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In my opinion health is a multidimensional concept which is not merely the absence of disease or illness but rather a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. I consider healthy life on the basis of its quality, like the food I can afford, the lifestyle I had chosen, the income I earn.

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I understand that working with People from Migrant and Refugee Backgrounds' competency standards framework for clinicians focuses on professional practice. I got deeper understanding on how a nurse should work in a culturally safe manner, how one should be aware of cultural differences, how to work within our scope of practice moreover how to behave appropriately in situations which can cause cultural sensitiveness.

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The music of Australia has an extensive history made of music societies. Indigenous Australian music refers to the music of Aboriginal and Torres strait islander. Music forms an integral part of the social, cultural and ceremonial observances of these peoples and their musical instruments also stem back tens of thousands of years. Political and social messaging in music also became very important in this decade. The ‘flower power’ movement, alongside opposition to the Vietnam War, grew in Australia and the rest of the world
https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-music-education/article/abs/musics-of-the-other-creating-musical-identities-and-overcoming-cultural-boundaries-in-australian-music-education/984A57A8A2317B97D98349E48AA3AD4A

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Australian bush tuckers are energy-dense foods — foods that would provide necessary protein, fat, and sugar for survival in the harsh conditions of the bush. Aboriginal Australians have eaten native animal and plant foods for an estimated 60,000 years of human habitation on the Australian continent, using various traditional methods of processing and cooking.
https://mbantua.com.au/bush-tucker/

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a treatable anxiety disorder affecting around 3 million Australians at some time in their lives. Some symptoms of PTSD include:
Some symptoms of PTSD include:
1.re-experiencing the trauma
2.repetitive memories (or flashbacks) that are hard to control and intrude into everyday life
3.nightmares
4. extreme distress caused by reminders of the trauma
5.memories or disturbing thoughts that can be prompted by smells, sounds, words or other triggers

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Quick facts

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop in response to traumatic situations, especially very shocking, extreme or sudden events.

People with PTSD relive the traumatic event in some way, avoid reminders of it, and might feel vigilant or on edge a lot of the time.

People living with PTSD can benefit from self-care strategies and psychological support that is safe and empowering.

It is possible to live a full and meaningful life even if a person has experienced PTSD.

What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a type of mental health issue that can develop after a traumatic event. A traumatic event is generally something shocking or overwhelming, such as being exposed to injury, death, or violence. Even learning about these types of events can be traumatic for people, especially if they happen to a close family member or friend, or hear extreme details over time.

People affected by PTSD may feel anxious and highly vigilant, and have intrusive thoughts and memories of the trauma. It can be extremely distressing and interfere with day-to-day-life, such as work and relationships.

People with PTSD may also experience other mental health issues, such as depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and substance use disorders ¹.

Symptoms of PTSD

Feeling strong reactions such as fear, anger or sadness are natural after a traumatic event. For most people, these feelings will pass with time and support from friends and family. For people who develop PTSD, these feelings are intense, distressing and, if left untreated, can last for a long time.

PTSD can take years to develop. Childhood trauma can continue to affect adults many years after the traumatic event happened.

To receive a diagnosis of PTSD after a traumatic event, a person must have experienced the following symptoms for at least one month ²:

Intrusive reminders of the event. These may be involuntary and distressing memories, dreams, or flashbacks of the event. As well as strong emotions, there may be physical symptoms such as sweating, heart palpitations or panic attacks.

Avoiding reminders of the event. Avoiding activities, places, people, thoughts or feelings associated with the event.

Mood and thought changes. Difficulty remembering parts of the event, negative beliefs, feelings of guilt, fear or shame, low mood, or feeling detached.

Physical and behavioural changes. Feeling anxious, 'jumpy', or irritable. Acting recklessly, sleep disturbances, or difficulty concentrating.

Some people also experience dissociation as part of their PTSD - a feeling of being disconnected from reality.

Causes of PTSD

PTSD is caused by traumatic events. Trauma can lead to PTSD in several ways:

Memories of traumatic events are processed differently to other memories. They are not 'filed away' like most memories, and instead can come up unexpectedly with strong emotions.

A traumatic event can change a person's idea of what is safe, meaning they are constantly on edge and anticipating danger.

Going through a trauma can cause intense negative emotions that are hard to handle, and people can try to cope in ways that are ineffective or unsafe.

It can be hard to predict who might develop PTSD after a traumatic event. People are more likely to develop PTSD if the traumatic event was particularly sudden, intense, shocking or impactful. But this can also vary based upon:

genetic factors

environmental factors, such as cultural norms

support systems and safety

the age a person experienced trauma

personality and coping styles

how the person views the events personally³.

How common is PTSD?

5.7% of Australians have experienced PTSD in the last year

10.7% have experienced it in their lifetime

Managing PTSD

There are strategies people can use to help with symptoms and recovery from PTSD:

Learning ways to soothe the mind and body when going through flashbacks or intrusive memories.

Learning about the idea of a 'window of tolerance' (here is a helpful video)

Taking part in activities that are meaningful or fun.

Avoiding isolation - developing a support network of trusted friends or family members, and reaching out to them when you need help.

Taking care of physical health by getting enough sleep and staying active.

Sharing and connecting with others who have had similar experiences - for example, joining a peer support group.

Treatment and support for PTSD

If someone is concerned about symptoms of PTSD, it is a great idea to talk to a GP. A GP can support people with information and referral options to support services or mental health professionals.

Ideally, any treatment for PTSD should be trauma-informed - this means it is safe, trustworthy, empowering and collaborative ⁶.

Often treatment for PTSD involves some form of psychological therapy. Psychological therapies that might be helpful for PTSD include trauma-focussed cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), cognitive therapy, eye-movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR), and exposure therapy ⁷.

Therapy should usually first involve creating a safe environment. From this place of safety people can learn skills to manage distress and traumatic memories or flashbacks. Over time, treatment with a therapist might also involve processing unresolved aspects of the trauma

Treatment and therapy can also focus on other parts of a person's life - building up self-esteem, self-compassion, and focusing on strengths and goals.

Other treatment options include medication, such as antidepressants. Medication can be used in combination with psychological therapies, or may be helpful when other mental health issues are present, such as depressive disorders ⁷.

Help for family & friends

The family and friends of someone who has experienced PTSD need care and support too - it's okay for family and friends to set boundaries, and to prioritise their own physical and mental health.

There are many other people out there who share similar experience, and many services designed to help carers of people with mental health issues. Check out our Guide for Families and Friends for more info.
To connect with others who get it, visit our online Forums. They're safe, anonymous and available 24/7. VISIT FORUMS
Resources and support

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Quick facts Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can develop in response to traumatic situations, especially very shocking, extreme or sudden events. People with PTSD relive the traumatic...

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Cancer accounts for around 3 of every 10 deaths in Australia. In 2023, it is estimated that cancer will be responsible for around 3 of every 10 deaths in Australia. The percentage has increased gradually from 17% in 1971 but has been relatively stable between 28% and 30% from the turn of the century. About two in three Australians will be diagnosed with some form of skin cancer before the age of 70. Non-melanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in Australia. Over one million treatments are given each year in Australia for non-melanoma skin cancers.

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Many factors combine together to affect the health of individuals and communities. Whether people are healthy or not, is determined by their circumstances and environment. To a large extent, factors such as where we live, the state of our environment, genetics, our income and education level, and our relationships. Higher income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health.
https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/determinants-of-health

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Immigrants generally have a better risk factor profile than the Australian-born population with regard to blood pressure, hypertension, total cholesterol levels and alcohol consumption, but not with regard to exercise.Because of the considerable change in the birthplace composition of immigrants arriving during the last decade compared with earlier years, the risk factor levels observed for migrants who have been in Australia for less than 10 years.
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/social-determinants/immigrants-in-australia-a-health-profile/summary

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Over the past 50 years, there has been a steady decline in the proportion of Australians who reported an affiliation with Christianity. The same period has seen a consistent rise in Other religions and No religion, particularly in the last 20 years.The religion with the highest proportional growth since the last Census was Yezidi
https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/social-determinants/immigrants-in-australia-a-health-profile/summary

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Dance has been an important part of Australian culture for centuries, with Indigenous Australians having developed their own unique forms of dance long before the arrival of European settlers.The term corroboree is commonly used to refer to Australian Aboriginal dances, although this term has its origins among the people of the Sydney region. In some places, Aboriginal people perform corroborees for tourists.
https://www.jigsawdance.com.au/2023/04/07/dance-history-in-australia/