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Before Diocletian, the Roman Empire had peaked, expanding beyond its borders and rapidly growing into the neighboring countries. Diocletian then realized that the Empire was too large for one emperor to control - regions were protesting against Roman rule, new religions were rising up, and the Empire was falling apart, so he made a decision that would preserve the legacy of Rome. He split the Empire into two halves, the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Western Roman Empire. Though the Western Empire eventually crumbled, the Eastern Roman Empire evolved into the Byzantine Empire.

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Jerome, a christian leader, wrote a letter describing the attacks on Rome and the surrounding provinces. Jerome feels sympathetic toward the Romans. He writes that the monastery where he writes from is always filled with Roman refugees. Jerome also writes that he and the other Christians of the monastery will either have to close its gates or not study the scriptures for lack of space.

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Slavery was a huge part of Roman culture. During the 5th century, many families in Rome owned slaves. There were two main groups of slaves, public and private. Public slaves took care of important buildings, while private slaves worked long hard hours for their owners. Having slaves caused inflation to rise. The slaves were free labor, and the poor farmers couldn't compete with the slaves because they had to pay for everything themselves.

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Legalizes Christianity/First Amendment- Constantine believed freedom of religion and legalized Christianity in 313 BC.

Impact on Rome-Constantine was the first Christian emperor. This impacted all aspects of Rome. From the temples to the fountains to the home altars, they were all rendered useless when Constantine rose to power. Except for the fact that he believed in freedom of religion.

Tragedy-Constantine married a women named Fausta. His son from his last marriage was accused of a staggering number of crimes by Fausta. He had his son executed. Later he found out that his wife was lying to him and has Fausta executed.

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Ancient Rome left a mark on modern society and civilization.

Many English words have Latin (the language of Rome) roots, such as 'contrary,' 'denture,' and 'patriotic.'

Our government in the US is a Republic, just like Rome. Other modern republics include the Dominican Republic and the Czech Republic.

Modern laws include principles like Rome's first written laws on the twelve tables. For example, people are considered innocent until proven guilty and judges must be unbiased and fair.

Modern architecture, especially the building style of monuments and government buildings like the Lincoln Memorial and the Capital, are heavily based on Ancient Greek and Roman architecture. Several Ancient Roman buildings, such as the Pantheon and the Colosseum, are still standing today and are very popular tourist stops.

The peace and order brought by Rome's rule allowed Christianity, the most popular modern religion, to spread and flourish.

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476 AD Odoacer overthrew 14 year old Romulus Augustus

Romulus Augustus last emperor

550 AD the Western Empire Faded away

Roman practices remained the same

Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) lasted 1,000 years more

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Because of inflation the government put less gold in the coins but kept them at the same value. Bankers also were also ordered to accept all coins except the obvious counterfeits. This attempt however failed as people no longer trusted the emperors issued currency and bartering was in turn popularized.

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Both Diocletian's and Constantine's reforms helped but failed to save the Romans Empire. When Constantine died in A.D. 337. Theodosius took control and ended the fighting, but ruling the empire proved to be too difficult. Theodosius finally decided to divide the Roman empire into Eastern and Western empires. The capitol of the Eastern Empire was Rome, while the capitol of the Western Empire was Constantinople.

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1. Poor leadership in government

2. Declining economy of Rome

3. Germanic tribes invading

4. Emperors called Severans spending all their time keeping peace by paying the army well.

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Seamus Pedersen - Extra Political and Social Problems That led to the Fall of Rome

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Seamus Pedersen - Extra Political and Social Problems That led to the Fall of Rome

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The last Severan ruler died, created weak government. For 50 years, 22 rulers.

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Elle L. - Roman Ideas and Government Today

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Elle L. - Roman Ideas and Government Today

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Our government today is very similar to the Roman government. We have laws that are close to and even directly taken from the Twelve Tables, which were some of the original Roman Laws. The Americans believe that a republic is made up of equal citizens, and that a republic works best if people are patriotic.

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Rome was unable to hold back the Germanic tribes on the borders.

Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Franks, Vandals, Angles and Saxons

300 AD Huns defeated the Ostrogoths.

Visigoths fear Huns and ask Eastern Roman emperor for protection in return for loyalty.

Rome forced Visigoths to buy expensive food and kidnapped and enslaved them

378 AD Visigoths rebelled and defeated Romans in Battle of Adrianople

Rome could not defend itself causing more Germanic warriors to cross the borders.

410 Visigoth leader Alaric captured Rome.

Vandals overran Spain and northern Africa.

455 AD Vandals sailed to Italy and spent 12 days stripping buildings and burning them.

Vandals created the english word "vandalism" the destruction of property

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Many letters and words that we use today come from the Latin language.

Today Scientists, lawyers and doctors still use Latin phrases.

Every known species on our plant has a Latin name.

Ancient Romans also left a lasting mark on our building.

We also use concrete today for most of our public buildings.

When you visit Washington D.C., or the capitol city of any state, you will see capitol buildings with domes and arches inspired by Roman architecture.

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Ainsley A. - Economic and Military Problems

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Ainsley A. - Economic and Military Problems

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When the government started to weaken the people started to not trust the emperors in rule. As the population of people worsened they started to buy less goods. Many people also had to leave their jobs because they were catching the plaque.

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The citizens of Rome flourshed in the Pax Romana era for 200 ages. They were willing to work hard, do good deeds, and care for the Empire they had grown for the past few centuries. However, starting in the fifth century, their drive began to dwindle. Now that the people had reached their goal, they had no desire to keep working. They became lazy, uneducated, and neglecting fools that dropped their farming, learning, military, and craft positions. This new way of thinking helped the Roman Empire empire to abate from the renowned region it had stood as before.

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In the first two centuries of Rome, it flourished, and it was a time of peace and prosperity, also known as the Pax Romana. As time went on, the third century was okay, but not as great as the first two. Then, in the fourth century, Rome started to go down hill. The people became lazy, and did not put work into what they were doing. The fifth century was the century when Rome fell. This century was filled with decline, and laziness of the people. The exact date of the fall was 476 AD. Poor leadership, and many other causes allowed this tragedy to happen.

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In the third, fourth and going into the fifth century the upper-class people were starting to lose their edge and flourish. Everyone in the empire were feeling that their goals were achieved and they didn't have to work hard. This was called a love of luxury. Declines of literature and child birth was happening. The upper class man decided to have less children because it would be a bother. The people of the Roman Empire started to careless about their jobs but more on how rich and expensive their looks are. The luxurious people bought slaves for free labor in their houses, jobs and lands.

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When the empire was divided into Eastern and Western halves, the Eastern Empire centered in Constantinople was far richer and stronger because officials had paid all their attention to it before the division.

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Threat from neighboring Tribes-Josiah Chen

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Threat from neighboring Tribes-Josiah Chen

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One of the causes of Rome's eventual decline was the constant attacks from Germanic tribes. The tribes include; Burgandians, Huns, Visogoths, Vandals, and the Ostrogoths. The Visogoths sacked Rome. The Vandals entered Rome and plundered it. The Huns forced other tribes into Rome. The Burgandians slowly infiltrated and took over parts of Rome. The Ostrogoths slowly migrated closer to Roman territory. All of these factors caused Rome to slowly crumble.

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Another reason Rome collapsed was because of Emperor Diocletian, who split the Roman Empire in two. At first, it seemed for the better, because the empire was too big for one government to manage. Instead, the gap of wealth between the eastern half and the western half of the Roman Empire increased. This worsened the economic conditions for the Western Roman Empire, which eventually led to its demise.

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Decline of Loyalty Among Soldiers (Noah L.)

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Decline of Loyalty Among Soldiers (Noah L.)

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As the Roman army decreased in size and power, the Romans began to hire mercenaries from other foreign nations. These mercenaries were only in it for the money, and were usually un-loyal to their cause. Also, the amount of money required to pay an army of mostly mercenaries drove Rome deeper into debt and poverty.

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The lower class was required to serve in the army, but they had started to appeal to the idea of luxury. They were able to afford more pleasure, and gradually started slacking on military practice. Because of the decreasing army, invaders stole into the city with ease, adding to the countless reasons that the Empire, which once shone with glory, fell.

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Over time, generals and military leaders began inserting themselves into politics. Even Julius Caesar was originally a general. This resulted in a divided army, not just divided political parties.

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Rome's politics also had an impact on the decline of Rome's economy. For example, to compensate the need for supplies and higher wages for the Roman army, the government decided to put a crushing tax on the people, as well as increase inflation by putting less gold in their coins. This made the people distrust the government, which made the economy fall further.

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Originally, being in political office was considered a privilege and a reward. People even fought over it, like plebeians striking in 494 BCE. However, now politics were considered a drag and holding office was an undesirable burden when people could live in ignorant peace.

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The Romans had multiple problems funding and recruiting people for their fighting force. Many citizens were excluded from getting drafted into the army, including slaves, all bakers and chefs, and everyone wealthy. This made the Roman army very small and thrifty with weapons.

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The upper class was losing its edge and was instead engulfed in luxury. They had less children and quality was sacrificed. Slaves were also popular free labor causing inflation. To fight inflation, less gold was put in coins.

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Controlling the expanded empire lead to needing a larger army and a larger army lead to needing more supplies, food, clothing and weapons. Leaders could not provide this much food.

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To control the expanded empire they had to get a bigger army which meant they had to buy more food, clothing, weapons and supplies.

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The Roman Empire's size had problems because the larger empire needed an increase in the military, as well as more food, clothing, weapons, and supplies. These supplies cost a lot of money, which Rome mostly couldn't pay for, due to an increase in the laziness of the people.

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The fall of Rome in 476 AD was not sudden and was easily preventable. There were many factors that caused Rome's demise. One of the main factors is Rome's military indolence. They believed they were too strong to fail. Their laziness caused them to abandon military practices including drills, exercises and strategic necessities. The lack of practice caused the army to physically weaken and their breastplates became too heavy. The politicians allowed the army to abandon the breastplates and eventually even helmets. Their complacent attitude caused them to get easily killed in battle.

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As Rome began to decline and the quality of leadership fell, Roman rulers became more forceful. They were less focused on debates and compromises, and used violence to achieve their means. With the leaders becoming less compromising and kind to the people within the borders, the empire slowly became more like a dictatorship.

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As Rome settled into the era of peace, the Pax Romana, Leaders were unprepared for conflict and didn't want to put effort into solving issues. Upper-class Romans grew soft and lazy, loving luxury. Slowly, the quality of literature declined and Romans even decided to have fewer children because caring for children was a bother. Leaders no longer cared about helping the empire and instead cared about helping themselves live a luxurious life of ease.

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One reason the economy of Rome faltered was because the rich got lazy. Around the start of the 5th century, the upper-class Romans stopped having as many children, which lowered the population. The rich also stopped paying their taxes, leaving this to the poor. This led to plebeians having even higher taxes. This weakened the economy by not having as much of a workforce, as well as not having enough people in the army.

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Ainsley, Liliana, Seleena, J-Dawg (Jordy, or JJ)

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Ainsley, Liliana, Seleena, J-Dawg (Jordy, or JJ)

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All soldiers wore breastplates and helmets at first. But when the people stopped training and doing drills that became weak. They ended up getting rid of the key elements of the armor, the breastplates and then the helmets. This made it easier to run and march but much easier to get hurt. No one ever tried to retrieve the armor. So when they marched out for battle they were quickly exposed to wounds. The soldiers thought about running instead of fighting off the intruders.

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No Helmets and Breastplates in Battle-Noah L

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No Helmets and Breastplates in Battle-Noah L

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The Roman soldiers gradually grew lazier as ground drills were abandoned. The customary Roman armor began to seem too overweight and heavy to wear. Thus, the Romans foolishly removed helmets, and then breastplates. This made them vulnerable to enemy archers and soldiers.

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Hosts of senators, bureaucrats, and clergymen were entitled to avoid the draft, where young men were forced to join the army. Therefore, not as many people were joining the military anymore and the army was weakened.

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From 235-285 CE, Rome had more than 19 emperors. Most were killed in office or battle. Leaders were weak, ineffective and untrusted by the people. The people were constantly adjusting. Leaders were often cruel, corrupt and selfish.

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Caligula (37-41 CE):

thought of himself as absolute ruler

made his horse consul

cruel tyranny caused his death.

Nero (54-68 CE):

killed his mom

gave citizens food to calm the outcry

let the Great Fire of Rome burn down the city while he was singing and dancing

blamed the Christians for setting the fire.

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Nerva: adopted heir from outside of his own family, led to success; undertook building programs; enlarged social welfare; benevolent ruler; cut taxes; helped poor

Hadrian: cultured scholar; attentive to army and provincials; left behind Pantheon and his villa in Tivola; marked halt to imperial expansion; built walls, watch towers, and forts in Africa, Germany, and Britain

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The emperors unified Rome by using and making uniform laws.

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Josiah C-What in a Roman feast would I be willing to try?

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Josiah C-What in a Roman feast would I be willing to try?

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The Romans ate many weird and odd things but there are some delectable and appeasing foods that they ate.

1. One of the foods that I would try is Pear Patina. Pear Patina consists of pears, raisins, honey, red wine and various other ingredients.

2. Another food that sounds tasty is Libum. Libum consists of cheese, eggs, honey, and flour. This cake sounds delicious but what concerns me is that there is no sugar, only honey. While I support the notion that honey is sweet, I don't believe that honey tastes better than a few excessive spoons of sugar.

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3. - What did the Romans do to run the empire more efficiently?

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3. - What did the Romans do to run the empire more efficiently?

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Divided provinces ruled by governors

Maintained control over governors

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3b. Livy recounted the tales of great heroes such as Cincinnatus. he sought to rouse patriotic feelings and restore traditional roman virtues .

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3b. Livy recounted the tales of great heroes such as Cincinnatus. he sought to rouse patriotic feelings and restore traditional roman virtues .

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1. Augustus continued his distant uncle's ideas to bring free grain to the poor, and increased the amount that the homeless were given, earning him an even stronger popularity.

2. Augustus ordered the building of more aqueducts to bring fresh water to those who couldn't afford it inside their homes.

3. In addition, Augustus hosted the bloodiest, most violent entertainment the people had ever seen; thousands flocked to the arenas.

4. Augustus knew that the Roman Empire would flourish under patronage, so while he supported the people, he was also able to benefit himself through that and won enough fame to become dictator for life.

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First theater was built by Pompey in 55 BC

Seating capacity of Roman theaters was 27,000 people

admission was free for Roman citizens

Woman were originally not allowed to watch comedies, only tragedies.

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3a. Virgil wrote the Aeneid, which shows how Rome started and proved that Rome's past that was as heroic as the Greeks past

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3a. Virgil wrote the Aeneid, which shows how Rome started and proved that Rome's past that was as heroic as the Greeks past

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1. Augustus' famous statement is " I found Rome built on sun-dried bricks. I leave her covered in marble"

2. Augustus built aqueducts, bridges, government buildings, roads and baths

3. Augustus ensured peace and order by making sure lands were well ran, farmers were growing crops and making taxes fair for all people

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1. Maintaining order.

1. Enforcing the laws.

2. Defending the borders

3. Providing relief in event of natural disasters.

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1. The government was run by an emperor, who had complete control.

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Josiah C-How did Beastiarii impact Rome's economy?

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Josiah C-How did Beastiarii impact Rome's economy?

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1. Beastiarii was when gladiators fought animals.

2. This drove Rome's population of animals down and in turn made meat more expensive. This caused inflation.

3. Beastiarii was highly enjoyable to the Romans and helped ease the public unrest which made it easier for the Emperors to make hard decisions.

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2. Authors during the Pax Romana Generally wrote either Fictional or Historical literature.

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2. Authors during the Pax Romana Generally wrote either Fictional or Historical literature.

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Austin and Seamus 7. How many miles of paved road were radiating from the center of the forum?

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Austin and Seamus 7. How many miles of paved road were radiating from the center of the forum?

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Roman roads stretched for 50,000 miles in total from the center of the forum, or the town square for a modern example.

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Austin and Seamus 8. What type of science did Romans tend to pursue?

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Austin and Seamus 8. What type of science did Romans tend to pursue?

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Romans tended to pursue sciences such as geography or medicine.

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1. the language of Rome was Latin because it is the basis for all the romance languages, (French) (Spanish) (Italian) (Greek)

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1. the language of Rome was Latin because it is the basis for all the romance languages, (French) (Spanish) (Italian) (Greek)

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6. What do the laws in the 12 tables reflect about Roman life?

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6. What do the laws in the 12 tables reflect about Roman life?

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They thought law should be reasonable and just.

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5. What are some Roman laws that are similar to ours today?

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5. What are some Roman laws that are similar to ours today?

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People were innocent until proven guilty. Guilt must be established clearer than day. Judges must be impartial and solely focused on the law.

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4. Why did Rome need to change from strictly jus civile to also jus gentium?

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4. Why did Rome need to change from strictly jus civile to also jus gentium?

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As it expanded there were more non-citizens than citizens.

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3. What is the difference between civil laws and jus gentium?

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3. What is the difference between civil laws and jus gentium?

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The law of nations (jus gentium) applied to both citizens and non-citizens. Civil law applied to citizens only.

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Roman laws were intended to be impartial and humane.

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1. How did Roman law impact modern day society?

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1. How did Roman law impact modern day society?

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Roman law has shaped governments around the world today.

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-All Roman actors were male slaves

-Males played the role of females

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Romans adapted and transformed Greek and Hellenistic traditions. Greco-Roman civilization is the result of borrowing and blending different cultures.

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6a. Masks

-Masks were most important item in costume

-Had cheek supports and special chambers that amplified voice

6b. Wigs

-Gray hair for old men and women

-Red hair for slaves

-Black hair for young men

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The road system of the Romans were one of the greatest engineering feats of the Romans. In fact, there is a saying, "All roads lead to Rome."

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7. What was the purpose of the Roman Forum?

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7. What was the purpose of the Roman Forum?

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The Forum was the main marketplace and business center where orators also practiced public speaking.

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Austin and Seamus 5.  What was the original function of the Roman roads?

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Austin and Seamus 5.  What was the original function of the Roman roads?

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The Roman roads were made for the Roman army to quickly get about Rome. They were built straight and all of them led to Rome.

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Josiah C-Why were emperors willing to pay for the games?

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Josiah C-Why were emperors willing to pay for the games?

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Important political figures used the games to bolster their popularity and help them win elections. They also provided free grain for the same reason. These games soothed the restless people and gave them something to look forward to.

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8. Give two of the most important facts you learned about Roman schooling.

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8. Give two of the most important facts you learned about Roman schooling.

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1. The school year always began on March 24th, and the day began before dawn, so students brought candles to school.

2. Students were first home-schooled by their father until they were six or seven.

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Austin and Seamus 4. What are public baths? What is there purpose?

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Austin and Seamus 4. What are public baths? What is there purpose?

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Public baths were where the Romans washed regularly, as well as where they would exchange gossip and hear news.

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Austin and Seamus 2. What are aqueducts?

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Austin and Seamus 2. What are aqueducts?

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Aqueducts are bridge-like structures that carried water to the Romans for the public baths and drinking.

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1. When members of the military retired, Augustus provided land for them.

2. Augustus kept the army trained vigorously, making them one of the most prominent, effective military in the region.

3. Augustus increased the salaries of the people serving in the army.

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The Colosseum was used for gladiator fights, mock naval battles, and other sporting events. It could fit about 50,000 people. It was built out of concrete.

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Austin and Seamus 3. How did aqueducts change life in ancient Rome?

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Austin and Seamus 3. How did aqueducts change life in ancient Rome?

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The availability of fresh water was important for the Romans. It also allowed for them to bathe in public baths, which was a pleasure to the Romans.

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One of the greatest achievements of Roman architecture was vaulted ceilings.

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Bread and circus are when the government gives the people free entertainment and food

Many emperors used the peoples taxes to pay for Circus Maximus

this was not good for the economy because they were a fragile solution for the relentless mobs

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1. What are three subjects that scientists were interested in studying?

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1. What are three subjects that scientists were interested in studying?

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Three subjects that Roman scientists were interested in were public health, sanitation, and engineering.

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Gladiators are warriors that fight in an arena

they could come from all different backgrounds and at one point were trained in Gladiatorial schools

they were usually:

- condemned prisoners of war (damniti)

-slaves

-prisoners of war

-paid volunteers

there were also four main types of gladiators

-Murmillo: fish encrusted helmet oblong shield and a sword and fought Retiaritus

-Retiaritus: lightly armed with a net and a trident or dagger

-Salmnite: sword, visor, helmet, and oblong shield

-Thracian: curved simitar and round shield

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chariot races were a dangerous sport with 12 4 horse chariots that were raced around the Circus Maximus

fans would bet generously in the stands for their favorite teams red green white or blue

they would race 7 times counterclockwise

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the Circus Maximus was a huge U shaped track for chariot races

chariot races were very dangerous and often led to death

if you won you would be awarded with fame and money

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Two of the most significant buildings during the Pax Romana were the Pantheon and the Colosseum.

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Romans were the first to use concrete in their buildings.

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Josiah C-What are two other things Romans would do in their free time.

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Josiah C-What are two other things Romans would do in their free time.

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Both the poor and the rich enjoyed relaxing. Two of the things that the Romans would do in their free time was;

1. Eating and drinking

For the poor this meant taverns and gaming houses. For the rich it was lavish meals and parties.

2. Games

Games were an important part of the Romans daily lives. Some games include; Hide and seek and leap frog.

These things are also seen in modern times. Games, eating and drinking are still an integral part of our culture today.

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The Pantheon was Rome's most famous domed structure. It was a magnificent, elaborate temple dedicated to all of the Roman gods.

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1. Pax Romana was also considered the golden age of the roman empire

2. This was a time new begginings; art, architecture, writing, theater, games

3. This time period also stood for peace; success; strength; freedom

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The Beginning Of The Pax Romana (Golden Age) 

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The Beginning Of The Pax Romana (Golden Age) 

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1. Augustus started a fantastic time for growth in the Roman Empire; The Pax Romana

2. Pax Romana = Peace of Rome

3. The Pax Romana lasted around 200 years after Augustus died.

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In the ancient Roman calendar, the Ides of March were equivalent to our March 15. The Romans considered the day a deadline for settling debts, maybe similar April 15 in the U.S., the day that taxes are due.

In the ancient Roman calendar, each month had an Ides. For the months of March, May, July and October, the Ides fell on the 15th day. In every other month, the Ides fell on the 13th day. The word Ides derives from a Latin word that means to divide. The Ides marked the day of the full moon.

Julius Caesar was murdered in the Roman Senate on the Ides of March in 44 BCE. In the play "Julius Caesar" by William Shakespeare, a person who "sees" the future (a soothsayer) warns "Beware the Ides of March" to foreshadow Caesar's death.

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"Crossing the Rubicon" is an idiom that means a person did something which they can not go back and undo. Making a decision that eliminates all other avenues is commonly referred to as "crossing the Rubicon."

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Watch this video about Julius Caesar's decision to "Cross the Rubicon"

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Watch this video about Julius Caesar's decision to "Cross the Rubicon"

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Bridge over the Rubicon River

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a state of comparative tranquillity throughout the Mediterranean world from the reign of Augustus (27 BCE–14 CE) to the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161 –180 CE).

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an extensive group of states or countries under a single supreme authority, formerly especially an emperor or empress.

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a government in which supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, and which has an elected or nominated leader rather than a monarch.

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a war between citizens of the same country

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As well as being an strong reformer, Julius Caesar also had his negativity. He wanted power through war, when he had the choice to use words. From this thought, he battled the Gauls, conquering land that was not necessarily needed. In his later times of dictatorship, he pushed the law and demanded to be elected dictator for life. He then was murdered on the fifteenth of March.

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Julius Caesar was a huge threat of Rome. A huge reason he was a threat is because he was determined to become a leader in Rome. The senate was afraid he was going to ruin the republic.

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Julius Caesar was a threat because of his ambitions of becoming king. The Sentient was convinced he had gained to much power from being in the military.