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Childhood is regarded as a pivotal stage in growth, due to the fact that an individuals physical, emotional, and social development are shaped during this stage of our lives. These formative years of childhood are crucial for the initial development of a child's moral compass. Many do not realize, but it is the parenting style that is enforced in a household that is the driving factor as to how a child grows up into an adult. Parenting style refers to how parents engage with their children by establishing boundaries, granting freedoms, and building a relationship. It holds significant importance as it profoundly shapes a child's cognitive, emotional, and social development. The interactions and guidance parents provide play a crucial role in determining the child's overall well-being, behavior, and future outcomes. Various approaches exist, such as authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved, each with distinct expectations and consequences. There is a debate on the best parenting style persists due to the cultural diversity, psychological differences, and individual beliefs among parents. Many parenting styles may vary even within the same community. So, this debate overtime, has led to intensive research that indicates correlations between specific parenting styles and desirable or undesirable traits in children. Studies dedicated to analyzing child behavior and their upbringing continue to explore patterns in areas like entitlement, academics, and tantrums. These studies matter because parenting style not only influences a child's behavior during childhood but also impacts their transition into adolescence and young adulthood. Early experiences establish patterns that persist, influencing decision-making, interpersonal skills, and overall well-being. Ultimately, understanding parenting styles before having children is crucial, given the enduring impact it has on a child's entire life. Overall, understanding the dynamics between the different parenting styles, authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved, allow parents to make informed decisions that contribute positively to their child's development and future success.

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Mental Health: A person’s condition with regard to their psychological and emotional well-being. This relates to the article because a child's mental health is heavily dependent on how their parent interacts with them and cares for them throughout their development.

Discipline: The quality of being able to behave and work in a controlled way which involves obeying particular rules or standards. This relates to the article because the various parenting styles differ in how intense there disciplinary actions are.

Obedience: Compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another's authority. This relates to the article because some parenting styles lead to different levels of obedience from their children than other parenting styles. The rules and foundation the parents lay, will have various outcomes to how a child will obey and follow their parents wishes.

Responsiveness: The quality of reacting quickly and positively. This relates to the article because responsiveness correlates to how the children view their parents and their parents needs. Children will vary in responsiveness depending on the parenting style and expectations set in the household.

Demanding: Making others work hard or meet high standards. This relates to the article because parents vary in how much they demand from their kids or expect their kids to be like. This overall will impact how their child develops by setting expectations.

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Overall Question: How does parenting style effect childhood development?

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Overall Question: How does parenting style effect childhood development?

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Does giving your child more freedom overall benefit them and the relationship you form with them?

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Does giving your child more freedom overall benefit them and the relationship you form with them?

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Does setting high expectations and enforcing strict rules as a parent create high achieving children who are better prepared for life?

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Does setting high expectations and enforcing strict rules as a parent create high achieving children who are better prepared for life?

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Which parenting style has proven to show the best results from research studies and why?

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Which parenting style has proven to show the best results from research studies and why?

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Authoritative parents set rules and enforce clear boundaries to guide their children toward becoming responsible adults.

Instead of resorting to punishment, they utilize guidance and positive discipline, taking the time to reason and explain their actions to instill values, morals, and goals in children.

Children of authoritative parents tend to have better mental health, a good relationship with their parents, perform well in school, and have a high self-esteem.

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The authoritarian parenting style is high in demandingness but low in responsiveness, because of the high expectations set for their children’s maturity and achievement.

Authoritarian parents expect blind obedience to their absolute standard and they do not explain the rationale behind their rules.

Children of authoritarian parenting tend to have worse emotional health, such as the development of depression, anxiety, suicide attempts, alcoholism, and drug use.​ These children grow up unhappy, have lower self-esteem, and perform worse academically.

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Permissive parenting style sets few rules and boundaries. If there are some rules, they are not enforced. This shows a lack a discipline

Children can avoid punishment by begging because permissive parents are lenient and forgiving. Overall the child shows a lack of obedience.

Children brought up under this parenting style often display a sense of entitlement, as well as unhealthy habits due to lack of control.

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Uninvolved parents rarely enforce clear rules, leading to a lack of structure and guidance in their children’s lives, resulting in the child basically raising themself.

Parents allocate minimal time and effort towards fulfilling their children's basic needs, resulting in a lack of parental attention and nurturance for the children.

Children raised under uninvolved parenting commonly face mental health and emotional regulation challenges, for instance they develop a low self-esteem, from feeling neglected, unloved, and insignificant.​

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Topic 5: Why has the authoritative style shown the best results?

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Topic 5: Why has the authoritative style shown the best results?

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This style combines high expectations with emotional warmth and open communication to foster independence, self-discipline, and emotional well-being in children.

Consistent research has demonstrated its association with the most favorable outcomes in children. Children have mental health, better academic performance, and less tantrums.

Children are more likely to develop a secure attachment and better relationships with their parents.​

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Counter Argument: Wouldn't a mixture of the different parenting styles have the best outcome, so how can there be one best style?

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Counter Argument: Wouldn't a mixture of the different parenting styles have the best outcome, so how can there be one best style?

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The conventional parenting wisdom tells us there is no one right way to parent. However, psychologists have found strong and consistent links between the authoritative parenting styles and outcomes.

Consistent research findings indicate that adopting an authoritative parenting style leads to the most favorable outcomes.

As you transition towards the authoritative approach, you'll gradually witness positive changes in your child's behavior, well-being, and relationship with you.

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SOURCE 1: (Stats about authoritative being most beneficial to development)

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Future plan: Other Sources and Statistics 

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Future plan: Other Sources and Statistics 

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SOURCE 2: https://childmind.org/article/conflicts-over-parenting-styles/

(why mixing parenting styles is harmful)

SOURCE 3: Sarwar, Samiullah. “Article.” Influence of Parenting Style on Children’s Behaviour , 2016, files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1161470.pdf.

(authoritarian led to increased juvenile delinquency)

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Dr. Jeff Howenstein, DMD, MS, ¹ Dr. Ashok Kumar, DDS, MS, ² Dr. Paul S. Casamassimo, DDS, MS, ³ Dr. Dennis McTigue, DDS, MS, ⁴ Dr. Daniel Coury, MD, ⁵ and Dr. Han Yin, PhD ⁶

Abstract

Purpose

This study evaluated the relationship between parenting style, sociodemographic data, caries status, and child's behavior during the first dental visit.

Methods

Parents/legal guardians of new patients aged three to six years presenting to Nationwide Children's Hospital dental clinic for an initial examination/hygiene appointment completed the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) to assess parenting style and a 15-question demographic survey. Blinded and calibrated expanded function dental auxiliaries or dental hygienists (EFDA/DH) performed a prophylaxis and assessed child behavior using the Frankl scale (inter-rater reliability was 92 percent). A blinded and calibrated dentist performed an oral examination.

Results

132 parent/child dyads participated. Children with authoritative parents exhibited more positive behavior (P<.001) and less caries (P<.001) compared to children with authoritarian and permissive parents. Children attending daycare exhibited more positive behavior compared to children who did not (P<.001). Patients with private dental insurance exhibited more positive behavior (P>.04) and less caries (P>.024) compared to children with Medicaid or no dental insurance.

Conclusions

Authoritative parenting and having private dental insurance were associated with less caries and better behavior during the first dental visit. Attending daycare was associated with better behavior during the first dental visit.

Keywords: PARENTING STYLES, CARIES, CHILD BEHAVIOR

A child's behavior can make it challenging to provide effective dental treatment. Children vary in their responses to the dental experience, which are influenced by health, culture, parenting styles, age, cognitive level, anxiety and fear, reaction to strangers, pathology, social expectations, and the temperament.1-9 Parents play a large role in how a child behaves at the dental appointment, especially when they have had negative experiences with dentists themselves. An anxious or fearful parent can negatively affect the child's behavior in the dental office.4,10

Parenting styles have been viewed with extreme interest recently. Parents, as primary caregivers, exert a significant influence on the development of their child's present and future emotional health, personality, character,11 well-being, social and cognitive development, and academic performance.12-18 Parenting style is an essential determinant of children's coping styles, and a child's behavior toward adults varies according to different parenting styles. This transfers to the dental office, affecting the interaction with the dentist. Parenting style also influences how a child copes with stresses and stimuli, including those in the dental setting.19

Baumrind defined three specific parenting styles: (1) authoritative; (2) authoritarian; and (3) permissive ( Table 1 ).18,20 The authoritarian (high control, low warmth) parenting style is defined by harsh parenting practices, including physical punishment, yelling, and commands.21 Children in authoritarian homes are often withdrawn and distrustful.18 The authoritative (high warmth, high control) parent exhibits firm limit-setting, yet shows compassion and warmth, and these households have bidirectional communication.21 The permissive (high warmth, low control) parent provides few to no commands or limits to behavior, and often spoils and coddles the child.21 Children in a permissive household are "co-owners" of the house as far as rules go but have no responsibility.18

Table 1

Parenting style

Description

Authoritative

High parental responsiveness and high parental demand; warmth and involvement, reasoning/induction, demographic participation

Authoritarian

Low parental responsiveness but high parental demand; clear parental authority, unquestioning obedience and punitive strategies

Permissive

High parental responsiveness but low parental demand; tolerance, general acceptance of child's decisions and tendencies to ignore child's misbehavior

Neglecting

Low parental responsiveness and low parental demand

Lamborn describes another type of parenting style: neglectful. The neglectful style is defined by low warmth and low control, and describes emotionally detached parents.14 These parents are typically not responsive and are uninvolved in their children's lives. They do not volunteer to be studied, so minimal research exists on this parenting style. Because of the limited data on these families, the current study did not address the neglectful parenting style.

The Diplomates of the American Board of Pediatric Dentistry agreed in 2002 that, during their years of practicing dentistry, parenting styles had changed. Ninety-two percent felt these changes were bad, and 85 percent felt these resulted in worse patient behaviors.22 This evolution of parenting styles is documented in the current literature, specifically noting an increase in indulgent parenting.15,23 These shifts have contributed to an increased potential for dental disease, limited capacity of children to behave, and decreased parental control over their child's behavior.15 Specific behaviors can prolong the time in the dental chair or create a need to use more advanced methods of behavior management, such as general anesthesia. Poor behavior can delay necessary dental treatment, thus allowing further progression of disease.

Parents today want to prevent their children from experiencing any pain or discomfort. Sheller suggests this is a step away from the 'traditional' parenting techniques of setting limits and saying 'no'.23 Many parents are less accountable for behavior of their children and provide less discipline, relying more on medical or psychological methods of management.23 Parenting styles are changing, and pediatric dentists should be aware of these changes to be prepared to treat each patient in the most efficient and effective manner.

Parenting styles influence the health of children. Childhood obesity and sugar consumption are on the rise for children,24,25 and this is a concern for the oral and overall health of children. Less obesigenic environments are associated with authoritative parenting.26 Another study indicates that obesity is most likely associated with authoritarian parenting, and that children from indulgent homes have twice the risk of being obese than children from authoritative homes.27 Parenting affects the child's consumption of a sugary diet,28 and authoritative parents have healthier food choices for their children.29

Evidence supports a potential relationship between parenting styles, child behavior, and dental caries, but limited research investigates this topic. The most relevant and closely related publication is by Aminabadi et al., which showed a correlation between parenting styles and the child's behavior during a restorative dental visit.30 Aminabadi et al. gave preliminary evidence that a child's reaction to "restorative dental procedures is influenced by the nature of the caregiver's parenting style."30 This publication also suggests that permissive and authoritarian parenting styles are associated with much worse behavior than the authoritative style.30 The limited literature on parenting styles suggests that little is known about the effects of parenting on dental behaviors.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles, the child's behavior in the dental setting, and caries status of the child.

Methods

Sample

This study was approved by the Human Subjects Committee of Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio (IRB13-00266). The sample was drawn from patients presenting to Nationwide Children's Hospital for their first dental visit. Selection criteria for inclusion were: three-to six-year-old patients; English-speaking; no known medical conditions limiting the child's cognitive development; no diagnosed chronic medical conditions; no history of dental procedures elsewhere; no history of phobias related to the dental or medical setting; no history of pain secondary to pulpitis; and no diagnosed behavior disorders.

Procedure

Patients were prescreened from the electronic health record ( EHR) at Nationwide Children's Hospital upon scheduling in order to assess qualification for the study. They were prescreened by a second-year dental student from The Ohio State University, Columbus, who had no interaction with the parent/child dyad and was not involved in data collection. Normal procedure for the first dental visit was followed: the expanded function dental auxiliary or dental hygienist ( EFDA/ DH) completed the dental cleaning and assessed behavior, and a calibrated pediatric dentist or resident, who had no other interaction with the parent/child dyad, performed the comprehensive examination and assessed caries status. Caries status was then indicated as either 'positive', meaning caries was present, or 'negative', meaning caries was not present. The operators were blind to parenting style. The parents of qualified patients were then given a description of the study by two of the principal investigators. If parents agreed to participate and inclusion criteria were confirmed, these same investigators obtained informed consent, and the parent filled out the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire ( PSDQ) and an additional questionnaire. Questionnaires were collected prior to the parent leaving. Two prospective study parents declined to participate in the study because they had brought other young children. Data from the questionnaires and EHR were transferred to a secure spreadsheet (Excel, Microsoft Corp., Redmond, Wash., USA).

Instruments

The PSDQ31 contains 32 statements regarding different parent reactions to child behavior. This shortened, validated, and reliable version was used in this study for convenience and time considerations. This questionnaire assesses the parenting style based on Baumrind's primary parenting types: authoritarian; authoritative; and permissive.18 For example, 'we spoil our child' correlates to the permissive parenting style, while 'we give our child reasons why rules should be obeyed' correlates to the authoritative parenting style. Each parent was asked to rank each statement on a Likert scale of 1 to 5 (1 equals never, 2 equals once in a while, 3 equals half the time, 4 equals very often, and 5 equals always) as to how often they and their spouse/significant other (if applicable) exhibited each behavior. "The internal consistency-reliability of each question in the PSDQ is good to excellent, and both mothers and fathers of school-age children can complete this questionnaire."31

The scoring key of the PSDQ was used to classify parents into one of the three specific parenting styles.20,31 For the authoritative parenting style, there are 15 items with a potential range of scores from zero to 75. The authoritarian style includes 12 items with a potential range of zero to 60. The permissive style includes five items with a potential range of zero to 25. An overall mean score in each parenting style category was calculated, and this score determined the parent's particular style; the highest mean score placed the parent in the proper parenting category. This was used as the primary behavior rating scale.

The second part of the questionnaire involved individual data about the child and the family, including: household income; educational level; marital status; health information; number of children; daycare status; and social information.

A reliable and common behavior scale used in dentistry and research is the Frankl scale,2,32,33 which has four potential rankings for the child's behavior, including definitely negative, negative, positive, and definitely positive.

Calibration procedures

A panel of four pediatric dental experts reviewed and validated a series of five videos showing different young children's behavior during dental visits. Before viewing the videos, the dentists were trained and calibrated on the Frankl scale. Then, they reviewed the videos independently and rated the behavior shown on each video. The reliability between doctors' ratings was assessed by intraclass correlation coefficient and was equal to 1 (95 percent confidence interval [ CI], P<.001), thus validating the videos. Once these videos were validated, the EFDA/DHs participating in the study were trained and calibrated on the Frankl scale. The EFDA/DHs viewed the series of videos individually and rated the shown behavior. The process was repeated for the EFDA/DHs a month later to determine their intrarater reliability. Spearman's correlation coefficient determined that the inter-rater reliability was 92 percent (95 percent CI, P<.001) and intrarater reliability was 91 percent (95 percent CI, P>.03).

Examining dentists used clinical and radiographic criteria to assess caries and were not calibrated beyond clinical calibration. This exam was performed following the cleaning and X-rays, consistent with procedures for a new patient exam.

Results

Data collection was completed for 132 parent/child dyads. The mean patient age was 4.25 years (±0.63 years). Eighty-seven parents (66 percent) exhibited authoritative parenting, 33 (25 percent) exhibited permissive parenting, 11 (eight percent) exhibited authoritarian parenting, and one (one percent) exhibited permissive/authoritative parenting. The data set for the single authoritative/permissive household was not included in the statistical analysis to maintain discrete cohorts; hence, the sample for the analysis was 131. For 124 patients, the mother was the respondent; for seven, the father was the respondent. Table 2 illustrates the sociodemographic distribution gathered. Race was largely divided into Caucasian and African American, so the other races (Somali, European, Asian, Hispanic, and Indian) were combined into an 'other' category. For statistical analysis, behavior was dichotomized into positive and negative by combining the two negative ratings into a single negative rating and then doing the same with the two positive categories. Chi-squared analysis was used to assess statistical significance.

Table 2

Subject's gender

N

%

Parent's gender

N

%

Attended daycare Parent's race

Caries status Other 14 10

Parenting style High school diploma 39 30

Total 131 100 131 100

Parenting style and behavior

Authoritative parenting style accounted for 81 children (93 percent) with positive behavior and six children (seven percent) with negative behavior. Permissive parenting accounted for 19 children (58 percent) with positive behavior and 14 children (42 percent) with negative behavior. Authoritarian parenting accounted for five children (45 percent) with positive behavior and six children (55 percent) with negative behavior. Children with authoritative parents exhibited significantly more positive behavior ( P<.001) versus children with authoritarian and permissive parents ( Figure 1 ).

We were concerned that the age of the child could be a factor involved in this significant difference. Figure 2 shows the distribution of child behavior with the mean age listed for each behavior category. The prevalence of negative behavior was higher among three-to four-year-olds (25 percent negative behavior) compared to five-to six-year-olds (19 percent negative behavior), but the correlation between age and behavior was not statistically significant ( P=.51).

Parenting style and caries

Authoritative parenting accounted for 17 children (20 percent) with caries and 70 children (80 percent) without caries. Permissive parenting accounted for 32 children (97 percent) with caries and one child (three percent) without caries. Authoritarian parenting accounted for 10 children (91 percent) with caries and one child (nine percent) without caries. Children with authoritative parents had less caries ( P<.001) compared to those with authoritarian and permissive parents.

Daycare, insurance, caries, and behavior

Forty-one children (98 percent) who attended daycare showed positive behavior at the dental office, while one child (one percent) did not. Of the children who did not attend daycare, 64 (72 percent) showed positive behavior while 25 (28 percent) showed negative behavior. Children who attended daycare exhibited more positive behavior compared to those children who did not ( P<.001).

All children with private insurance (16 total) showed positive behavior, while none showed negative behavior. Eighty-nine children (77 percent) with Medicaid or no insurance showed positive behavior, while 26 (23 percent) showed negative behavior. Children with private dental insurance exhibited more positive behavior ( P>.04) than those with Medicaid or no dental insurance.

Three children (19 percent) with private insurance had caries, while 13 children (81 percent) did not. Fifty-six children (49 percent) with Medicaid or no insurance had caries, while 59 children (51 percent) did not. Children with private dental insurance exhibited less caries ( P>.02) versus those with Medicaid or no dental insurance.

Discussion

While anecdotal and popular press accounts relate parenting to behavior, this is one of the first studies to examine the correlation between parenting styles and the child's behavior and caries in the dental office. A child's personality and behavior are affected by numerous factors, and the immediate family environment seems to have the greatest impact on the child's personality, development, and behavior.1-8,34 Current literature indicates that authoritative parenting has the most consistently positive impact on children. The current study found that authoritative parenting was associated with more desirable child behavior and less dental caries compared to the other two parenting styles. This is consistent with psychological research, which suggests that children in authoritative households have happier dispositions, greater emotional control and regulation, and improved social skills,18 all of which would suggest they would behave better at the dental office. This is also consistent with Aminabadi et al.'s finding that authoritative parenting was associated with improved child behavior compared to authoritarian and permissive parenting.30

We found that permissive parenting was associated with worse behavior and increased caries. This is consistent with current research, specifically Aminabadi's finding that permissive parenting resulted in worse child behavior in the dental chair during a restorative dental visit.30 Permissive parents let a child make decisions, and the caregiver tries to keep the child happy, often with bribery.18 When put into the dental setting, the child can choose to misbehave, and the parent provides comfort without consequence or punishment. The increased caries in permissive households could be attributed to the fact that the child may be able to eat and drink cariogenic foods unabatedly and can also choose whether or not to brush teeth at home without expectation of discipline/enforcement.15,23

Our research indicated an association between authoritarian parenting and increased caries and less cooperative patient behavior in the dental office. This is consistent with Aminabadi et al., who found that authoritarian parenting results in less cooperative behavior during a restorative dental visit.30 Children in authoritarian homes often have difficulty in social situations and act fearful or shy around others, which could explain the poor behavior in the dental office.18 The increased caries in this group seems to contradict what would be suggested by typical authoritarian homes (i.e., strict rules). If strict rules were created to get children to brush teeth and adhere to a specific diet, then these children would abide by these rules. Our findings could suggest that oral health is not a priority for these families. Another possible explanation may be that oral hygiene and diet measures are not reinforced due to the low parental responsiveness exhibited in these households. The number of authoritarian households was limited in this study compared to authoritative and permissive households, and an increased sample size in a future study could help clarify these findings.

Our study also showed that private insurance was associated with better behavior and less dental caries compared to Medicaid. These results are consistent with the current literature, which reports increased caries prevalence35 and increased behavior problems in children with low socioeconomic status.36,37 It would have been interesting to assess parental history of caries to compare to socioeconomic status and child caries; it has been shown that parental history of caries is associated with early childhood caries.38

An interesting finding in our research was that daycare attendance was associated with better behavior. This contradicts current research, which suggests that increased time in daycare is negatively associated with social development, thus causing worse child behavior.39 For many preschool children, meeting new people (especially adults) may be difficult. This would be increasingly difficult if they were not used to interacting with people outside their family on a regular basis. Our findings suggest that early interaction with other children and adults at daycare may have a positive effect on their behavior at the dentist, perhaps because of an acquired ability to interact with strangers and adults.

A limitation of the study was that subjects represented a convenience sample of patients presenting to the dental clinic at Nationwide Children's Hospital. Also, since the sample was small, only three main parenting styles were used to categorize the parenting. This led to exclusion of other potential styles conceptualized by psychologists, including neglectful. Another limitation was the potential selection bias: there were mostly authoritative parents ( Table 2 ). However, this could be a normal distribution for our population; the studies similar to the present study do report a higher prevalence of the authoritative parenting style, but there is no study reporting a clear indication of the prevalence of each parenting style in the U.S.A.15 The high percentage of authoritative parents could be explained by the possibility that mostly authoritative parents bring their children to the dentist compared to the other parenting styles.

This would be an interesting topic to research further, correlating with other sociodemographic information. Approximately 80 percent of the children behaved positively at the first dental visit ( Figure 2 ). This could be explained by the fact that this study used a noninvasive dental appointment. Older children showed a higher prevalence of positive behavior, which is consistent with previous research and intuition.1,40 An interesting future topic to research would be to note if there are differences in parenting styles, social data, and caries status of patients who arrive as walk-in emergencies versus those in the present study, who presented without pain for a routine first examination and cleaning.

Future research is needed to further investigate the relationship between parenting styles, child behavior, and caries in the pediatric dental setting. A large sample size from different populations would be beneficial to confirm this study's results. Future research could complement the current study to develop a model for predictors of certain child behavior and oral health.

Conclusions

Based on this study's results, the following conclusions can be made:

1. Authoritative parenting and private dental insurance were associated with less caries and better behavior during the first dental visit.

2. Attending daycare was associated with better behavior during the first dental visit

Acknowledgments

The project described was supported by Award Number Grant UL1TR001070 from the National Center For Advancing Transitional Sciences. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Center For Advancing Transitional Sciences or the National Institutes of Health.

References

26. Johnson R, Welk G, Saint-Maurice PF, Ihmels M. Parenting styles and home obesogenic environments. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2012;9:1411-26. [[ PMC free article] [ PubMed] Google Scholar]

28. Lopez NV, Ayala GX, Corder K, et al. Parent support and parent-mediated behaviors are associated with children's sugary beverage consumption. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2012;112:541-7. [[ PMC free article] [ PubMed] Google Scholar]

33. Wright GZ, Stigers JI. McDonald and Avery's Dentistry for the Child and Adolescent. 9. Maryland Heights, Mo: Mosby-Elsevier; 2011. Nonpharmacologic management of children's behavior; pp. 27-40. [ Google Scholar]

36. Molnar BE, Cerda M, Roberts AL, Buka SL. Effects of neighborhood resources on aggressive and delinquent behaviors among urban youths. Am J Public Health. 2008;98:1086-93. [[ PMC free article] [ PubMed] Google Scholar]

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Correlating Parenting Styles with Child Behavior and Caries

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This study evaluated the relationship between parenting style, sociodemographic data, caries status, and child's behavior during the first dental visit.Parents/legal guardians of new patients aged three to six years presenting to Nationwide Children's ...

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What are some specific studies that show how the authoritative style has the best results statistically?

Are most parents aware about the different parenting styles and the outcomes?

Why is children mental health overlooked?

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Throughout project three I was able to read many sources and learn about a topic I have always been interested in, but did not know much about. I was surprised to discover how much the parents shape how the child develops, usually this aspect is overlooked and poor behavior is solely put upon the child. I learned how the parents are the true driving force to shaping their child's mental health and morals, starting from a very young age and into adulthood. I was also able to discover through research studies and statistics, which parenting style has proven to show the best outcomes and why. A challenging aspect of this assignment was finding credible sources that provided actual studies and statistics I can use in my next project. I feel like I was able to overcome this challenge by digging deep and finding sources such as .gov or .org that provide actual facts and studies. I was also able research key terminology that helped me understand these complex articles and topics that were difficult for me to understand at first. I had to dig deep into longer articles to see if there was any information I can extract and cite in my next project as well. For my next project I want to continue to research and write about the different parenting styles as well as dig deeper into specific effects on the children. For instance, instead of saying a certain style has many negative impacts, what are these negative impacts? Overall, this project three has helped me outline my next project four.