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Grammar Translation Method (GTM): It focuses on learning grammar rules and translating between the target language and the native language

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Direct Method (DM): It appeared as a reaction against the Grammar Translation Method. It emphasizes direct immersion in the target language, with little to no translation and a focus on oral communication

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Audio-Lingual Method (ALM): This method emphasizes repetition, drills, and habit formation to internalize grammatical structures and vocabulary.

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Cognitive Approach: This approach emerged in the mid-20th century, focusing on the mental processes involved in language learning, such as memory, attention, and problem-solving.

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The Natural Approach belongs to a tradition of language teaching methods based on observation and interpretation of how learners acquire both first and second languages in non-formal settings

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Total Physical Response (TPR): Developed by James Asher in the 1960s, TPR emphasizes learning through physical movement and action, mimicking the way children learn their first language.

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Communicative Language Teaching (CLT): Developed in the 1970s and 1980s, CLT prioritizes communication and interaction in the target language, with an emphasis on real-life contexts and tasks.

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Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT): Building on CLT, TBLT focuses on completing meaningful tasks in the target language, with language learning occurring as a by product of task completion.

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Technology-Enhanced Language Learning (TELL): With the advent of technology, language learning has become more interactive and accessible through computer programs, apps, and online resources.

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Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL): Integrates language learning with the teaching of subject content, but with a greater emphasis on language acquisition and language development.