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-Thought to represent a volcanic eruption

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Bonaventura Berlinghieri, St. Francis of Assisi

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Bonaventura Berlinghieri, St. Francis of Assisi

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Bonaventura Berlinghieri, St. Francis of Assisi

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-Has been referenced by many artists in our day

-Very mysterious

-In 1984, Erwin Pernofski believed it symbolized marriage because it looked like they were making vows and oaths. The outer shoes are off symbolizing stepping into a holy place, the beads show chastity, the dog represents fidelity and the mirror in the back shows a man in a red wrapping that could be him. The writing shows that Van Eyck was there.

-Shows wealth because the color orange needed to be imported from Italy

-The bride would sweep the threshold to symbolize setting up a house and cleaning away sin or demons

-They determined it was not a marriage because the Arnolfini family's wife was already dead by the time it was painted. All the symbols just showed their wealth

-She may be pregnant or showing her desire to be pregnant

-One candle is lit and another candle looks like it is burning out. It is theorized a memorial painting of the wife. She is the one where the candle is burned out and the man is still burning.

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Jan van Eyck. Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait?)

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Jan van Eyck. Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait?)

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-"As I can, Jan Van made me" Then the date

-People think it is a self-portrait because it looks like he is looking in a mirror

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Jan van Eyck. Man in a Red Turban (Self-Portrait?)

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Church of St. Bavo, Ghent, Belgium. Completed 1432

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Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece

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Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece

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-Large altarpiece

-The older brother died before he could finish the painting with him

-A bunch of panels

-Polyptych: many panels

-Stolen the most times, it is back in Ghent now

Shut Version:

-Another annunciation scene

-Another empty vessel to show that Mary is a worthy vessel

-Donors on the bottom in red

-Grisaille: gray scale

-Prophets above

Open version:

-The whole plan of salvation, the fall, the Atonement, and creation

-The creation is in hyper-detail

-Center bottom is the Atonement because a lamb is bleeding into a chalice

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Hubert and Jan van Eyck. Ghent Altarpiece

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Rogier van der Weyden. Descent from the Cross

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Rogier van der Weyden. Descent from the Cross

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-Mary is often in blue, sometimes in red and pink

-John helping Mary up

-There is no interest in space behind the people, but there is through the structure and lighting of their clothing

-They believe the crucifixion is where Adam died, hence the skull. It is the answer to Adam because he fell while Christ's death forgives us for it?

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Rogier van der Weyden. Descent from the Cross

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-Great love of pattern

-International gothic

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Workshop of Robert Campin. Annunciation Triptych

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Workshop of Robert Campin. Annunciation Triptych

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-Triptychs are three-image paintings used for religious purposes

-The cityscape is pretty accurate for how they looked back then

-On the left, the person who commissioned this portrait of him and his wife

-There is a great love of symbolism for this time to give meaning to their paintings

-Approximating perspective

-Medium is oil

Symbolism:

-Mouse Trap comes from a quote from an early Christian writer about comparing the mouse trap to the cross

-

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-Severe punishments of death

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Martin Schongauer, St. Anthony Tormented by Demons

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Martin Schongauer, St. Anthony Tormented by Demons

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-Another print

-St. Anthony is a type of Christ because he had all sorts of demons tempting him and he didn't give in.

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Martin Schongauer, St. Anthony Tormented by Demons

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-Illustrations in books became more available for regular people because of the printing press/wood cut

-He would take people across because of his height. The little boy is Jesus Christ and he is so heavy because he carries the sins of everyone in the world

-People can buy prints and hang them on the wall (middle class people)

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-Very rich materials like lapis lazuli and gold

-A sense of decorative pattern and elegance with the wings and background

-They respect each other

-Angels are wearing the stag emblem of the king

-The baby Jesus is reaching out to the flag

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Limbourg Brothers. January page, Les Tres Riches Heures of Duc de Berry

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Limbourg Brothers. January page, Les Tres Riches Heures of Duc de Berry

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-Another duke commissioning art

-All the colors meant it was made for royalty

-"The very rich hours of Duc de Berry"

-Hours were a type of prayer book with zodiacs to help explain planting crop times. It was a private book for the duke

-Peasants were dressed in blue

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Limbourg Brothers. January page, Les Tres Riches Heures of Duc de Berry

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Chartreuse de Champmol, France. 1395-1406

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-A very royal style

-Made for a rich person

-Used to have a cross at the top

-The French revolution did some damage

-Shows the prophets

-Was painted in bright colors

-Moses has horns because of a mistranslation. When he came down from the mountains, the words "in light" got mistranslated to horns

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Aristocratic patrons

Rich materials

Elegant figures

Naturalistic details

Love of pattern

Symbolism

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-Venice has been stable for a long time, contributing to the wealth. It was also a trade city

-Since it was a trade city, it has adopted features of late gothic and Islamic elements

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Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Good Government in the Country

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Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Good Government in the Country

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-Good trading is occurring because the country is stable

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Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Good Government in the City

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Ambrogio Lorenzetti. Good Government in the City

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-Sienna is flourishing because there is much wealth and socialzing

-Fresco painting that covers the whole wall

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-They were so concerned with corrupt power, that they swapped out city members every 2 months. Sienna was a republic

-Depictions embody justice and other good things to show what they want the government to embody

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-Siena was competitive with Florence

-The tower is much taller

-Lots of shops and restaurants

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-Taken the elegance of Duccio

-The words look as if they are embossed, but it is flat paint. Clever use of space

-Martini has a beautiful sense of pattern

-Made out of tempura, the binder for the pigment is an egg. Tempura is not famous for shading or wearing, but Martini utilizes it well

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Duccio. Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin, from the Maesta Altar

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Duccio. Annunciation of the Death of the Virgin, from the Maesta Altar

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-It is thought that an angel visited Mary before she died to carry her to heaven

-Duccio was experimenting with a linear perspective

-The walls pointing inwards feel like there is depth. The reason why it doesn't feel quite right is because the box she is sitting on is off

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-The sense of space can be seen with the lighting and shadows. There is more darkened areas on the face and a sunburst of light on the knee

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-Duccio's masterpiece

-Duccio's answer to Giotto's work

-An alter piece

-Byzantine influence with gold

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-Lions were a symbol of the resurrection because they thought that lion cubs were dead for three days while the lions licked and breathed for them

-Giotto is from Florence even though he painted other places

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-Mary and Mary Magdalene

-Mourning the death of Christ

-Christ is not higher up than everyone else, but how he is emphasized is with how all the people are looking at him

-No one in art up until this point, has drawn people's backs

-There is an interest in continuing space with the next panel over

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-Depicting three works

-The patron was worried about his religious status, so he commissioned many works

-What he did for a living, being a banker, made him worry about his place. Dante put his father in the worst ring because he was a banker

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-A dead body

-Blood coming out of him sculpturally in 3d

-Less naturalism

-Pietà has a double meaning: pity for Christ's suffering or piety, meaning religiousness of her presenting her son

-People made these images to serve as a reminder of the crucifixion

-A purpose behind that suffering

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-King and Queen in Germany a couple years earlier

-A greater sense of naturalism

-Purpose was a fundraiser to help church building donations

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Naumburg Master. The Kiss of Judas, on the choir screen, Naumburg cathedral

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Naumburg Master. The Kiss of Judas, on the choir screen, Naumburg cathedral

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-Christ has the nimbus

-The one with a sword slicing off an ear is Peter

-Hats represent j=Jews

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Naumburg Master. Crucifiction, on the choir screen, and the Virgin and John the Evangelist, Naumburg cathedral, Germany

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Naumburg Master. Crucifiction, on the choir screen, and the Virgin and John the Evangelist, Naumburg cathedral, Germany

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-Sculptures were painted, the original paint has survived since it is inside

-If there are two people statues, most likely Mary and John

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Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London

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Chapel of Henry VII, Westminster Abbey, London

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-Fan vaulting

-Pendant vaults, adds to the sense of pageantry

-Royalty

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Limbourg Brothers. January, Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

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Limbourg Brothers. January, Les Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry

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Printing press (c. 1450)

Manufacturing and trade (beginnings of a middle class)

Scientific discoveries and exploration (Columbus, etc.)

Education and humanism

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-Wall painting in the tomb of Khnum-hotep

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Lion Hunt relief, from the Palace of Ashurbanipal

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Lion Hunt relief, from the Palace of Ashurbanipal

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-The window is as long as a tennis court

-Less horizontal and more vertical look

-There is a web of stone work on the ceiling

-Fan vaulting

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-Has two transepts

-Does not have an apse because there were no relics to walk around and look at

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(from the southwest) (spire ca. 1320-30)

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Salisbury cathedral (from the southwest)

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Salisbury cathedral (from the southwest)

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-Lots of pointed arches and flying buttresses

-Emphasis on spreading our horizontally rather than vertically

-The westwork is wider than the church itself

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Virgin of Paris. Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

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Virgin of Paris. Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

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-Survived the fire

-Made out of stone

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Guillaume de Machaut. The Enchanted Garden

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Guillaume de Machaut. The Enchanted Garden

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-For a queen

-Covered with gold

-Holding up the fleur de lis symbol which represents she is with the queen

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Jean Pucelle. The Betrayal of Christ (folio 15 verso) and Annunciation (folio 16 recto)

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Jean Pucelle. The Betrayal of Christ (folio 15 verso) and Annunciation (folio 16 recto)

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-A personal prayer book for the queen

-She shows up as an image in the book

-The artist of the work shows interest in space. Characters are surrounded by buildings and overlapping

-The color values give dimension and volume to the characters

-A hint to naturualism

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-Abraham and Melchizedek, Abraham giving gifts from a hunt and Melchizedek giving him a red drink. This symbolizes the sacrament with Christ

-They look like they are in Sainte-Chapelle

-Has the "gothic sway"

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Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Bible of Saint Louis (Moralized Bible)

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Blanche of Castile and King Louis IX of France, Bible of Saint Louis (Moralized Bible)

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-An illustration of who it is for, King Louis the 9th

-Commissioned by the queen

-Rich materials, gold and blue. Blue was only found from lapis lazuli from Afghanistan

-Made while the king was young, the actual ruler was his mother

-Depicting King Louis the 9th being taught by his mother, reminiscent of Mary and Jesus

-There is a monk dictating the artist how to draw, a parallel to the top image

-Arches make it feel more royal

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-Royalty influence

-Most works were for the kings and queens of France

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-A palace chapel to the king Louis the 9th because he became a catholic saint

-Focus on the decorative aspect of cathedrals, but not as high

-They believe they have a part of the cross, the nail, and the iron lance that struct Christ

-The ceilings are painted, emphasizing the wealth of the cathedral

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-516 ft tall, tallest cathedral

-Partly stopped construction for about 400 years because they ran out of money

-Extremely decorative

-Incredible amounts of stone carving

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-The tympanum is glass instead of carved statue

-Every possible feature is pointed towards the heavens

-Built on a place with old Roman ruins. The sculptures could be influenced by Roman art found nearby. The people are standing on plinths and there is a small return of naturalism.

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-144 feet because they were looking at biblical measurements (12) like Noah's Arc

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Nave of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Laon, France

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Nave of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Laon, France

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-Has all four elements

-Small gallery up at the top

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Book of Hours-

Diptych-

Triptych-

Polyptych-

Donors/Patrons-

Grisaille-

Intaglio-

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Franciscan Order-

Apron Scene-

Painted Altarpieces-

Tempera-

Fresco-

Pulpit-

Republics vs. Duchies-

Annunciation-

Concepts:

Transition Period-

Mixture of Byzantine-

Gothic-

Classical Influences-

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Pointed Arches-

Ribbed Groin Vaults-

Flying Buttresses- an arch with the wall it supports

Nave-

Transept-

Crossing-

Aisles-

Ambulatory-

Nave Arcade-

Gallery-

Triforium-

Clerestory-

Compound Piers-

Westwork-

Jamb Statues-

Cult of Mary-

Gothic "Sway"- a variation on the contrapposto pose which places the weight of the body on the forward stationary leg creating an elegant pose often seen in Madonna figures

Stained Glass-

Tracery Windows-

Rayonnant or Court Style-

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Chartres Cathedral Windows: Creation and Good Samaritan

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Chartres Cathedral Windows: Creation and Good Samaritan

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-Story of Joseph and his brothers

-Read from the bottom up

-The pharaoh, accused of stealing

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ca. 1170 (framing panels are 13th century)

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Notre-Dame de la Belle Verrière, cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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Notre-Dame de la Belle Verrière, cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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-Stained windows with the black lines are lead, and they separate the glass, but there are areas where it is black paint

-Most people couldn't read, so glass stained windows helped convey those stories

-To transform the material stone into immaterial

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North transept of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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North transept of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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-During WWI or II, the stained glass were stored safely in salt mines

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Coronation of the Virgin (tympanum); Dormition and Assumption of the Virgin (lintel), north portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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Coronation of the Virgin (tympanum); Dormition and Assumption of the Virgin (lintel), north portal of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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-Story of Mary

-Attention on Mary because the church is dedicated to her

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West portal (Royal Portal) of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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West portal (Royal Portal) of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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-Honors Christ and Mary

-Lots of sculpturing

-Jam statues represent Kings and Queens from the Bible, giving more authority to the rise of royalty at the time

-The statues look like they are floating, seen as spiritual beings

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Nave and choir of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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Nave and choir of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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-Triforium, a shorter version of a gallery

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Plan of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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Plan of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres

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-Each square is called a bay

-The crossings are groin vaults

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West façade of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

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West façade of cathedral of Notre-Dame, Paris

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-The westwork is heavy, but it looks like it is uplifted by tracery, the lacy, thin designs

-Looking up makes you feel like you were in the heavens

-Gargoyles were used to protect the cathedral and ward off spirits. They are also used as drain spouts

-Grotesques are ones without gargoyles

-The trend of nave elevations is to beat each other in height

-Amiens is so tall, that you can fit two Notre-Dames Paris in it

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Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, France (Left spire from 16th century)

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Cathedral of Notre-Dame, Chartres, France (Left spire from 16th century)

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-Had an important relic, the robe of virgin Mary when she gave birth to Jesus

-The name Notre-Dame means "our lady" in honor of virgin Mary

-Has a rose window

-They are always a work in progress because they took hundreds of years to finish

-Parthenon and this church have a similarity with rectangular proportions

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Plan of the choir and ambulatory, abbey church of Saint-Denis

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Plan of the choir and ambulatory, abbey church of Saint-Denis

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West façade of abbey church of Saint-Denis

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West façade of abbey church of Saint-Denis

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-Looks like a Romanesque church

-Has a tympanum

-Patterns of three

-Walls are thick to support weight called buttresses

-Arches are on the inside

-The ambulatories were once closed and dark, with thick walls

-Era of stained glass windows

-Supports are taller, thinner, and lighter

-Light and color is symbolic for the heavenly Jerusalem, makes you feel like you are transported there

-Has ribbed groin vaults, allows architecture to be higher and lighter

-Pointed arches rather than round for gothic

-Served as the burial place for the French royal family

-C is false

-Thinner arches allowed for:

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Started with one man, Abbot Suger, at one church, St. Denis in Paris, 1144

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Pilgrimage- a journey to a sacred place

Santiago de Compostela- most famous Christian pilgrimage cathedral

Barrel Vault- a ceiling forming a half-cylinder

Compound Piers- a clustered column or pier which consists of a centre mass or newel

Bays- a space between architectural elements, or a recess or compartment

Apsidiole- a small or secondary apse

Ambulatory- a place for walking, especially an aisle around the apse or a cloister in a church or monastery

Transept- (in a cross-shaped church) either of the two parts forming the arms of the cross shape, projecting at right angles from the nave

Crossing- the point where the chancel, nave, and transepts meet

Narthex- an enclosed porch or meeting area just inside the Western entrance of a Christian church

Nave- the central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation. In traditional Western churches it is rectangular, separated from the chancel by a step or rail, and from adjacent aisles by pillars

Reliquary- a container for holy relics.

Cloister- a covered walk in a convent, monastery, college, or cathedral, typically with a wall on one side and a colonnade open to a quadrangle on the other

Tympanum- semicircular area enclosed by the arch above the lintel of an arched entranceway

Trumeau- a section of wall or a pillar between two openings, especially a pillar dividing a large doorway in a church

Jamb- a figure carved on the jambs of a doorway or window. These statues are often human figures-typically religious figures or secular or ecclesiastical leaders. Jambs are usually a part of a portal, accompanied by lintel and trumeau

Groin Vaults- the edge between the intersecting vaults. Sometimes the arches of groin vaults are pointed instead of round

Campanile- bell tower for a church

Mandorla- the almond-shaped enclosure which is sometimes depicted around Christ or the Virgin Mary

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-Built under William the Conqueror

-Buttresses helps reinforce

-Groups of three

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-Tall, Romanesque church

-Groin vaulted ceiling, reinforced; rigged groin vault

-Heavy, but has light and leads the way to the gothic period

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-Embroidery

-wool yarn on linen

-230 ft long

-William the Conquer, in his victory

-Made by women, a collaborative piece

Crowds Gaze in Awe

-Could be Hailey's comet

-Could be a bad omen because there was fealty

The Battle of Hastings

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Reconstruction of interior of Speyer cathedral, Germany

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Reconstruction of interior of Speyer cathedral, Germany

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-Reconstructed with another vault to bring in light and held the thrusts together

-Very large windows

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-8 sides was thought to symbolism rebirth

-Dedicated to St. John the Baptist

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-The bell tower is the leaning tower of pizza

-Was teetering because of an uneven foundation

-Romanesque inspired

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Mouth of Hell, from the Winchester Psalter

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Mouth of Hell, from the Winchester Psalter

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-The inscription says: "Here is hell and the angles who lock the doors."

-There are all classes of people in there, crowns and monks

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From the Gospel Book of Abbot Wedricus. ca. 1147

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-The hand with the dove is like God telling Matthew what to write

-The folds are reduced to patterns, very stylized

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St. John, Evangelist #2-Gospel Bk. of Abbot Wedricus, c. 1147

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Benedictine Cloister, priory of Saint-Pierre, Moissac

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Benedictine Cloister, priory of Saint-Pierre, Moissac

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-Open air square with a walkway, a place for fresh air, exercise, and meditation

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Lintel of West portal, church of Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines

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Lintel of West portal, church of Saint-Genis-des-Fontaines

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-Jesus surrounded by angels

-A whole body halo called a mandorla, halo of the earth and heavens together

-Half of the twelve apostles?

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Reliquary casket with symbols of the four Evangelists

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Reliquary casket with symbols of the four Evangelists

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-Champlevé: enamelwork in which hollows made in a metal surface are filled with colored enamel

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Reconstruction of cathedral of Santiago de compostela

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Reconstruction of cathedral of Santiago de compostela

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-Has a nave

-Has a westwork

-There is a crossing tower

-The churches would hold important artifacts held in apses

-They contain remains

-Pilgrimage can enter anytime, as long as they are silent

-A very mathematical plan

-Aisle upstairs is called a gallery

-The word cathedra means chair, so if there is a bishop seat, it is called a cathedral

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Nave and choir (looking east), church of San Vicenc

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Nave and choir (looking east), church of San Vicenc

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-Means saint Vincent

-Has a barrel vault

-Made out of individual, hand cut stones

-Early Christians used flat ceilings or wood tresses

-If it was really Roman, it would be made out of concrete

Advantages of stone barrel vaults vs. wooden trussed roofs:

Barrell:

-Has better acoustics

-Isn't burnable

-They last longer than wood

-Could be built taller and wider

-Is heavy

-Less light, no clerestory

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Cloisonné- a technique with glass enamel or colored stones held in place by metal strips

Illuminated manuscript- hand-written books with painted decoration that generally includes precious metals such as gold or silver

Initial Page- elaborately decorated artwork cover

Carpet Page- a full page in an illuminated manuscript containing intricate, non-figurative, patterned designs

Miniaturist- an artist who paints in great detail on a very small scale

Scriptoria- a writing room in medieval European monasteries for the copying and illuminating of manuscripts by scribes

Codex- an ancient book made of stacked, hand-written pages

The Four Evangelists- The gospel writers

Westwork- an entrance area at the west end of a church with upper chamber and usually with a tower or towers

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Author of Eternal Salvation- every blessing comes through him

Bread of Life- something regarded as a source of spiritual nourishment

Chief Cornerstone- A chief or head cornerstone is placed above two walls to keep them together and prevent the building from falling apart. Many of the more ancient churches will place relics of the saints, especially martyrs, in the foundation stone

Creator- God sense

Deliverer- people delivered in the power of others, usually their enemies

Emmanuel- God is with us

Endless- never ending

Exemplar- The doctrine that God, besides being the efficient and final cause of creation

Good Shepherd- The good shepherd is sacrificial. He is willing to ignore his own needs in order to meet the needs of the sheep

Healer-

Immanuel- God is with us

Jehovah- another name for God; an approximation of the holiest name of God in Hebrew

Judge- ruler, leader

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Advocate- a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy

Almighty- a name or title for God, very great, enormous

Anchor- people who would withdraw from the secular stuff??

Anointed One- The Messiah, the savior and liberator in Abrahamic religions, a person or people chosen or declared chosen by God

Alpha and Omega- used to designate the comprehensiveness of God, implying that God includes all that can be

Author/Finisher of our Faith- Jesus is not only the beginning but also the culmination or perfecter of our faith. He is also the Finisher by way of being the fulfillment of all Scripture promises and prophecies and the Rewarder of those who endure till the end of our race

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Advocate- a person who publicly supports or recommends a particular cause or policy

Almighty- a name or title for God; very great, enormous

Anchor- a symbol of the hope we have in Christ beyond this life, found in Roman catacombs??

Anointed One- an individual has the favor of God

Alpha and Omega- used to designate the comprehensiveness of God, implying that God includes all that can be

Author/Finisher of our Faith- Jesus is not only the beginning but also the culmination or perfecter of our faith

Author of Eternal Salvation-

Bread of Life-

Chief Cornerstone-

Creator-

Deliverer-

Emmanuel-

Endless-

Exemplar-

Good Shepherd-

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The Temple of Hera I ("Basilica") and Temple of Hera II ("Temple of Poseidon")

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The Temple of Hera I ("Basilica") and Temple of Hera II ("Temple of Poseidon")

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-Influence from the Near East and Egypt

-"Orientalizing" motifs such as florals, sphinxes, and griffins

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-From the Dipylon Cemetery, Athens

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Dipylon Vase. Late Geometric belly-handled amphora

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Dipylon Vase. Late Geometric belly-handled amphora

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-From the Dipylon Cemetery

-Depicting a funeral

-Black markings were made from wet clay

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Fresco- a painting medium that involves applying water-based pigments onto a wet plaster surface

Megaron-

Rhyton-

Cyclopean Masonry-

Casemate-

Corbelling-

Corbel Vault-

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-Made of wood

-In a cathedral in Germany

-Made to not travel around with, shows they were ready to settle down

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-Very stylistic with the patterns

-Remnants of classical art with the columns

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-Hierachtic scale

-Purple is used as a royal color

-Gifts are offered to him from the different parts of the empire

-Stylistic

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-Made out of bronze

-The bishop wanted biblical doors to look revitalizing and classical

-Used the lost-wax casting method similar to the Romans

-Left: Old Testament subjects (Adam and Eve)

-Right: New Testament subjects (Christ)

-As in Adam, all is death and for all in Christ, we live again

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-Interior looks early Christian, has a nave, two isles, basilica plan

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Westwork, abbey church, withe later additions. Corvey, Germany. Late 9th century

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Westwork, abbey church, withe later additions. Corvey, Germany. Late 9th century

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-Was used for a place for the second coming??

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Front cover of binding, Lindau Gospels. ca.8 70

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Front cover of binding, Lindau Gospels. ca.8 70

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-Made out of gold

-Repoussé = a metalworking technique where the artist hammers out the image on the reverse side

-The jewels are on turrets, holding them up so they cannot be smashed

-His eyes are open and has a very calm, victorious look. Showing a hopeful Christ where death is not permanent