,  the Bilingual Education Act was passed through legislation. This meant that bilingual education would become a part of the federal education policy. This change would allow for federal funds to be used for developing bilingual education. It also sent a national message that English-only education was not a best practice for students despite the fact that English-only schools were "still in place in many states" (Baker, 2021). The enactment of the Bilingual Education Act is significant today, because it established that it is the government's responsibility to provide bilingual education in public schools, and that it was necessary to fund bilingual education in order to make education more equitable for all students.

# data[].attributes.subject
In 1968,  the Bilingual Education Act was passed through legislation. This meant that bilingual education would become a part of the federal education policy. This change would allow for federal funds to be used for developing bilingual education. It also sent a national message that English-only education was not a best practice for students despite the fact that English-only schools were "still in place in many states" (Baker, 2021). The enactment of the Bilingual Education Act is significant today, because it established that it is the government's responsibility to provide bilingual education in public schools, and that it was necessary to fund bilingual education in order to make education more equitable for all students.

# data[].attributes.headline
In 1970, a landmark court case known as Lau v. Nichols occurred in the state of California and it would profoundly affect the education of language learners in the U.S. In the case it was decided that there was a "failure to provide a program that adequately addressed students' linguistic needs" and violated "both the equal protection clause of the 14th Ammendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" (Baker, 2021). Following the court case, guidelines were shared that supported English language learners, which included providing English as a second language classes as well as bilingual education. Although the court case failed to state how to provide equitable supports for language learners, it did establish a precedent that failing to provide quality education for emergent bilinguals is a violation of the students' civil rights.

# data[].attributes.subject
In 1970, a landmark court case known as Lau v. Nichols occurred in the state of California and it would profoundly affect the education of language learners in the U.S. In the case it was decided that there was a "failure to provide a program that adequately addressed students' linguistic needs" and violated "both the equal protection clause of the 14th Ammendment and Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964" (Baker, 2021). Following the court case, guidelines were shared that supported English language learners, which included providing English as a second language classes as well as bilingual education. Although the court case failed to state how to provide equitable supports for language learners, it did establish a precedent that failing to provide quality education for emergent bilinguals is a violation of the students' civil rights.

# data[].attributes.headline
In 2011, legislation was passed that would recongize students who could read and write in two or more languages with a Seal of Biliteracy when graduating from high school. The program began in California, but it went national following California's great success.  In 2020, "39 states plus the District of Columbia had approved a State Seal" (Baker, 2021). This program is especially important, because it celebrates the achievements of mulitlingual learners.  It is in direct opposition to English-only and assimilationist policies and promotes bilingualism as a major achievement. 

# data[].attributes.subject
In 2011, legislation was passed that would recongize students who could read and write in two or more languages with a Seal of Biliteracy when graduating from high school. The program began in California, but it went national following California's great success.  In 2020, "39 states plus the District of Columbia had approved a State Seal" (Baker, 2021). This program is especially important, because it celebrates the achievements of mulitlingual learners.  It is in direct opposition to English-only and assimilationist policies and promotes bilingualism as a major achievement. 

# data[].attributes.headline
In 2015, the Every Students Succeeds Act became law and helped to change some of the issues connected to the No Child Left Behind policies. It also changed some of the "over-reliance on high-stakes standardized tests as the sole measure of student achievement" (Baker, 2021). More flexibility was given to schools to choose how to measure student performance, and also teacher performance was no longer based on how students' scored on standardized tests.

# data[].attributes.subject
In 2015, the Every Students Succeeds Act became law and helped to change some of the issues connected to the No Child Left Behind policies. It also changed some of the "over-reliance on high-stakes standardized tests as the sole measure of student achievement" (Baker, 2021). More flexibility was given to schools to choose how to measure student performance, and also teacher performance was no longer based on how students' scored on standardized tests.

# data[].attributes.body
Baker, C. (2021). Foundations of bilingual education and

bilingualism. Multilingual Matters.

LeJeune, J.-C. (2020, October 26). Bilingual education is a

human and civil right. Rethinking Schools. Retrieved
October 13, 2022, from
https://rethinkingschools.org/articles/bilingual-education-
is-a-human-and-civil-right/