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Some people may think Health is mainly the presence or absence of diseases, however I believe Health is having a physical, mental, cultural, spiritual and social well-being as well as reflecting on genetics, lifestyle and the type of environment you are in. I believe having good health guides people to live a very fulfilling life.

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One WHO social determinant that has influenced the health and wellbeing of refugees in Australia is unemployment. Refugees struggle to find appropriate employment which makes them come to bigger employment challenges as their choice of where and when to migrate is out of their control.
A second WHO social determinant that has influenced refugee health within Australia is housing. Poverty is associated with refugees very fondly as they tend to be resettled into poor-quality housing as they struggle to afford housing.
A third WHO social determinant that has influenced refugee health and wellbeing in Australia is income. This is the most powerful determinant of health in relation to mental health issues of people. Refugees often leave behind most of their valuable possessions, properties, and savings.

Psychiatry, C. J., (2017). The Social Determinants of Refugee Mental Health in the Post-Migration Context: A Critical Review. National Library of Medicine, 63(5). doi: 10.1177/07067437177746666

WHO. (2023). Social Determinants of Health. https://www.who.int/health-topics/social-determinants-of-health#tab=tab_1

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The social determinants of health (SDH) are the non-medical factors that influence health outcomes. They are the conditions in which people are born, grow, work, live, and age, and the wider set of forces and systems shaping the conditions of daily life. These forces and systems include economic policies and systems, development agendas, social norms, social policies and political systems.

The SDH have an important influence on health inequities - the unfair and avoidable differences in health status seen within and between countries. In countries at all levels of income, health and illness follow a social gradient: the lower the socioeconomic position, the worse the health.

The following list provides examples of the social determinants of health, which can influence health equity in positive and negative ways:

Income and social protection

Education

Unemployment and job insecurity

Working life conditions

Food insecurity

Housing, basic amenities and the environment

Early childhood development

Social inclusion and non-discrimination

Structural conflict

Access to affordable health services of decent quality.

Research shows that the social determinants can be more important than health care or lifestyle choices in influencing health. For example, numerous studies suggest that SDH account for between 30-55% of health outcomes. In addition, estimates show that the contribution of sectors outside health to population health outcomes exceeds the contribution from the health sector.

Addressing SDH appropriately is fundamental for improving health and reducing longstanding inequities in health, which requires action by all sectors and civil society.

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WHO's work on social determinants of health

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Fairy Bread is a common and classic, old fashioned snack merely made from white bread, butter/margarine and sprinkles, known as 100's & 1000's. It was traditionally made as a festive treat for young children on Christmas Day which is when I eat it the most. Everyone in my family can't go one Christmas Day without having this delicious treat which has made it a tradition within my family. To make this classic Australian snack you need to:

1. Coat 2 slices of white bread with plenty of butter.

2. Pour plenty of sprinkles (100's and 1000's) over the top of each slice.

3. Slice the bread into triangles and then enjoy!

Wandercooks. (2020, October 27). Australian Fairy Bread Recipe. Wandercooks. https://www.wandercooks.com/australian-christmas-fairy-bread/

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2018 Premiership won by West Coast Eagles

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Australia is known for the Australian Football League (AFL). AFL is played in the winter season as its starts in late March and finishes in late September. The league has 18 teams that are spread over Australia's five mainland states which are Western Australia, South Australia, Melbourne, Queensland, and ACT. The overall season is called 'the AFL Premiership Season' and it has 24 rounds. My whole family go crazy when the AFL Premiership season comes around every year. Most of my family support one out of the two Western Australian teams which is the West Coast Eagles.

About AFL. (n.d.). AFL. https://www.afl.com.au/about-afl

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Tea tree oil is a native Australian plant that was used by Bundjalung Aboriginal people (Kamenev, 2011). They crushed the tea tree leaves to make it a paste-like consistency in order to heal wounds that it has been applied to (Kamenev, 2011). Sometimes they would brew the paste to a tea and gave it to people to drink in order to mend sore throats (Kamenev, 2011). In the 1920s a scientific experiment was conducted and it resulted to prove the tea tree oils antiseptic power was very strong compared to what they used as an antiseptic method at the time (Kamenev, 2011). Due to that, tea tree oil is now used to aid the treatment of fungal infections of toe nails, Treatment within your hair and also acne (Kamenev, 2011). I use tea tree oil everyday in order to control my acne and I found it works like a charm. I love it so much because it has cleared up my skin better than anything else.

Kamenev, M. (2011). Top 10 Aboriginal bush medicines. Australian Geographic. https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2011/02/top-10-aboriginal-bush-medicines/

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For me, the most relevant aspect of competency standard 12.3 is dignity and respect. I have improved my knowledge about how important cultural values and beliefs are when providing culturally responsive care to people from migrant and refugee backgrounds. Having learned this I now feel that I am more than capable to provide the right type of care to all different diversities. Having this skill is very essential to have within the workplace because I will come across many people from different ethnicities and religion and everyone will need and want a different type of care.

Migrant and Refugee Women’s Health Partnership. (2019). Culturally Responsive Clinical Practice: Working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds COMPETENCY STANDARDS FRAMEWORK FOR CLINICIANS. https://culturaldiversityhealth.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Culturally-responsive-clinical-practice-Working-with-people-from-migrant-and-refugee-backgrounds-Jan2019.pdf

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Albert Namatjira Heavitree Gap, Ngurratjuta Collection, Alice Springs

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Aboriginal Art is centred mainly around story telling or 'dreamtime stories' and 'Dreamtime' which is when Indigenous people believed the world was established. Australian Aboriginal Art is the oldest living art that is done around the world. Australia's most famous Aboriginal artist is Albert Namatjira. His work primarily consisted of watercolour landscapes of Central Australia and is represented in all Australian art galleries. I grew up surrounded by Aboriginal Art as this is what I was taught about during my primary school years.

National Archives of Australia. (n.d.). Albert Namatjira. Australian Government. https://www.naa.gov.au/explore-collection/first-australians/other-resources-about-first-australians/albert-namatjira#:~:text=Albert%20Namatjira%20(1902–59),near%20Alice%20Springs%2C%20Northern%20Territory.

Kate Owen Gallery. (2023). 10 Facts About Aboriginal Art. https://www.kateowengallery.com/page/10-Facts-About-Aboriginal-Art

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ALBERT NAMATJIRA, CENTRAL AUSTRALIAN LANDSCAPE, 1953-19507

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Australia has a culturally diverse musical landscape as we create music in all genres and styles including pop, rock, folk/bush music, country, classical, and music of the Indigenous Australian people. My genre of music that I was brought up with was pop and country music, however I would say I listen to pop music the most. Pop music is short for 'popular music' and its a form of contemporary music which targets a wide audience. This type of music is generally catchy and has lyrics that will likely get stuck in your head.

The History of Pop Music. (n.d.). Www.shinemusic.com.au. https://www.shinemusic.com.au/musicresources/history-of-pop-music.aspx

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Country focus: Afghanistan
Afghanistan is a country located between Central Asia and South Asia. After more than 40 years of conflict and unreliability within this country, approximately 28.3 million Afghans need assistance with humanitarian and protection due to the take over in government authorities. Since 2021 when the Taliban's took over, more than 1.6 million Afghans have left the country which accounts them as one of the biggest protracted refugee situations within the world. Three common health concerns that are listed from the Australia Refugee Health Practice Guide that will mostly likely be present within people from Afghanistan are malaria, hepatitis B and mental health.
- Malaria can be a serious and maybe fatal disease that comes from a parasite which mostly infects a type of mosquito that feeds on humans (Australian Refugee Health, 2015). One treatment that can be given to an Afghan who has tested positive to malaria is a test with both thick and thin blood films as well as an antigen-based rapid diagnostic test (Australian Refugee Health, 2015).
- Hepatitis B is a viral infection that affects the liver which can be either acute or chronic (Australian Refugee Health, 2015). One treatment that can be given to an Afghan who has tested positive to hepatitis B is offering blood tests that includes the HB surface antigen, HB surface antibody, and HB core antibody (Australian Refugee Health, 2015).
- Mental health can be defined as a person's condition regarding their emotional and psychosocial wellbeing (Australian Refugee Health, 2015). One treatment that can be given to an Afghan with suspected mental health issues could be an assessment of their emotional wellbeing while considering a suicide risk assessment (Australian Refugee Health, 2015).

Rahimitabar, P., Kraemer, A., Bozorgmehr, K., Ebrahimi, F., & Takian, A. (2023). Health condition of Afghan refugees residing in Iran in comparison to Germany: a systematic review of empirical studies. International Journal for Equity in Health, 22(1). doi: 10.1186/s12939-023-01832-7

Afghanistan Refugee Crisis Explained. (n.d.). Www.unrefugees.org. https://www.unrefugees.org/news/afghanistan-refugee-crisis-explained/#:~:text=Today%2C%20more%20than%208%20million

Frank Raymond Allchin, & Petrov, V. P. (2019). Afghanistan | History, Map, Flag, Capital, Population, & Languages. In Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Afghanistan

Australian Refugee Health» Primary Care for People of Refugee Backgrounds. (n.d.). https://refugeehealthguide.org.au

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English is predominantly the language that is spoken however, Australians have taken this language and made it their own by changing up the vocabulary. For example, someone who is Non-Australian says 'hello' or 'hey' while an Australian would say 'G-day mate!' I was brought up around this Australian slang as my whole family would talk this way because this is what is normal for us.

Diversity of language - Australia’s cultural diversity. (n.d.). Racism. No Way! https://racismnoway.com.au/about-racism/australias-cultural-diversity/diversity-of-language/#:~:text=While%20English%20is%20the%20dominant