# data[].attributes.headline
South East is northwest identical robot twin

# data[].attributes.subject
South East is northwest identical robot twin

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Meet Chloe, the World's First Self-Learning Female AI Robot

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Join our newsletter for weekly updates of all things AI Robotics: https://scalingwcontent.ck.page/newsletter Meet Chloe, the revolutionary new AI robot that ...

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Toggle the table of contents

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Honda P series: P1 (1993), P2 (1996), P3 (1997), P4 (2000)

A humanoid robot is a robot resembling the human body in shape. The design may be for functional purposes, such as interacting with human tools and environments, for experimental purposes, such as the study of bipedal locomotion, or for other purposes. In general, humanoid robots have a torso, a head, two arms, and two legs, though some humanoid robots may replicate only part of the body, for example, from the waist up. Some humanoid robots also have heads designed to replicate human facial features such as eyes and mouths. Androids are humanoid robots built to aesthetically resemble humans.

The concept of a humanoid robot originated in many different cultures around the world. Some of the earliest accounts of the idea of humanoid automata date to the 4th century BCE in Greek mythologies and various religious and philosophical texts from China. Physical prototypes of humanoid automata were later created in the Middle East, Italy, Japan, and France.

The Greek god of blacksmiths, Hephaestus, created several different humanoid automata in various myths. In Homer's Iliad, Hephaestus created golden handmaidens and imbued them with human-like voices to serve as speaking tools or instruments.[1] Another Greek myth details how Hephaestus crafted a giant bronze automaton named Talos to protect the island of Crete from invaders.[2]

In the 3rd century BCE, a Taoist philosophical text called the Liezi, written by Chinese philosopher Lie Yukou, detailed the idea of a humanoid automaton. The text includes mention of an engineer named Yan Shi who created a life-size, human-like robot for the fifth king of the Chinese Zhou Dynasty, King Mu.[3] The robot was primarily constructed of leather and wood. It was capable of walking, singing, and moving all parts of its body.[3]

In the 13th century, a Muslim engineer named Ismail al-Jazari designed various humanoid automata. He created a waitress robot that would dispense drinks from a liquid reservoir and appear out of an automatic door to serve them.[4] Another automaton he created was used for hand washing to refill a basin with water after being drained.[5]

Model of Leonardo's robot with inner workings

In the 1400s, Leonardo da Vinci conceptualized a complex mechanical robot clad in a suit of armor, capable of sitting, standing, and independently moving its arms.[6] The entire robot was operated by a system of pulleys and cables.

From the 17th to 19th centuries, the Japanese built humanoid automata called karakuri puppets. These puppets resembled dolls and were used for entertainment in theatre, homes, and religious festivals.[7] Karakuri puppets that were used for theater plays were called butai karakuri.[8] Small karakuri puppets found in homes, called zashiki kurakuri, were placed on tables to dance, beat drums, or serve drinks.[8] The puppets used in religious festivals were known as Dashi karakuri, and they served to reenact myths and legends.[9]

In the 18th century, French inventor Jacques de Vaucanson created a significant humanoid automaton called The Flute Player. This wooden, human-sized robot was capable of playing various melodies with the flute. It consisted of a system of bellows, pipes, weights, and other mechanical components to simulate to the muscles necessary to play the flute.[10]

iCub robot at the Genoa Science Festival, Italy, in 2009

Humanoid robots are now used as research tools in several scientific areas. Researchers study the human body structure and behavior (biomechanics) to build humanoid robots. On the other side, the attempt to simulate the human body leads to a better understanding of it. Human cognition is a field of study which is focused on how humans learn from sensory information in order to acquire perceptual and motor skills. This knowledge is used to develop computational models of human behavior, and it has been improving over time.

It has been suggested that very advanced robotics will facilitate the enhancement of ordinary humans. See transhumanism.

Humanoid robots are a valuable resource in the world of medicine and biotechnology, as well as other fields of research such as biomechanics and cognitive science.[11] Humanoid robots are being used to develop complex prosthetics for individuals with physical disabilities such as missing limbs.[12] The WABIAN-2 is a new medical humanoid robot created to help patients in the rehabilitation of their lower limbs.[12]

Although the initial aim of humanoid research was to build better orthosis and prosthesis for human beings, knowledge has been transferred between both disciplines. A few examples are powered leg prosthesis for the neuromuscularly impaired, ankle-foot orthosis, biological realistic leg prosthesis, and forearm prosthesis.

Valkyrie,[13] from NASA

Humanoid robots can be used as test subjects for the practice and development of personalized healthcare aids, essentially performing as robotic nurses for demographics such as the elderly.[12] Humanoids are also suitable for some procedurally-based vocations, such as reception-desk administrators and automotive manufacturing line workers. In essence, since they can use tools and operate equipment and vehicles designed for the human form, humanoids could theoretically perform any task a human being can, so long as they have the proper software. However, the complexity of doing so is immense.

Humanoid robots have had a long history in the realm of entertainment, from the conception and ideas in the story of Prometheus to the application and physical build of modern animatronics used for theme parks.[11] Current uses and development of humanoid robots in theme parks are focused on creating stuntronics.[14] Stuntronics are humanoid robots built for serving as stunt doubles, and are designed to simulate life-like, untethered, dynamic movement.[14] Several Disney theme park shows utilize animatronic robots that look, move and speak much like human beings. Although these robots look realistic, they have no cognition or physical autonomy. Various humanoid robots and their possible applications in daily life are featured in an independent documentary film called Plug & Pray, which was released in 2010.

Though many real-world applications for humanoid robots are unexplored, their primary use is to demonstrate up-and-coming technologies.[15] Modern examples of humanoid robots, such as the Honda Asimo, are revealed to the public in order to demonstrate new technological advancements in motor skills, such as walking, climbing, and playing an instrument.[15] Other humanoid robots have been developed for household purposes, however excel only in single purpose skills and are far from autonomous.[15] Humanoid robots, especially those with artificial intelligence algorithms, could be useful for future dangerous and/or distant space exploration missions, without having the need to turn back around again and return to Earth once the mission is completed.

A sensor is a device that measures some attribute of the world. Being one of the three primitives of robotics (besides planning and control), sensing plays an important role in robotic paradigms.

Sensors can be classified according to the physical process with which they work or according to the type of measurement information that they give as output. In this case, the second approach was used.[16]

Proprioceptive sensors sense the position, orientation, and speed of the humanoid's body and joints, along with other internal values.[17]

In human beings, the otoliths and semi-circular canals (in the inner ear) are used to maintain balance and orientation.[18] Additionally, humans use their own proprioceptive sensors (e.g. touch, muscle extension, limb position) to help with their orientation. Humanoid robots use accelerometers to measure the acceleration, from which velocity can be calculated by integration;[19] tilt sensors to measure inclination; force sensors placed in robot's hands and feet to measure contact force with environment;[20] position sensors that indicate the actual position of the robot (from which the velocity can be calculated by derivation);[21] and even speed sensors.

An artificial hand holding a lightbulb

Arrays of tactels can be used to provide data on what has been touched. The Shadow Hand uses an array of 34 tactels arranged beneath its polyurethane skin on each finger tip.[22] Tactile sensors also provide information about forces and torques transferred between the robot and other objects.

Vision refers to processing data from any modality which uses the electromagnetic spectrum to produce an image. In humanoid robots it is used to recognize objects and determine their properties. Vision sensors work most similarly to the eyes of human beings. Most humanoid robots use CCD cameras as vision sensors.

Sound sensors allow humanoid robots to hear speech and environmental sounds, akin to the ears of the human being. Microphones are usually used for the robots to convey speech.

Actuators are the motors responsible for motion in the robot.[23]

Humanoid robots are constructed in such a way that they mimic the human body. They use actuators that perform like muscles and joints, though with a different structure.[23] The actuators of humanoid robots can be either electric, pneumatic, or hydraulic.[24][25] It is ideal for these actuators to have high power, low mass, and small dimensions.[25]

Electric actuators are the most popular types of actuators in humanoid robots.[24] These actuators are smaller in size, and a single electric actuator may not produce enough power for a human-sized joint.[24] Therefore, it is common to use multiple electric actuators for a single joint in a humanoid robot.[24] An example of a humanoid robot using electric actuators is HRP-2.[25]

Hydraulic actuators produce higher power than electric actuators and pneumatic actuators, and they have the ability to control the torque they produce better than other types of actuators.[25] However, they can become very bulky in size.[24][25] One solution to counter the size issue is electro-hydrostatic actuators (EHA).[25] The most popular example of a humanoid robot using hydraulic actuators is the ATLAS robot made by Boston Dynamics.[25]

Pneumatic actuators operate on the basis of gas compressibility.[24][25] As they are inflated, they expand along the axis, and as they deflate, they contract. If one end is fixed, the other will move in a linear trajectory. A popular example of a pneumatic actuator is the Mac Kibben muscle.[25]

Planning in robots is the process of planning out motions and trajectories for the robot to carry out.[26] Control is the actual execution of these planned motions and trajectories.[26] In humanoid robots, the planning must carry out biped motions, meaning that robots should plan motions similar to a human.[27] Since one of the main uses of humanoid robots is to interact with humans, it is important for the planning and control mechanisms of humanoid robots to work in a variety of terrain and environments.[27]

The question of walking biped robots stabilization on the surface is of great importance.[28] Maintenance of the robot's gravity center over the center of bearing area for providing a stable position can be chosen as a goal of control.[28]

To maintain dynamic balance during the walk, a robot needs information about contact force and its current and desired motion.[27] The solution to this problem relies on a major concept, the Zero Moment Point (ZMP).[27]

Another characteristic of humanoid robots is that they move, gather information (using sensors) on the "real world", and interact with it.[29] They do not stay still like factory manipulators and other robots that work in highly structured environments.[29] To allow humanoids to move in complex environments, planning and control must focus on self-collision detection, path planning and obstacle avoidance.[29][30]

Humanoid robots do not yet have some features of the human body.[31] They include structures with variable flexibility, which provide safety (to the robot itself and to the people), and redundancy of movements, i.e. more degrees of freedom and therefore wide task availability.[31] Although these characteristics are desirable to humanoid robots, they will bring more complexity and new problems to planning and control.[32] The field of whole-body control deals with these issues and addresses the proper coordination of numerous degrees of freedom, e.g. to realize several control tasks simultaneously while following a given order of priority.[33][34]

Year

Subject

Notes

c. 250 BC

Automaton

A humanoid automaton is detailed in the Liezi, written by Chinese philosopher Lie Yukou.[3]

c. 50 AD

Automata

1206

Ismail Al-Jazari described a band made up of humanoid automata which, according to Charles B. Fowler, performed "more than fifty facial and body actions during each musical selection."[36] Al-Jazari also created hand-washing automata with automatic humanoid servants.[5] His programmable "castle clock" also featured five musician automata which automatically played music when moved by levers operated by a hidden camshaft attached to a water wheel.[37]

1738

The Flute Player

Jacques de Vaucanson builds The Flute Player, a life-size automaton capable of playing different melodies on the flute.[10]

1921

Czech writer Karel Čapek introduced the word "robot" in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots). The word "robot" comes from the word "robota", meaning, in Czech and Polish, "labour, drudgery".[40]

1927

Maschinenmensch

The ("machine-human"), a gynoid humanoid robot, also called "Parody", "Futura", "Robotrix", or the "Maria impersonator" (played by German actress Brigitte Helm), one of the earliest humanoid robots ever to appear on film, is depicted in Fritz Lang's film Metropolis.

1961

Unimate

The first digitally operated and programmable non-humanoid robot, is installed on a General Motors assembly line to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. It was created by George Devol and constructed by Unimation, the first robot manufacturing company.[45]

1967 to 1972

WABOT-1

Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed the WABOT-1, the world's first full-scale humanoid intelligent robot.[46][47] It was the first android, able to walk, communicate with a person in Japanese (with an artificial mouth), measure distances and directions to the objects using external receptors (artificial ears and eyes), and grip and transport objects with hands.[48][49][50]

2004

KHR-1

A programmable bipedal humanoid robot introduced in June 2004 by a Japanese company Kondo Kagaku.

2005

PKD Android

A conversational humanoid robot made in the likeness of science fiction novelist Philip K Dick, was developed as a collaboration between Hanson Robotics, the FedEx Institute of Technology, and the University of Memphis.[65]

2008

Nexi

The first mobile, dexterous, and social robot, makes its public debut as one of TIME magazine's top inventions of the year.[76] The robot was built through a collaboration between the MIT Media Lab Personal Robots Group,[77] UMass Amherst and Meka Robotics.[78][79]

2012

COMAN

The Advanced Robotics Department in Italian Institute of Technology released its first version of the COmpliant hu MANoid robot (COMAN) which is designed for robust dynamic walking and balancing in rough terrain.[93]

2013

TORO

The German Aerospace Center (DLR) presents the humanoid robot TORO ( TOrque-controlled humanoid RObot).[95]

2013

2014

Nadine

A female humanoid social robot designed in Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and modelled on its director Professor Nadia Magnenat Thalmann. Nadine is a socially intelligent robot which returns greetings, makes eye contact, and remembers all the conversations it has had.[101][102]

2017

TALOS

PAL Robotics launches TALOS,[105] a fully electrical humanoid robot with joint torque sensors and EtherCAT communication technology that can manipulate up to 6 kg payload in each of its grippers.[106]

2020

Robot Shalu

Homemade Artificially Intelligent, Indian Multilingual Humanoid Robot, made-up of waste materials, that can speak 9 Indian and 38 foreign languages (total 47 languages), developed by Dinesh Kunwar Patel, Computer Science teacher, Kendriya Vidyalaya Mumbai, India. Shalu can recognize a person and remember them, identify many objects, solve mathematical problems, give horoscopes and weather reports, teach in a classroom, conduct a quiz, and do many other things.[110]

A common theme for the depiction of humanoid robots in science fiction pertains to how they can help humans in society or serve as threats to humanity.[115] This theme essentially questions whether artificial intelligence is a force of good or bad for mankind.[115] Humanoid robots that are depicted as good for society and benefit humans are Commander Data in Star Trek and C-3PO in Star Wars.[115] Opposite portrayals where humanoid robots are shown as scary and threatening to humans are the T-800 in Terminator and Megatron in Transformers.[115]

Another prominent theme found in science fiction regarding humanoid robots focuses on personhood. Certain films, particularly Blade Runner and Blade Runner 2049, explore whether or not a constructed, synthetic being should be considered a person.[116] In the films, androids called " replicants" are created indistinguishably from human beings, yet they are shunned and do not possess the same rights as humans. This theme incites audience sympathy while also sparking unease at the idea of humanoid robots mimicking humans too closely.[117]

1. ^

2. Rosheim, Mark E. (1994). Robot Evolution: The Development of Anthrobotics. Wiley-IEEE. pp. 9-10. ISBN 0-471-02622-0.

3. Moran, Michael E. (2006-12-01). "The da Vinci Robot". Journal of Endourology. 20 (12): 986-990. doi:10.1089/end.2006.20.986. ISSN 0892-7790. PMID 17206888.

4. ^

5. ^

6. Siciliano, Bruno; Khatib, Oussama (2019), Goswami, Ambarish; Vadakkepat, Prahlad (eds.), "Humanoid Robots: Historical Perspective, Overview, and Scope", Humanoid Robotics: A Reference, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 3-8, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6046-2_64, ISBN 978-94-007-6046-2, S2CID 240065030

7. ^ Hall, Loura (11 June 2015). "NASA Looks to University Robotics Groups to Advance Humanoid Robot". NASA.

8. ^ Siegwart, Roland; Nourbakhsh, Illah; Scaramuzza, Davide (2004). Introduction to Autonomous Mobile Robots (Intelligent Robotics and Autonomous Agents series) second edition (PDF). MIT Press. pp. Chapter 4. ISBN 0262015358. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-08-27.

9. ^

10. ^ Hashimoto, Kenji (2020-11-16). "Mechanics of humanoid robot". Advanced Robotics. 34 (21-22): 1390-1397. doi:10.1080/01691864.2020.1813624. ISSN 0169-1864. S2CID 225290402.

11. ^ Stasse, O.; Flayols, T. (2019), Venture, Gentiane; Laumond, Jean-Paul; Watier, Bruno (eds.), "An Overview of Humanoid Robots Technologies", Biomechanics of Anthropomorphic Systems, Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, Cham: Springer International Publishing, vol. 124, pp. 281-310, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-93870-7_13, ISBN 978-3-319-93870-7, S2CID 13702914

12. ^ Fu, Chenglong; Shuai, Mei; Xu, Kai; Zhao, Jiandong; Wang, Jianmei; Huang, Yuanlin; Chen, Ken (2006-07-28). "Planning and control for THBIP-I humanoid robot". 2006 International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation. Vol. 2006. pp. 1066-1071. doi:10.1109/ICMA.2006.257773.

13. ^ Du, Guanglong; Long, Shuaiying; Li, Fang; Huang, Xin (2018). "Active Collision Avoidance for Human-Robot Interaction With UKF, Expert System, and Artificial Potential Field Method". Frontiers in Robotics and AI. 5: 125. doi:10.3389/frobt.2018.00125. ISSN 2296-9144. PMC 7805694. PMID 33501004.

14. Yamane, K.; Murai, A. (2018). "A Comparative Study Between Humans and Humanoid Robots". In Ambarish Goswami; Prahlad Vadakkepat (eds.). Humanoid Robotics: A Reference. pp. 1-20. doi:10.1007/978-94-007-7194-9_7-1. ISBN 978-94-007-7194-9. S2CID 65189332.

15. ^ Khatib, Oussama; Sentis, Luis; Park, Jaeheung; Warren, James (2004-03-01). "Whole-Body Dynamic Behavior and Control of Human-like Robots". International Journal of Humanoid Robotics. 10: 29-43. doi:10.1142/S0219843604000058.

16. ^ Dietrich, Alexander (2016). "Whole-Body Impedance Control of Wheeled Humanoid Robots". Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics. 116. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40557-5. ISBN 978-3-319-40556-8. ISSN 1610-7438. S2CID 30137359.

17. ^ Hero of Alexandria; Bennet Woodcroft (trans.) (1851). Temple Doors opened by Fire on an Altar. Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria. London: Taylor Walton and Maberly (online edition from University of Rochester, Rochester, NY). Retrieved on 2008-04-23.

18. Fowler, Charles B. (October 1967), "The Museum of Music: A History of Mechanical Instruments", ^ Music Educators Journal 54 (2): 45-9

19. ^ Ancient Discoveries, Episode 11: Ancient Robots. History Channel. Archived from the original on 2014-03-01 - via YouTube.

20. ^

21. ^ Wiener, Norbert (1948). Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. United States: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. ISBN 0-262-23007-0.

22. ^ Zeghloul, Saïd; Laribi, Med Amine; Gazeau, Jean-Pierre (21 September 2015). Robotics and Mechatronics: Proceedings of the 4th IFToMM International Symposium on Robotics and Mechatronics. Springer. ISBN 9783319223681 - via Google Books.

23. ^

24. ^ Robots: From Science Fiction to Technological Revolution, page 130

25. ^ Duffy, Vincent G. (19 April 2016). Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420063523 - via Google Books.

26. ^ Resolved motion rate control of manipulators and human prostheses DE Whitney - IEEE Transactions on Man-Machine Systems, 1969

27. ^ [1][permanent dead link ]

28. ^

29. Dr Davut Akdas, , ^ RoboTurk,

30. ^ "'Türkler yapmış arkadaş' dedirttiler". MILLIYET HABER - TÜRKIYE'NIN HABER SITESI. 14 January 2012. Archived from the original on 6 January 2015.

31. ^ Schwarz, Max; Pastrana, Julio; Allgeuer, Philipp; Schreiber, Michael; Schüller, Sebastian; Missura, Marcell; Behnke, Sven (2013). "Humanoid TeenSize Open Platform NimbRo-OP". RoboCup 2013: Robot World Cup XVII. Springer. pp. 568-575. ISBN 978-3-662-44467-2.

32. J. Zhang J, N. Magnenat Thalmann and J. Zheng, ^ Combining Memory and Emotion With Dialog on Social Companion: A Review, Proceedings of the ACM 29th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2016), pp. 1-9, Geneva, Switzerland, May 23-25, 2016

33. ^ Parviainen, Jaana; Coeckelbergh, Mark (2021-09-01). "The political choreography of the Sophia robot: beyond robot rights and citizenship to political performances for the social robotics market". AI & Society. 36 (3): 715-724. doi:10.1007/s00146-020-01104-w. ISSN 1435-5655. S2CID 228900508.

34. ^ TALOS: A new humanoid research platform targeted for industrial applications

35. ^ "Ranchi man develops humanoid robot Rashmi, Indian version of 'Sophia'". Hindustan Times. 2018-08-02.

36. ^ "Gaganyaan mission: Meet Vyommitra, the talking human robot that Isro will send to space".

37. ^

38. ^ Mubin, Omar; Wadibhasme, Kewal; Jordan, Philipp; Obaid, Mohammad (2019-03-22). "Reflecting on the Presence of Science Fiction Robots in Computing Literature". ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction. 8 (1): 1-25. doi:10.1145/3303706. ISSN 2573-9522. S2CID 75135568.

39. ^ Ho, Chin-Chang; MacDorman, Karl F.; Pramono, Z.A. Dwi (2008). "Human Emotion and the Uncanny Valley: A GLM, MDS, and Isomap Analysis of Robot Video Ratings" (PDF). 2008 3rd ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2008-08-22.

Asada, H. and Slotine, J.-J. E. (1986). Robot Analysis and Control. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-83029-1.

Arkin, Ronald C. (1998). Behavior-Based Robotics. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-01165-4.

Brady, M., Hollerbach, J.M., Johnson, T., Lozano-Perez, T. and Mason, M. (1982), Robot Motion: Planning and Control. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-02182-X.

Horn, Berthold, K. P. (1986). Robot Vision. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-08159-8.

Craig, J. J. (1986). Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control. Addison Wesley. ISBN 0-201-09528-9.

Everett, H. R. (1995). Sensors for Mobile Robots: Theory and Application. AK Peters. ISBN 1-56881-048-2.

Kortenkamp, D., Bonasso, R., Murphy, R. (1998). Artificial Intelligence and Mobile Robots. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-61137-6.

Poole, D., Mackworth, A. and Goebel, R. (1998), Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510270-3.

Russell, R. A. (1990). Robot Tactile Sensing. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-781592-1.

Russell, S. J. & Norvig, P. (1995). Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach. Prentice-Hall. Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-790395-2.

Carpenter, J., Davis, J., Erwin‐Stewart, N., Lee. T., Bransford, J. & Vye, N. (2009). Gender representation in humanoid robots for domestic use. International Journal of Social Robotics (special issue). 1 (3), 261‐265. The Netherlands: Springer.

Carpenter, J., Davis, J., Erwin‐Stewart, N., Lee. T., Bransford, J. & Vye, N. (2008). Invisible machinery in function, not form: User expectations of a domestic humanoid robot. Proceedings of 6th conference on Design and Emotion. Hong Kong, China.

Williams, Karl P. (2004). Build Your Own Human Robots: 6 Amazing and Affordable Projects. McGraw-Hill/TAB Electronics. ISBN 0-07-142274-9. ISBN 978-0-07-142274-1.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Toggle the table of contents From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia A humanoid robot is a robot resembling the human body in shape. The design may be for functional purposes, such as interacting with human tools and environments, for experimental purposes, such as the study of bipedal locomotion, or for other purposes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Kim Kardashian's Daughter North West Lives Like an 'Only Child'

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Kim Kardashian has revealed daughter North West prefers to live her life as if she were an only child and has little interest in her three younger siblings.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
There is a robotics revolution underway, according to Daniela Rus, a prominent roboticist and director of the MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. As she points out in a new book, there are now 3.1 million robots working in factories - packing goods, assembling products, monitoring air quality, and more.

Written with science writer Gregory Mone, " The Heart and the Chip: Our Bright Future With Robots," lays out a vision for how humans ("hearts") and robots ("chips") can work together for powerful new applications and capabilities. "If this revolution is correctly and intelligently steered, smart machines have the potential to improve the quality of human life as dramatically as the plow," she writes.

In this excerpt from the book's introduction, Rus looks at the technologies underpinning robots, what humans still do better than machines, and how robots could give humans "superpowers."

The excerpt has been edited for style and length.

+++

Let me clear up a common misconception. Despite what you see in the movies or read about artificial intelligence online, robots have not transformed into magical, all-powerful, independent entities. They're also not evil forces to fear, as science fiction so often suggests, implying that intelligent machines will inevitably revolt against their human maker.

Robots are tools. They aren't inherently good or bad. Neither is a hammer. Think of this new generation of extraordinary machines as very advanced hammers; it is what we choose to do with these tools that defines their impact and value. And we can choose to do incredible things. We can work alongside robots to engineer better medicines, make transportation safer and more efficient, assign them to tasks that are too dangerous or difficult for humans alone, translate conversations instantly into other languages, and even give ourselves superpowers.

Yes, superpowers. I am a very proud robot mother. What the field as a whole has accomplished in the past decade is stunning, but what we are poised to do in the next 20 years is even more thrilling. Truly, we're just getting started. The recent breakthroughs in AI are only the beginning.

Yet robots are still primitive compared to humans. Working on these technologies has only amplified my appreciation for the mental and physical marvel that is the human being. The soaring voices of opera singers, the majestic, gravity-defying movements of ballet dancers, the incomparable beauty of a powerful poem, or the simple elegance of an equation that reduces a law of nature to a few connected variables - such feats will remain the work of people.

Indeed, researching AI and robotics has given me a deeper understanding of our specie's incredible cognitive, imaginative, and creative powers - not to mention our physical strengths. We do so, so many things better than robots.

Yet intelligent machines surpass us in some areas. Thanks to their powerful chips, machines are capable of churning through and processing massive volumes of data at speeds people could never approach. Robots can be built to carry out specific tasks repeatedly with phenomenal precision.

But even the most advanced machine intelligences lack wisdom, knowledge, and understanding. They don't deal as well with uncertainty or unforeseen changes. They can mimic art, but they aren't nearly as creative as artists. A machine might be able to produce something that loosely resembles a Picasso, but there will be no Picassobot, no robot that channels the current ideas at large in society to generate a new and groundbreaking style of expression like cubism.

Smart machines have the potential to improve the quality of human life as dramatically as the plow.
Daniela Rus Roboticist, MIT
An AI-powered writing program can now generate text that seems to be sensible or even indistinguishable from human-authored writing, but it will not produce great or lasting work that offers insight into the mystery of the human condition. There will be no AI Shakespeare or Tolstoy. Robots have amazing capabilities, but they fall short in many areas, and they lack the intrinsic, innate drive to care. In short, they lack heart.

Too often we manufacture tension between people and robots, or the heart and the chip, when we should be thinking more about how to get them to work together to optimize the strength of each. Humans steer the design of this technology and its applications. What happens with robots and AI is up to us. And when we focus on combining the strengths of robots with those of humans, or pairing the heart and the chip, the results can be astounding.

Some years ago, researchers conducted an experiment in which trained humans and bespoke machines were asked to study images of lymph node cells and determine which ones were cancerous and which ones were not. The machines had an error rate of 7.5%. The humans had an error rate of 3.5%. So the heart still beats the chip. But here's the more exciting point: When the humans enlisted the help of the machines and the two worked together, the error rate dropped to 0.5%. That's an 80% improvement in diagnostic accuracy.

Imagine a future in which every health practitioner - even those working in small practices, in rural settings - has access to these solutions. A hardworking doctor cannot possibly have the time to review every new study and clinical trial. But working in tandem with these systems, the doctor will be able to offer patients the most cutting-edge diagnosis and treatment options. And robot- and AI-enhanced advances like this one could be put to work in almost every professional field.

My aim is to help you understand the essential distinctions between humans and our intelligent machines and to help you see how and why working closely with robots, and channeling the strengths of the heart and the chip in the service of people, will allow us to build a better - and more exciting - future for everyone.

The technologies I focus on draw from three interconnected fields. The first, robotics, puts computation in motion by giving a computing system a physical, mobile body. Imagine your smartphone with wheels, wings, or even a hand. Artificial intelligence, or AI, empowers machines with the ability to reason and make decisions in very specific, focused areas. Competing at chess, for example, is an example of what we call narrow AI, which is the dominant form in the world. General AI, the kind that guides all-powerful movie robots? That remains a distant possibility. A task-oriented AI that plays chess like a grandmaster, for example, couldn't steer a car through an intersection or help a robot pick out a coffee cup on a countertop.

The third field, machine learning, cuts across robotics and AI to look at large stores of data, find patterns, and make predictions or formulate conclusions with some degree of confidence. This is what enables a program to scan millions of images of trees, then look out at the world and identify a tree it has never seen before.

In the radiology example above, a machine learning system identified patterns in the images that matched patterns it had identified in previous images of cancerous lymph nodes. That pattern didn't mean the individual had cancer, but it nudged the medical professional to take a deeper look at certain scans and thereby reduced the margin of error.

Machine learning and artificial intelligence are often confused, as the latter has become a business and marketing buzzword, but you can think of machine learning as pattern recognition systems that work in service of AI, to assist with higher-level decision-making and reasoning. Where machine learning and AI fall short is in understanding what cancer or a tree actually is.

At an early age I started imagining how we might be able to surpass our biological limitations to do more than the body allows. Later I wanted to scale buildings like Spider-Man, fly like Iron Man, shape-shift like Mystique, turn invisible like Sue Storm of the Fantastic Four, or be as strong as Superman. These superpowers seem to have always existed in storybooks, abilities we wish to have but cannot have.

But robots and computation could make these phenomenal capabilities more accessible to all of us. Robots move and accomplish tasks independently, saving us time. We could work with them to enhance our perception, reach, precision, strength, and ability to process and respond to huge datasets. Robots could also give us entirely new capabilities that would have seemed impossible in years past. What seems like magic will arise from the clever and creative use of mathematical models, algorithms, ingenious designs, new materials, and electromechanical components.

Robots really could give us superpowers.
Excerpted from "The Heart and the Chip: Our Bright Future With Robots." © 2024 by Daniela Rus and Gregory Mone. Used with permission of the publisher, W.W. Norton & Co. All rights reserved.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Robots aren't magic, but they could give humans 'superpowers' | MIT Sloan

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In a new book, MIT roboticist Daniela Rus looks at the powers and limitations of robots and how humans can work with them to unlock new capabilities.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Pin by Andula on North West | Kim kardashian and north, North west kardashian, Kardashian kids

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Nov 8, 2023 - This Pin was discovered by Andula. Discover (and save!) your own Pins on Pinterest

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
North west - Miss Westie (It's your bestie) Lyrics

# data[].attributes.body
the idea behind southeast is that a scientist despite the Kardashians so he came up with a robot that will look identical to northwest but will have all the attributes the Kardashian have combined making her the next its girl and making the Kardashian nothing.