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476. The fall of the Western Roman Empire.

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Muhammad founded Islam and united Arabia.

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632. Muhammad dies and Islam emerges as a new religion.

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Islamic armies invade the Iberian Peninsula.

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Charlemagne is crowned Emperor. End of the Carolingian Empire.

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Vikings invade England. The Holy Roman Empire emerges until 1806.

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1066. The Normans conquer England.

1095. First Crusade. Starts of the Crusades.

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The Crusades were wars between Christians and Muslims to secure control of holy sites considered sacred by both groups.

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1291. Last Crusade in Holy Land.

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1347. Black Death pandemic arrives in Europe.

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1453. Ottomans conquer Constantinople. Fall of the Eastern Roman Empire.

1492. The Catholic Monarchs conquer Granada and the Islam Empire falls. Discovery of America.

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THE AGE OF DISCOVERY. The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg. This made producing books cheaper, and many people had access to knowledge. Navigation became safer, thanks to the invention of the astrolabe and the compass. This improved commerce and led to the discovery of new trading routes . The bourgeoisie started to get richer than nobles.

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THE BAROQUE PERIOD. This was a period of political and economic crisis, but it was also a period of cultural importance. Shakespeare and Cervantes lived in this period.

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THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD

There was an interest in Ancient Greek and Roman culture, and a new movement called science developed.

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THE BAROQUE PERIOD

This was a period political and economic crisis, but it was also a period of cultural importance. Shakespeare and Cervantes lived in this period.

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THE AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT

European monarchies had absolute power, but they made reforms that modernised their countries. There were great advances in humanism and education.

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During this period there was an interest in Greek and Roman culture, and in humanism. Felipe II ordered El Escorial to be built and great literary works were written, such as Coplas by Jorge Manrique, and La Celestina, by Fernando de Rojas.

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Despite the economic crisis, there was a great cultural movement in Spain known as the Golden Age. Diego Velázquez painted Las Meninas, and Miguel de Cervantes wrote Don Quijote de la Mancha.

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During this period, the ruling monarchs built large buildings and monuments, such as the Puerta de Alcalá, to make cities look more beautiful. Carlos III also built museums to make culture and knowledge accessible to the public, such as The Prado Museum.