# data[].attributes.body
Wyatt

# data[].attributes.body
Roles of RNA/Ribozymes - Ami

# data[].attributes.body
Tash

# data[].attributes.body
Ami

# data[].attributes.body
Tash

# data[].attributes.body
Wyatt

# data[].attributes.body
The first organisms were made of only one cell, the earliest cell was a prokaryote

prokaryotes surrounded by cell membranes and do not have a nucleus

Both archaea and bacteria are made up of prokaryotic cells

get their nutrients directly from the water they live in

Also need to be able to make copies of themselves storing information in nucleic acids

The first organisms to photosynthesise was cyanobacteria

RNA and its roles in the first cells

The presence of DNA in first cells proposes a immediate problem in todays cells, protein enzymes are required for DNA to be copied and replicated

Attention was therefore shifted to a single strand and ribozymes were discovered: substances that act like enzymes but are made of RNA

RNA world hypothesis: RNA molecules that serve to catalyse the replication of themselves

# data[].attributes.body
Comparison of similar proteins to discover similarities in the DNA of species.

Analysis of DNA and amino acid sequences in their protein molecules.

If the amino acid sequence of a particular protein from two different species is similar it suggests their DNA base sequence must also be similar.

Also suggests a common ancestor.

Cytochrome c varies from each species, the degree of similarity indicates the closeness of the evolutionary relationship.

Phylogenetic tree shows the comparison of amino acid sequences from the protein cytochrome c.

# data[].attributes.body
used to compare the relatedness (genetically similarity) of different species

Heating a solution containing DNA disrupts the hydrogen bonding between the two complementary strands

1. the particular gene sequence is isolated with a gene probe and enzymes

2. the DNA of the two species is heated to 95c to separate the strands

3. the strands are mixed are mixed together and allowed to cool, enabling hybrid DNA to form

4. The strands are reheated to work pit the melting point of the hybrid DNA. The melting point is defined as the temperature at which 50% of the DNA is a single stranded and 50% is double stranded. Essentially the higher the melting point, the more bond between the DNA molecules the more common are the two sequences of DNA

5. the higher the melting point the greater the similarity between the DNA sequences and the more likely it is that they shared a more recent common ancestor

Measures the similarity between the genomes of different species

two complementary single stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules bond together to form a double stranded molecules

important process in various research and clinical lab techniques

# data[].attributes.headline
Variation in Sexually Reproducing Species

# data[].attributes.subject
Variation in Sexually Reproducing Species

# data[].attributes.headline
Gene Pool and its Effect on Selection Pressures

# data[].attributes.subject
Gene Pool and its Effect on Selection Pressures

# data[].attributes.headline
How the Frequency of Alleles Change in a Population

# data[].attributes.subject
How the Frequency of Alleles Change in a Population

# data[].attributes.headline
Convergent, Divergent and Adaptive Radiation

# data[].attributes.subject
Convergent, Divergent and Adaptive Radiation

# data[].attributes.headline
How Human Activities Create New Selection Pressures/ Threaten Extinction

# data[].attributes.subject
How Human Activities Create New Selection Pressures/ Threaten Extinction

# data[].attributes.headline
Examples of Human Activities that lead to Climate/Environmental Change

# data[].attributes.subject
Examples of Human Activities that lead to Climate/Environmental Change