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As we know it

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W2 NATIVE AMERICANS: Period Characteristics

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W2 NATIVE AMERICANS: Period Characteristics

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1. Oral literature: epic narratives, creation myths, stories, poems, songs.

2. Use stories to teach moral lessons and convey practical information about the natural world.

3. Deep respect for nature and animals.

4. Cyclical worldview.

5. Figurative language/parallelism.

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2200 B.C.—Tower of Babel (Genesis 11:1-9)

2200 B.C. to 1600 A.D.

1607—Early settlement at Jamestown

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Native Americans spoke more than 300 languages.

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American Indian Day started in the early 1900s

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W3 Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics

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W3 Puritanism and Early Settlement  of First "American" colonies 1600-1800: Period Characteristics

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1. Wrote mostly diaries and histories, which expressed the connections between God and their everyday lives.

2. South to "purify" the Church of England by reforming to the simpler forms of worship and church organization described in the New Testament.

3. Saw religion as a personal, inner experience.

4. Believed in original sin and "elect" who would be saved.

5. Used a plain style of writing.

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William Bradford
-"Of Plymouth Plantation"

Anne Bradstreet (poetry)

John Edwards
-"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

Edward Taylor
-"Huswifery"

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1507: Early Settlement of the first American colonies - Jamestown

1692: Salem Witch Trials

1741: Jonathan Edwards "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"

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The first colony was The Roanoke Colony which was founded in 1587. 115 colonists landed on Roanoke Island which is on the Outer Banks of modern-day North Carolina, at the time it was part of Virginia, but this colony failed.

https://www.havefunwithhistory.com/colonial-america-facts/

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Although The Roanoke Colony is considered the first colony in the new world it is the Jamestown Colony that is considered the first successful, permanent colony in America.

None of the original Jamestown settlers were women, only men arrived on the first voyage in 1607 in what is now known as Virginia.

https://www.havefunwithhistory.com/colonial-america-facts/

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W4-5 Rationalism, "The Age of Reason" and "The Enlightenment": Period Characteristics

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W4-5 Rationalism, "The Age of Reason" and "The Enlightenment": Period Characteristics

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1. Mostly comprised of philosophers, scientists, writing speeches and pamphlets

2. Human beings can arrive at truth (God's rules) by using deductive reasoning, rather than relying on the authority of the past, on religious faith, or intuition

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Benjamin Franklin —Autobiography

Patrick Henry —"Speech to the Virginia Convention"

Thomas Paine —"The Crisis"

Phyllis Wheatley —poetry

The Constitution

The Bill of Rights

The Declaration of Independence

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1607 Early Settlement—Jamestown

1775-1783 Revolutionary War

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In the Revolutionary War the 13 American colonies fought for independence from British rule to become the United States. Colonists were frustrated because Britain forced them to pay taxes, yet did not give them any representation in the British Parliament.

https://www.factmonster.com/history/us/revolutionary-war

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Rationalism is a reliance on reason as the only reliable source of human knowledge. Rationalism offers a naturalistic alternative that appeals to religious accounts of human nature and conduct.

https://www.qcc.cuny.edu/socialsciences/ppecorino/intro_text/chapter%205%20epistemology/rationalism.htm

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W6 Transcendentalism, "The American Renaissance": Period Characteristics

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W6 Transcendentalism, "The American Renaissance": Period Characteristics

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1. Everything in the world, including human beings, is a reflection of the Divine Soul.

2. People can use their intuition to behold God's spirit revealed in nature or in their own

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Ralph Waldo Emerson
—Nature
—"Self-Reliance"

Henry David Thoreau
—Walden
—Life in the Woods

Louisa May Alcott
—Little Women

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1840-1860
Transcendentalism

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The Transcendentalists included Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Bronson Alcott, George Ripley, and Margaret Fuller.

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Edgar Allen Poe was born on the 16th of January, 1806, in Boston Massachusetts. He was a short-story writer, critic, poet, and editor who was famous for mystery and macabre.
Edgar Allan Poe’s best-known works include the poems “To Helen” (1831), “The Raven” (1845), and “Annabel Lee” (1849);

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Volodymyr Parasyuk was a Ukrainian commander in the Euromaidan defence is known for his speech on 21 February 2014, During the Ukrainian revolution, where he took a stand against the terms of an agreement between the politicians and the late Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych. They wanted to have reelections in a year, but in his speech, Parasyuk gave an ultimatum, demanding that Yanukovych resigns and promising that his group would storm Yanukovych's Residence at 10 a.m. the next day, if he doesn't resign. The next morning, Yanukovych left the country. This is the best example of taking a stand in my opinion. I recomdend watching the Netflix documentry called Winter on Fire.

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“The fight is here; I need ammunition, not a ride.”

— Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelensky, Feb. 25.
At the beginning of the war America offered to evacuate Zelensky and his family, but he took a stand and stayed with his people.

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1. Valued feeling, intuition, idealism, and inductive reasoning.

2. Placed faith in inner experience and the power of the imagination.

3. Shunned the artificiality of civilization and sought unspoiled nature as a path to spirituality.

4. Championed individual freedom and the worth of the individual

5. Saw poetry as the highest expression of the imagination

6. Dark Romantics: used dark and supernatural themes/settings (Gothic style)

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Washington Irving
—"Rip van Winkle"

Emily Dickinson
—poetry

Walt Whitman
—Leaves of Grass

Edgar Allan Poe
—"The Raven"

Nathaniel Hawthorne
—The Scarlet Letter

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1800-1860

The War of 1812
1812-1815

California Gold Rush
January 24, 1848

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Dark Romanticism holds many themes of death, loneliness, isolation, mystery, pain, torment, and the like in both its visual and literary forms. Whereas Romanticism holds themes of the beauty of life, happiness, love, the human soul, and emotional reactions without as much focus on death and pain.

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The War of 1812 inspired the Star-Spangled Banner.

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Hawthorn's great-great-grandfather, John Hathorne, was a leading judge of the Salem witch trials, and Nathaniel Hawthorne was so disgusted by his family's shameful past, that he changed his last name by adding a "W".

https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-nathaniel-hawthorne

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Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Scarlet Letter" sold out almost instantly, but not for the story of Hester Prynne, but for the intro called “The Custom-House,” in which Hawthorne attacked his political enemies.

https://www.history.com/news/10-things-you-may-not-know-about-nathaniel-hawthorne

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McCarthy's accusations were largely unfounded and based on little evidence. According to the History Channel, "The vast majority of those accused by McCarthy and his allies of being Communists or Soviet spies were innocent, and many saw their careers and reputations ruined due to false allegations." This led to widespread fear and paranoia that anyone could be accused and ruined without evidence.

https://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/army-mccarthy-hearings

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1. A photograph of the Army-McCarthy hearings, taken in 1954. This image shows the intensity and drama of the televised hearings, which ultimately exposed McCarthy's bullying tactics and led to his downfall.

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1. Whitman worked as a journalist and newspaper editor throughout much of his life. He even founded his own newspaper, the Brooklyn Daily Eagle, which he used as a platform to promote his poetry.
2. Despite his reputation as a pioneering poet of free verse, Whitman was also deeply influenced by traditional forms of poetry, such as sonnets and ballads. In fact, he wrote hundreds of sonnets over the course of his career.
3. Whitman was known for his personal style, including his long beard and tendency to wear flamboyant clothing. He was often photographed in dramatic poses, and he even hired a photographer to take portraits of him in various costumes and poses.

https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/walt-whitman

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1. Emerson was a writer and speaker who wrote a famous essay called "Self-Reliance" and gave lots of speeches all over the United States. He was part of a group called the Transcendentalists.

2. Emerson believed that slavery was wrong and was involved in helping to stop it. He also thought education was very important and helped with a school that was open to everyone.

3. Emerson was interested in a religion from India called Hinduism. He liked the idea that everything in the world was connected, and this influenced his belief in the importance of being independent and doing things for yourself.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ralph-Waldo-Emerson
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ralph-waldo-emerson

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Early life and works

Emerson was the son of the Reverend William Emerson, a Unitarian clergyman and friend of the arts. The son inherited the profession of divinity, which had attracted all his ancestors in direct line from Puritan days. The family of his mother, Ruth Haskins, was strongly Anglican, and among influences on Emerson were such Anglican writers and thinkers as Ralph Cudworth, Robert Leighton, Jeremy Taylor, and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.

On May 12, 1811, Emerson's father died, leaving the son largely to the intellectual care of Mary Moody Emerson, his aunt, who took her duties seriously. In 1812 Emerson entered the Boston Public Latin School, where his juvenile verses were encouraged and his literary gifts recognized. In 1817 he entered Harvard College (later Harvard University), where he began his journals, which may be the most remarkable record of the "march of Mind" to appear in the United States. He graduated in 1821 and taught school while preparing for part-time study in the Harvard Divinity School.

Though Emerson was licensed to preach in the Unitarian community in 1826, illness slowed the progress of his career, and he was not ordained to the Unitarian ministry at the Second Church, Boston, until 1829. There he began to win fame as a preacher, and his position seemed secure. In 1829 he also married Ellen Louisa Tucker. When she died of tuberculosis in 1831, his grief drove him to question his beliefs and his profession. But in the previous few years Emerson had already begun to question Christian doctrines. His older brother William, who had gone to Germany, had acquainted him with the new biblical criticism and the doubts that had been cast on the historicity of miracles. Emerson's own sermons, from the first, had been unusually free of traditional doctrine and were instead a personal exploration of the uses of spirit, showing an idealistic tendency and announcing his personal doctrine of self-reliance and self-sufficiency. Indeed, his sermons had divested Christianity of all external or historical supports and made its basis one's private intuition of the universal moral law and its test a life of virtuous accomplishment. Unitarianism had little appeal to him by now, and in 1832 he resigned from the ministry.

Mature life and works

When Emerson left the church, he was in search of a more certain conviction of God than that granted by the historical evidences of miracles. He wanted his own revelation-i.e., a direct and immediate experience of God. When he left his pulpit he journeyed to Europe. In Paris he saw Antoine-Laurent de Jussieu's collection of natural specimens arranged in a developmental order that confirmed his belief in man's spiritual relation to nature. In England he paid memorable visits to Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, and Thomas Carlyle. At home once more in 1833, he began to write Nature and established himself as a popular and influential lecturer. By 1834 he had found a permanent dwelling place in Concord, Massachusetts, and in the following year he married Lydia Jackson and settled into the kind of quiet domestic life that was essential to his work.

The 1830s saw Emerson become an independent literary man. During this decade his own personal doubts and difficulties were increasingly shared by other intellectuals. Before the decade was over his personal manifestos- Nature, "The American Scholar," and the divinity school Address-had rallied together a group that came to be called the Transcendentalists, of which he was popularly acknowledged the spokesman. Emerson helped initiate Transcendentalism by publishing anonymously in Boston in 1836 a little book of 95 pages entitled Nature. Having found the answers to his spiritual doubts, he formulated his essential philosophy, and almost everything he ever wrote afterward was an extension, amplification, or amendment of the ideas he first affirmed in Nature.

Emerson's religious doubts had lain deeper than his objection to the Unitarians' retention of belief in the historicity of miracles. He was also deeply unsettled by Newtonian physics' mechanistic conception of the universe and by the Lockean psychology of sensation that he had learned at Harvard. Emerson felt that there was no place for free will in the chains of mechanical cause and effect that rationalist philosophers conceived the world as being made up of. This world could be known only through the senses rather than through thought and intuition; it determined men physically and psychologically; and yet it made them victims of circumstance, beings whose superfluous mental powers were incapable of truly ascertaining reality.

Emerson reclaimed an idealistic philosophy from this dead end of 18th-century rationalism by once again asserting the human ability to transcend the materialistic world of sense experience and facts and become conscious of the all-pervading spirit of the universe and the potentialities of human freedom. God could best be found by looking inward into one's own self, one's own soul, and from such an enlightened self-awareness would in turn come freedom of action and the ability to change one's world according to the dictates of one's ideals and conscience. Human spiritual renewal thus proceeds from the individual's intimate personal experience of his own portion of the divine "oversoul," which is present in and permeates the entire creation and all living things, and which is accessible if only a person takes the trouble to look for it. Emerson enunciates how "reason," which to him denotes the intuitive awareness of eternal truth, can be relied upon in ways quite different from one's reliance on "understanding"-i.e., the ordinary gathering of sense-data and the logical comprehension of the material world. Emerson's doctrine of self-sufficiency and self-reliance naturally springs from his view that the individual need only look into his own heart for the spiritual guidance that has hitherto been the province of the established churches. The individual must then have the courage to be himself and to trust the inner force within him as he lives his life according to his intuitively derived precepts.

Obviously these ideas are far from original, and it is clear that Emerson was influenced in his formulation of them by his previous readings of Neoplatonist philosophy, the works of Coleridge and other European Romantics, the writings of Emmanuel Swedenborg, Hindu philosophy, and other sources. What set Emerson apart from others who were expressing similar Transcendentalist notions were his abilities as a polished literary stylist able to express his thought with vividness and breadth of vision. His philosophical exposition has a peculiar power and an organic unity whose cumulative effect was highly suggestive and stimulating to his contemporary readers' imaginations.

In a lecture entitled "The American Scholar" (August 31, 1837), Emerson described the resources and duties of the new liberated intellectual that he himself had become. This address was in effect a challenge to the Harvard intelligentsia, warning against pedantry, imitation of others, traditionalism, and scholarship unrelated to life. Emerson's "Address at Divinity College," Harvard University, in 1838 was another challenge, this time directed against a lifeless Christian tradition, especially Unitarianism as he had known it. He dismissed religious institutions and the divinity of Jesus as failures in man's attempt to encounter deity directly through the moral principle or through an intuited sentiment of virtue. This address alienated many, left him with few opportunities to preach, and resulted in his being ostracized by Harvard for many years. Young disciples, however, joined the informal Transcendental Club (founded in 1836) and encouraged him in his activities.

In 1840 he helped launch , first edited by Margaret Fuller and later by himself, thus providing an outlet for the new ideas Transcendentalists were trying to present to America. Though short-lived, the magazine provided a rallying point for the younger members of the school. From his continuing lecture series, he gathered his Essays into two volumes (1841, 1844), which made him internationally famous. In his first volume of Essays Emerson consolidated his thoughts on moral individualism and preached the ethics of self-reliance, the duty of self-cultivation, and the need for the expression of self. The second volume of Essays shows Emerson accommodating his earlier idealism to the limitations of real life; his later works show an increasing acquiescence to the state of things, less reliance on self, greater respect for society, and an awareness of the ambiguities and incompleteness of genius.

His Representative Men (1849) contained biographies of Plato, Swedenborg, Montaigne, Shakespeare, Napoleon, and Goethe. In English Traits he gave a character analysis of a people from which he himself stemmed. The Conduct of Life (1860), Emerson's most mature work, reveals a developed humanism together with a full awareness of human limitations. It may be considered as partly confession. Emerson's collected Poems (1846) were supplemented by others in May-Day (1867), and the two volumes established his reputation as a major American poet.

By the 1860s Emerson's reputation in America was secure, for time was wearing down the novelty of his rebellion as he slowly accommodated himself to society. He continued to give frequent lectures, but the writing he did after 1860 shows a waning of his intellectual powers. A new generation knew only the old Emerson and had absorbed his teaching without recalling the acrimony it had occasioned. Upon his death in 1882 Emerson was transformed into the Sage of Concord, shorn of his power as a liberator and enrolled among the worthies of the very tradition he had set out to destroy.

Emerson's voice and rhetoric sustained the faith of thousands in the American lecture circuits between 1834 and the American Civil War. He served as a cultural middleman through whom the aesthetic and philosophical currents of Europe passed to America, and he led his countrymen during the burst of literary glory known as the American renaissance (1835-65). As a principal spokesman for Transcendentalism, the American tributary of European Romanticism, Emerson gave direction to a religious, philosophical, and ethical movement that above all stressed belief in the spiritual potential of every person.
The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica

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Ralph Waldo Emerson | Biography, Poems, Books, Nature, Self-Reliance, & Facts

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Ralph Waldo Emerson, American lecturer, poet, and essayist, the leading exponent of New England Transcendentalism, by which he gave direction to a religious, philosophical, and ethical movement that stressed belief in the spiritual potential of every person. Learn more about his life and beliefs in this article.

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1. Ezra Pound was a modernist editor and poet who helped famous writers like T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Robert Frost.

2. He had controversial political views and supported fascist ideas during World War II. But, despite his political views, his poems and writing are still studied today.

3. He lived in Italy for a long time and was respected for his work with modernist literature.

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ezra-Pound
https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/ezra-pound

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W20 Realism 1850-1900: Period Characteristics

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W20 Realism 1850-1900: Period Characteristics

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1. Feelings of disillusionment.
2. Common subjects: slums of rapidly growing cities, factories replacing farmlands, poor factory workers, corrupt politicians.
3. Represented the manner and environment of everyday life and ordinary people as realistically as possible (Regionalism).
4. Sought to explain behavior (psychologically/socially).

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Mark Twain
-Huckleberry Finn

Jack London
-Call of the Wild
-"To Build a Fire"

Stephen Crane
-"The Open Boat"

Ambrose Bierce
-"An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"

Kate Chopin
-"Story of an Hour"
-The Awakening

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Civil War
1861-1865

Reconstruction Era
1865-1877

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1. As a baby, he wasn’t expected to live.
2. Twain briefly served with a Confederate militia.
3. Twain has no living direct descendants.

https://www.history.com/news/8-things-you-may-not-know-about-mark-twain

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8 Things You May Not Know About Mark Twain | HISTORY

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Check out eight fascinating facts about the world-famous author, including why his riverboat career was marred by tragedy and who served as the real-life model for Huck Finn.

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1. She is the first African-American woman to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
2. There is a documentary film about Alice Walker. "Beauty in Truth"

3. Alice Walker is in two Halls of Fame, the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame and the California Hall of Fame at the California Museum for History, Women, and Arts.

https://bookanalysis.com/alice-walker/facts/

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Following the brilliance of her writing and controversies surrounding her views, Alice Walker is a person of interest to many. She is a woman who has made history in many ways and broken many racial barriers through her art and in her personal life. Below are the top ten facts about Alice Walker.

Alice Walker is Partially Blind

Alice Walker is blind in her right eye. The blindness was a result of an injury she sustained when she was eight years old. She had been playing a game with one of her brothers, who accidentally shot a dart in her eye. The eye got infected and she was permanently blinded.

The injury was a cause of sadness for Alice Walker at first, who withdrew into solitude and only kept company with books. But she has since come to accept the incident as her fate and even sees it as a gift. In her words:

On a spiritual level, it's as though with my sighted eye, I see what is before me and with my unsighted eye I see what is hidden. It has illuminated life more than darkened it.
Alice Walker

She was the valedictorian when she graduated High School

Alice Walker has always been brilliant. Despite the racial and economic barriers in her poor black background, she still excelled in academics. Her high school choices were limited, as not every school was open to blacks in Georgia at the time. So she attended Butler Baker High School, the only school in Eatonton, Georgia, available to blacks at the time. She graduated high school as the valedictorian and got a full college scholarship from the state of Georgia for academic excellence.

She is the first African-American woman to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction

Alice Walker made the record as the first African-American woman in history to win a Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. She won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in the year 1983 for her third novel 'The Color Purple' which was published in 1982. 'The Color Purple' remains Alice Walker's most famous work and also won her the National Book Award for Fiction in 1983.

Alice Walker and Melvyn Leventhal were the first legally married interracial couple in Jackson, Mississippi

Alice Walker got married to a Jewish man in 1967 when racial discrimination was very palpable in America, particularly in the South. Alice Walker and her Jewish husband Melvyn Leventhal, who both lived in Jackson, Mississippi at the time, had to travel to New York to get married on March 17, 1967. They made history as the first legally married interracial couple in Jackson, Mississippi. The couple had a daughter two years into the marriage.

However, the couple divorced in 1976, and Alice Walker cites tensions around their racial differences as some of the reasons for the failure of the marriage.

There is a documentary film about Alice Walker

In 2013, a documentary film about Alice Walker was released. It was directed by Pratibha Parmar and titled Beauty in Truth. The film talks about Alice Walker's life, the circumstances that formed her outlook on sociopolitical issues, and how making her truth known to the world has affected the quality of her life.

Alice Walker is a Humanist

Alice Walker identifies humanism as one of the ideologies she lives by. Humanism is an ideology that promotes equality for all humans and advocates for the preservation of the welfare and goodness of the human race. Alice Walker, who fights against racial discrimination and gender inequality, identifies as a humanist.

In 1997, The American Humanist Association named Alice Walker Humanist of the Year.

Alice Walker is in two Halls of Fame

In 2001, Alice Walker was inducted into the Georgia Writers Hall of Fame.

Also, in 2006, she was inducted into the California Hall of Fame at California Museum for History, Women, and Arts.

Alice Walker met Martin Luther King Jr in person.

Alice Walker was among the people privileged to listen to Martin Luther King Junior's popular ''I have a Dream'' speech in person. She had been a college student at Spelman College and would attend Civil Rights rallies as much as she could, so she was present in 1963 when the famous speech was made.

Alice Walker is partly Cherokee

Alice Walker has Cherokee links in her ancestry. Her maternal great-grandmother's name was Tallulah, and she was from the native American Indian tribe of Cherokee.

In 1994, Alice Walker legally added Tallulah-Kate to her name in honor of her mother, Minnie Tallulah Grant, and her great-grandmother Tallulah.

Alice Walker has a passion for Gardening

Alice Walker has a special interest in flowers and Gardens. Gardening has inspired some of her writing, especially poetry and essays. She currently lives in California in a secluded property with lots of space for gardening and samples pictures of her flowers on her official website called alicewalkersgarden.com.

FAQs

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Following the brilliance of her writing and controversies surrounding her views, Alice Walker is a person of interest to many. She is a woman who has made history in many w...

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W24 Modernism 1900-1950: Period Characteristics

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W24 Modernism 1900-1950: Period Characteristics

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1. Sense of disillusionment and loss of faith in the "American Dream": the independent, self-reliant, individual will triumph.
2. Emphasis on bold experimentation in style and form over the traditional.
3. Interest in the inner workings of the human mind (ex. Stream of consciousness).

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Lorraine Hansberry
-A Raisin in the Sun

F. Scott Fitzgerald
-The Great Gatsby

William Faulkner
-"A Rose for Emily"

Eudora Welty
-"A Worn Path"

Robert Frost
-poetry

T. S. Eliot
-The Waste Land
-"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock"

John Steinbeck
-Of Mice and Men
-The Grapes of Wrath

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World War I
1914-1918

The Great Depression
1929-1939

World War II
1939-1945

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The five characteristics of Modernism:
1. individualism;

2. experimentation;

3. absurdity;

4. symbolism;

5. formalism.

https://essaypro.com/blog/modernism-in-literature

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An estimated total of 70–85 million people perished during WWII

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_casualties#:~:text=World%20War%20II%20was%20the,people%20on%20Earth%20in%201940.

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The American Dream of this era was closely associated with the idea of material success and upward mobility. Many people believed that through hard work and determination, they could achieve financial success and improve their standard of living.

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Women's Liberation: The 1920s witnessed a significant shift in women's roles and aspirations, reflecting a changing American Dream.

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During the 1930s, the American Dream was severely challenged by the Great Depression. Millions of people lost their jobs and homes, leading to widespread economic hardship. The American Dream became a symbol of hope and resilience during this time, as people aimed to rebuild their lives.

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In the 1940s, the American Dream saw a resurgence as the United States entered World War II. The war effort boosted the economy, creating jobs and opportunities. After the war, the GI Bill provided returning veterans with education and housing benefits, contributing to the idea of upward mobility and homeownership as central elements of the American Dream.

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Suburban Expansion: One key aspect of the American Dream in the 1950s was suburban expansion. After World War II, there was a significant migration of people from cities to suburbs, driven by the desire for spacious homes and a more relaxed, family-oriented lifestyle. This was made possible by the availability of affordable housing loans through programs like the GI Bill.

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The 1950s also saw a surge in consumerism. With the economy booming, more families could afford cars, televisions, and other modern conveniences. This period is often associated with the idea that anyone could achieve economic success and a comfortable lifestyle through hard work.

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W28 "The Jazz Age" 1920–1940: Period Characteristics 

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W28 "The Jazz Age" 1920–1940: Period Characteristics 

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1.Black cultural movement in Harlem, New York
2.Some poetry rhythms based on spirituals and jazz, lyrics on the blues, and diction from the street talk of the ghettos
3. Other poetry used conventional lyrical forms

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James Weldon Johnson

Claude McKay

Countee Cullen

Langston Hughes (poetry)

Zora Neale Hurston

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"The New Negro Movement"
1919-1925

Prohibition
1920-1933

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The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement primarily among African Americans that took place in Harlem, New York City, but had a profound impact on American culture as a whole. It was a time of great creativity, leading to the emergence of a new African American cultural identity.

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Jazz played a central role in the Harlem Renaissance. Legendary musicians like Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Billie Holiday were prominent figures during this era, contributing significantly to the development of jazz music.

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In the 1960s, the American Dream expanded to include equal rights for everyone. This was when people like Martin Luther King Jr. fought for fairness for all races.

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In the 1970s, people started doubting if they could achieve the traditional American Dream of owning a home and being financially secure because of problems like high prices and oil shortages.

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Materialistic Focus: During the 1980s, the American Dream became strongly associated with material success. It was a decade marked by economic prosperity, and many Americans pursued the dream of owning homes, cars, and other possessions as symbols of their success.

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Rise of Entrepreneurship: The 1980s saw a surge in entrepreneurship as part of the American Dream. People were inspired by success stories of self-made entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs, who co-founded Apple Inc., and others who started their businesses from scratch.

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Homeownership as a Symbol of Success: During the 1990s and early 2000s, the American Dream was often associated with homeownership. Owning a home was seen as a symbol of success and financial stability.

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Technology and the Dream: The rise of the internet and the technology boom in the late 1990s and early 2000s contributed to a new dimension of the American Dream. Tech companies like Microsoft, Apple, and Google, which emerged during this era, were seen as prime examples of how people could achieve the American Dream through innovation and hard work.

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W32 "Postmodernism" 1950–present: Period Characteristics 

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W32 "Postmodernism" 1950–present: Period Characteristics 

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1. Influenced by studies of media, language, and information technology.
2. Sense that little is unique; culture endlessly duplicates itself.
3. New literary forms and techniques: works composed of only dialogue, or combining fiction and nonfiction, experimenting with physical appearance of their work.

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Alice Walker

Wallace Stevens

e.e. cummings

Maya Angelou

Anne Sexton

James Baldwin

Richard Wright

Sandra Cisneros

Amy Tan

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Korean War
1950-1953

Vietnam War
1954-1975

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The Digital Revolution: One interesting fact about this time period is the rapid advancement of technology. The transition from analog to digital technologies has transformed various aspects of life, from communication and entertainment to healthcare and education.

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Climate Change Awareness: Over the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of climate change and its environmental impact. Initiatives like the Paris Agreement and global efforts to reduce carbon emissions have gained prominence.

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"Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children" (2011) is a novel by Ransom Riggs that follows the journey of a young boy named Jacob as he discovers a mysterious orphanage for children with peculiar abilities. The story combines elements of fantasy and adventure while emphasizing the themes of acceptance, belonging, and the extraordinary potential within each person.

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As I come near the end of this course, thinking back on how I connected literature with history has been really interesting. During this time, I read a lot of classic books that helped me understand different time periods in history. It's amazing how stories from the past can show us what life was like back then, including how people lived and what they believed. This experience has not only made me smarter about history, but it's also made me better at thinking critically, which means I can look at complicated historical stuff and make sense of it with the help of literature. Now, as I get ready for the next part of my education, I'm taking with me a strong sense of how literature and history go together and how they help us understand the world.

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As we know it