# data[].attributes.headline
Entry #6: Communicative functions and emojis 

# data[].attributes.subject
Entry #6: Communicative functions and emojis 

# data[].attributes.body
For the directive function, a classmate of mine in high school used the double exclamation emoji and the shouting head emoji to command us to fail the next physics exam. Since her goal was to get a better grade on the exam, one way is for the test to be curved and that could only happen if most of the class does poorly. Therefore, she used both of these emojis to highlight her demand of wanting us to fail the test. These emojis are used successfully because the exclamation mark and shouting head give the idea she is saying this in a raised and demanding voice to have us follow through with her command.

In the referential example, my mom says that she is well and she is "wanting to 😴 " meaning she is wanting to sleep. She uses the emoji instead of typing out the word for "sleep" to convey information about herself, in response to me asking how she was doing. So again the emoji is used successfully since she gets to the point of my question and simply states what she is doing.

And for the expressive function I used the skull emoji after my friend sent me a funny video and said how I always thought that video was funny to me. The purpose of the skull emoji was to demonstrate my emotion towards this video which was that I was laughing and this video brings me joy. Also I found that the skull is the emoji form of "im dead" which I talked about in Entry #2 for social variables. So I chose this emoji as well because I was talking to a friend my age so she understands I found it funny, and if I used that emoji with someone like my mom, she would not understand. Therefore I used this emoji correctly in context of speaking to someone my age to express my feelings.

# data[].attributes.body
Rising intonation or "up talk" and "vocal fry" is what is being associated with women in this article and how "such intonations and sounds" can shape "other people's perception of you". The article is suppose to teach women how to "hit the right notes with colleagues, pals, and potential mates" and avoid using up talk and vocal fry. This is an example of the dominance model because the author indicates that the use of these elements pertain to women. And as a result, women can be seen as inferior versus men who tend to have deeper voices. The author does not state this, but there is the allusion of how these language elements are negative when connected with women. In class I learned that elements like vocal fry are not used more by women but are targeted at women to be looked down upon. This magazine is supposed to be empowering and feministic but by telling women to speak a certain way is ironic. There is no data collection that reveals that by changing your voice and avoiding up talk causes people to view you differently. Therefore, it is similar to Lakoff's idea on women's language, the two authors use vague generalities. So I believe the article is biased due to no quantitive data.

# data[].attributes.body
In the Time article, the stereotype that women speak more than men is pointed out in the beginning, but is contradicted since the duration of speech depends on the context. It is said that women speak more in casual conversations with friends with illuminates the difference model since women speak in rapport style to maintain relationships, versus men who speak in a report style to communicate information. However in formal business meeting environments, men speak more. A study was done which recorded seven university faculty meetings and concluded that men spoke longer. This is due to the treatment of women and their use of speech. Women would be be criticized if they took up verbal space and would be viewed as too aggressive if they spoke in a more report style. What I like about this article and the reason I chose it is that it emphasizes why women hold an inferior role in society, specifically in a formal work environment, which suggests that the reason women use compromising and indecisive linguistic variables since they are socialized differently. And since there was data collection, bias would have less of an impact on the authors conclusions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Media Platforms Design Team

Young women have always started some, like, totally interesting vocal trends, according to the Journal of Voice. While the '90s ushered in "up speak" (a la the ladies of the iconic pop-culture flick Clueless), the voice du jour is characterized by a creaky, vibrational quality called vocal fry (think: Ke$ha or the Kardashians).

Such intonations and sounds help define generations and illustrate how important your voice can be in shaping other people's perception of you.

As with many traits, the voice you're born with is affected by your DNA. The length and shape of your vocal cords create sound waves by vibrating about 200 times per second when you speak. Those waves reverberate through your throat and nasal cavities before being formed into words by your mouth and lips. In general, guys have deeper voices because testosterone spurs their vocal cords to grow longer and thicker during puberty; larger resonating cavities then supersize their sound. By contrast, women have less testosterone, shorter cords, smaller echo chambers, and, therefore, higher voices, which level out in their thirties, says laryngologist Thomas Carroll, M.D., director of the Center for Voice and Swallowing at Tufts Medical Center. (Of course, there are exceptions.)

But genetics is only one factor when it comes to shaping your sound. Despite the research above-and as the contestants on NBC's blind-audition reality show The Voice ably demonstrate-you can manipulate your pipes to project an image different from your own (the show's judges are often shocked when they find out what the singers look like). Learn how to exercise the following vocal elements to hit the right notes with colleagues, pals, and potential mates.

Pitch
Your unaltered pitch is the unique sound that emanates from the vibrations of your vocal cords. It's the clearest and strongest possible version of your voice. Stick to this undoctored sound whenever you really want to get a point across (e.g., in closing a big presentation or debating politics with friends), because it communicates authenticity.

Tune Up: To find your natural pitch, relax your throat and make an "mm-hmm" noise. Do it again, maintaining that sound while moving into a sentence like "Mm-hmmm, that's what I thought."

Tone
Tone is the quality of the sound you produce and the style or manner with which you express yourself. Typically, your natural tone is formed in childhood (and heavily influenced by those around you), but you can certainly tweak it to your advantage. Ace TV interviewers like Katie Couric and Diane Sawyer, for example, have nailed that trusting, from-the-heart tone that encourages celebs to spill their guts on camera.

Tune Up: Try smiling as you speak, says Marissa Barrera, a New York City speech-language pathologist. Studies show that you can hear a smile in someone's tone, even without ever seeing the speaker's face.

Volume
Though yours is likely a product of your upbringing-you might be loud, for example, if you grew up in a chaotic household-it's also easy to adapt your volume to the situation. Quiet to moderate voices, for instance, tend to sound trustworthy and serious. (Soft, level women's voices are also perceived as soothing, hence their usage in many GPS systems and the iPhone's Siri function.) On the other hand, talking too loudly during, say, a work presentation can make you seem unstable or obnoxious, says Barrera.

Tune Up: To hit a natural-sounding level, sit or stand up straight: Good posture opens your lungs and the cavities in your neck, which allows those sound waves to reverberate into a clear, just-loud-enough volume.

Inflection
When posing a question, you end the sentence on a higher note, right? That rising and falling rhythm of speech is officially called prosody, something you learned to manipulate as soon as you started stringing words together.

Tune Up: While nearly everyone in the Western world employs the pattern above, remember that the opposite can work wonders too: Ending statements with a downward intonation can make you sound deliberate and committed to what you're saying, says vocal coach Carol Fleming, Ph.D., author of It's the Way You Say It.

Tempo
Changing your tempo, or how quickly or slowly you speak, can be extremely difficult because it's a direct reflection of how fast you think, says vocal expert Barbara McAfee, author of Full Voice. That said, it can be head-spinning to follow someone who's speaking a mile a minute-and frustrating or energy sapping to listen to a way-slow talker.

Tune Up: If you tend to rush, focus on taking deep breaths and pausing before you make any big points, to give your listeners time to process what you're saying. Too slow? Try matching up your words to a metronome (a device that produces a specified number of beats per minute-download one on your smartphone!) to keep up the pace.

Range
The span between the lowest and highest tones you can produce is called your range, which is largely determined by your biology. Mariah Carey, for example, hit the genetic jackpot with a five-octave range for her singing voice (most of us are limited to just two). People alter their range to show emotion, but try to hold steady during public speaking. Nerves can cause your voice to spike into a too-high sound that may come across as immature.

Tune Up: Gain control of your range in the shower (steam lubricates your vocal cords). Take a deep breath and say "ahhhh," starting low and building up until you hit your highest note (without cracking), then work back down again. Do the scale a few times a week, says Barrera.
Do I Really Sound Like That?
Why hearing your own voice makes you cringe
It never fails: Listening to a recording of your voice makes you shudder. But the truth is, it's nearly impossible to hear your own voice the way others do. External sounds enter your body through the ear canal, which helps your brain decode what you're hearing. Internal sounds, however, travel to your brain via your bones and tissues as well as your ear canal, creating a layered effect, explains otolaryngologist James P. Thomas, M.D. The outcome is a deeper, richer sound only you can hear.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Speak Confidently: How to Buff Up Your Voice

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Media Platforms Design Team Young women have always started some, like, totally interesting vocal trends, according to the Journal of Voice. While the '90s ushered in "up speak" (a la the ladies of the iconic pop-culture flick Clueless), the voice du jour is characterized by a creaky, vibrational quality called vocal fry (think: Ke$ha or the Kardashians).

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Truth About How Much Women Talk - and Whether Men Listen

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Discover the truth about how much women really talk, and whether men listen.

# data[].attributes.body
I began to take note of gender like you suggested and I noticed that most men don't do a verbal reply and mainly nod. Another small detail I also saw from my data is that many foreigners(or people I assume are not from the United States) tend to say "bye-bye". Another trend is that the older the person is, the shorter the reply.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Berenice M. Research project spreadsheet

# data[].attributes.body
My topic is leave-takings and I haven't met the 30 token mark yet. I will try to always make a note of when I terminate an encounter like in my notes app or write it down. I work at a store where I say bye to many people so I can use that setting for my data. Also I can make phone calls, video calls, or even zoom calls, and see what is said.
Here I attached the link to my data. So far I have noticed that when someone uses 2 tokens one of them is always "bye". And people who tend to say "see you(later)" are people who are around 20.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Berenice M. Research project spreadsheet

# data[].attributes.body
In the scene of the two men speaking at 0:30, one of them says "couldn't have done it better ourselves". There are semantic variables that are portrayed such as "couldn't" pronounced differently and the r drop at the end of "better" and in "ourselves". These pronunciations are the negative attributes because they can be seen as "non standard" English. But portrayed positively to advertise the food sold by Popeyes. And since Popeyes originated in the south, the company is trying to portray where it's from and form a friendly bond between the consumer and the company. I think it worked because by watching this commercial, I don't look down at the variation used.

# data[].attributes.body
My second example is from the town in Westchester NY, West Harrison, that I moved to 7 years ago. It is a predominately Italian area and every year the Catholic Church hosts an Italian Festival and hangs advertisements that says "Festa Italian" instead of "Italian Festival". It is the only Italian phrase in the posters while the rest is in English. So the church is reaching out to the Italians in that town since they chose to use the Italian phrase. Since many people are proud of their roots, seeing the language that is associated with their heritage, it will make them to most likely attend the festival.

# data[].attributes.body
I remember going to a Mexican restaurant called Tacos Güey and was intrigued by the name because they used the term "güey". I posted the the red neon sign outside of the building which was what caught my attention the first time. Güey is Mexican slang to address someone, similar to using "dude". The Mexican restaurant is located in the Flatiron District of NYC. This company most likely targets people who use or know Mexican slang, such as Mexicans, Mexican-Americans or other hispanics. Manhattan's Hispanic population in 2020 according to an article by Spectrum News 1 was 28.3%. Which is about 2.49 million people. Since Manhattan holds a large latino population, many will get the restaurant's reference and be able to sell their food and make good business.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Manhattan is one of five boroughs of New York City and has the same boundaries as New York County. Most of the borough consists of Manhattan Island, which is bounded by the Hudson, East and Harlem Rivers, along with some land on the mainland and small islands.

Manhattan has an estimated population of 1.63 million people, all living in an area of just 23 square miles. This gives Manhattan a population density of 70,826 people per square mile, or 27,346 per square kilometer. Manhattan is the most densely populated of the five NYC boroughs and also the most densely populated county in the United States. It is more dense than any city in the country and one of the most densely populated areas on earth.

On weekdays, the number of commuters pushes the Manhattan population to more than 3.9 million, or 170,000 people per square mile.

Manhattan is the smallest borough in terms of land area and the third-largest in terms of population behind Brooklyn and Queens. Between 2000 and 2030, the population of Manhattan is expected to grow by 289,000 people. The school-age population is expected to increase, compared to an expected decline in New York City as a whole, by the elderly population is projected to grow by 58%.

Manhattan Demographics

The racial composition of Manhattan is:

White: 58.9%

Non-Hispanic White: 50.7%

Asian: 10.3%

Black or African American: 15.5%

Just 20% of people in Manhattan live in owner-occupied housing. This is the second-lowest rate of any county in the United States after the Bronx.

Manhattan has the second-highest number of non-Hispanic whites of any New York City borough at 48% behind Staten Island. About 27% of the population of Manhattan is foreign-born. People with Irish ancestry account for almost 8% of the population, while Italian Americans account for 7%, followed by German Americans (7%) and Russian Americans (6%).

Religious groups in Manhattan include the Roman Catholic Church (over 36% of the population), Jewish (20.5%), Protestants (9%) and Muslims (2.5%).

Manhattan Neighborhoods

Manhattan has some of the most affluent and well-known neighborhoods in the country. Neighborhoods include:

Harlem, which has been a large African American community since the 1920s and was originally a Dutch village named Haarlem after a city in the Netherlands. The neighborhood still suffers from many problems and 35% to 47% of the population receive income support from the government.

SoHo (SOuth of HOuston) is known for upscale shopping and art galleries.

TriBeCa (TRIangle BElow CAnal Street) has many industrial buildings that have been converted to residential lofts and buildings with a population that is 82% white, 9% Hispanic and 5% African American.

Midtown Manhattan is home to iconic buildings like the Chrysler Building and the Empire State Building and it ranks among the most commonly used pieces of real estate on earth. Most of the skyscrapers in NYC are in Midtown.

Washington Heights has many immigrants from the Dominican Republic.

Chelsea has a large gay population and is known for being a center for art and nightlife.

Alphabet City includes Avenues A, B, C and D, hence the name. These are the only avenues in Manhattan with single-letter names. The area has a very long history and has been an enclave for the German, Polish, Hispanic and Jewish populations of Manhattan.

Hell's Kitchen. Officially Clinton, the origin of the name Hell's Kitchen is out of folklore. Once defined for its poverty and ethnic strife, the area is now undergoing gentrification.

Upper East Side is one of the most affluent neighborhoods in NYC. The Upper East Side is mostly non-Hispanic white and it has the greatest concentration of individual wealth in Manhattan.

Upper West Side is also an affluent residential area, with many residents working in Lower Manhattan or Midtown in commercial areas. It is known for being a center for artistic workers and an intellectual hub.

Greenwich Village, or the Village, is a residential neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan. Long known for being an artists' haven, it has undergone gentrification and commercialization in recent decades.

Little Italy was once known for its high number of Italian residents, but there are now few Italians left. Italian immigrants quickly gained the financial success to leave the area and it is now on the verge of extinction.

Chinatown in Manhattan has the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western hemisphere.

Manhattan History

"Manhattan" comes from the name Mannahatta, or "land of many hills," from the Lenape Indians, who lived on the island. The first European to reach Manhattan was Englishman Henry Hudson, who sailed for the Dutch and entered Upper New York Bay in 1609, although two earlier explorers in 1524 likely saw the island.

Manhattan was first settled by the Dutch in 1624, when a Dutch fur trading settlement was founded on Governors Island. A year later, Fort Amsterdam and a citadel were built on Manhattan Island, which was later called New Amsterdam, to protect new arrivals. According to documents, Manhattan was purchased by Dutch colonists from American Indians for the modern-day equivalent of $1,050. New Amsterdam was incorporated as a city in 1653, and it was renamed New York in 1664 when the English conquered the area. The Dutch Republic regained the city in 1673 and renamed it New Orange, although it was permanently ceded to the English just one year later in return for Run Island, a long-coveted link in the Dutch nutmeg trading monopoly in Indonesia.

It was in New York City in 1765 that the Stamp Act Congress of representatives from the Thirteen Colonies asserted the concept of "no taxation without representation," and the Sons of Liberty developed in Manhattan following this. Manhattan was also at the heart of many major battles of the early Revolutionary War.

During the Civil War, resentment grew in the city over Lincoln's war policy, particularly as the city then had a large and growing population of immigrants who could not afford to pay $300 to avoid conscription and felt free Blacks were taking their jobs. This resentment culminated in the 3-day New York Draft Riots, which was one of the worst incidents of civil disorder in the country's history that left about 119 people dead.

Manhattan was established as its own borough of New York City in 1898, at which time it had a white population of 98.7%, which dropped to just over 58% by 1990. The city grew rapidly, and is still a destination for immigrants the world over.

Manhattan Facts

Manhattan has the highest cost of living in the United States, but also some of the most profound income inequality in the country.

Manhattan is one of the wealthiest jurisdictions in the U.S. and the only county in the country with a per capita income of more than $100,000.

Manhattan is often called the financial capital of the world and it is home to NASDAQ, the New York Stock Exchange and Wall Street.

Manhattan is home to Times Square (aka the Crossroads of the World and the Center of the Universe)

Manhattan was purchased from unnamed Native American people in 1626 for trade goods worth 60 guilders, the equivalent to $1,050 in today's currency.

Manhattan means "island of the hills" in the language spoken by the Algonquin Indians.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Manhattan is one of five boroughs of New York City and has the same boundaries as New York County. Most of the borough consists of Manhattan Island, which is bounded by the Hudson, East and Harlem Rivers, along with some land on the mainland and small islands.

# data[].attributes.body
When reacting to something funny I tend to say "I'm dead" or "I'm crying" to signify that it made me laugh while others may use "that's funny" or "that's hilarious" etc. "I'm dead" is commonly used among the gen z age group, like myself. When I have used it with older generations such as my mom, she would not get the meaning and instead think of the literal meaning of death. Same as using "im crying", others think of the true meaning while genz uses it to express laughter. I believe the younger generation has altered the meaning of words or use it more casually since "dying of laughter" or "crying of laughter" would be a better explanation of "im dead" and "im crying" However "I'm dying of laughter" is longer and sound more formal. Therefore, "im dead/crying" is used during informal conversations such as with friends or through texting. Many would not write the terms in an essay or email. A certain community of practice I've heard either expression used would be in a school setting like a classroom, or a group of friends at the library. So, these variables would be most acceptable in an informal setting. I have posted two screenshots of messages I have sent to my very close friends who are of the same age of me where there is a reply to something funny with "im dead" or "im crying". This is something I would not text an acquaintance or older family members.

# data[].attributes.headline
Entry #2: "im dead" lexical variable in text messaging

# data[].attributes.subject
Entry #2: "im dead" lexical variable in text messaging

# data[].attributes.body
Growing up in the southern part of Pennsylvania I always called the bug that lit up, lightning bug. It wasn't until I moved to Westchester, New York when I was 13 when I was told by my new NY friends I was "weird" for calling them lightning bugs and not fireflies. I was offended for getting made fun of for calling a simple bug a different name. I also still get weird looks from New Yorkers when I use lightning bug instead. While reading a Business Insider article I learned that the name differs according to different regions in the US. Lightning bug is more popular in the Mid-West and South, while "firefly is the more common term in the West and New England". There is a reason as to why people may view a certain term "incorrect" which I found intriguing. It was found that lightning bug is used in regions "where lightning strikes are particularly frequent" and firefly is used where fires happen more frequently, like in the West. The word choice also relates to what social group one is from, because my southern PA social group prefers lightning bug, it sounds "correct" for me. There is no advocating for either word, but I found a blog that included a poll on what term they use from someone's instagram. 37% said firefly versus the 63% who chose lightning bug. This demonstrates how people vary and it is ongoing, there is never going to be an agreement on one single term. The variation is also present when you search the word in the dictionary. Firefly is a synonym for lightning bug and vice versa.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
If you ask us, summer is a magical time of year! From fun beach getaways with the whole family to afternoons spent grilling out in the backyard, the memories made during these warm months are oh so special. Here's one we love to reminisce on: watching fireflies light up the night... or wait, are they called lightning bugs? What's the difference?

That's what Ree Drummond recently took to Instagram to find out.

According to National Geographic, lightning bugs, also known as fireflies, are common across the country, especially in the eastern and central states. And they've already made an appearance at the Drummond ranch! In a series of clips posted to her Instagram Stories, Ree gave her followers a glimpse of the Oklahoman summertime magic.

She then went on to ask the age-old question: do you call them fireflies or lightning bugs?

It's a debate that comes around every year. But here's the thing: there's no right or wrong name for these incandescent insects. It actually just depends on where you grew up! According to Business Insider, Southerners and most folks in the Midwest tend to say lightning bug, while firefly is the common term out West and up north in New England. One researcher even found that lightning bug is more often used in parts of the country where lightning strikes are more frequent. How enlightening! (Get it?)

And interestingly enough, there are several other names floating around out there as well! Candlefly, lamp bug, glowworm, and moon bug are all used to describe the flashing critters.

Anyway, back to the debate: Ree's Instagram poll shows that lightning bugs are in the lead... for now. Though The Pioneer Woman herself did refer to them as fireflies so that has to count for something, right? 😉

This content is imported from poll. You may be able to find the same content in another format, or you may be able to find more information, at their web site.

Whatever you call them, we can all agree on one thing: they're a beautiful sign of summer that we love to watch dance in the sky all season long!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fireflies vs. Lightning Bugs: What Do You Call Them?

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you ask us, summer is a magical time of year! From fun beach getaways with the whole family to afternoons spent grilling out in the backyard, the memories made during these warm months are oh so special. Here's one we love to reminisce on: watching fireflies light up the night...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In the United States, glowing insects are known as "fireflies" or "lightning bugs" depending on where you live.

"Firefly" is the more common term in the West and New England, while people in the South and most of the Midwest tend to say "lightning bug."

There's an interesting theory to explain why the two competing terms emerged, and it has to do with the natural surroundings of the two regions.

The natural world has influenced the way we speak for as long as language has been around.

In English, we've taken plenty of idioms from our natural surroundings: "the coast is clear," "go out on a limb," and "wild goose chase," to name a few.

But the environment has a much more subtle effect on our language, too. Take a look at this map from Josh Katz, author of " Speaking American: How Y'all, Youse, and You Guys Talk." It shows where in the United States people tend to say "fireflies" or "lightning bugs" to refer to the little glowing insect we see in the summertime:

Josh Katz

It's one of many examples of things that have different names in different parts of the US.

But it goes deeper. As meteorological researcher Jason Keeler noted on Twitter, the areas where people say "lightning bug" seem to overlap with the parts of the country where lightning strikes are particularly frequent (the purple area in the map below):

Twitter/Jason Keeler

Meanwhile, "firefly" is the more common term in most of the West, which just so happens to be the region that experiences the most wildfires:

Twitter/Jason Keeler

The correlation could be a mere coincidence, as American Dialect Society member John Baker told Business Insider. "But it also seems reasonable that people are subconsciously reminded of the locally more prominent risk when referring to these insects, though neither fire nor lightning is involved in any way," he said in an email.

While more research would need to be done to see if Keeler's observation has linguistic merit, it's certainly thought-provoking that the type of weather in a region could influence the local term for an insect.

Interestingly, the firefly/lightning bug divide has a surprisingly rich and well-documented history. In 1949, linguist Hans Kurath found that "firefly" was particularly popular in large cities on the East Coast. Later, the Dictionary of American Regional English found that "lightning bug" was the more common term in the South and Midwest, but not the Pacific coast. New York City seems to be caught in the middle: according to Katz, 86% of Manhattan residents say "firefly," while 60% of people on Staten Island say "lightning bug."

Those aren't even the only two names for it, lexicographer and American English expert David Barnhart told Business Insider. Depending on what part of the country you're in, you may have grown up calling it a candlefly, firebob, firebug, glowworm, jack-o-lantern, lamp bug, or will-o'-the-wisp.

No matter what you call it, the divide between "firefly" and "lightning bug" is just one of the linguistic quirks that makes American English such an intriguing dialect.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Some Americans say 'firefly' while others say 'lightning bug,' and a series of maps highlights an interesting theory why

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the United States, glowing insects are known as "fireflies" or "lightning bugs" depending on where you live. There's an interesting theory to explain why the two competing terms emerged, and it has to do with the natural surroundings of the two regions.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The meaning of LIGHTNING BUG is firefly.