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 Civil Rights Movement-The Greensboro Four and the Sit-In Movement-

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 Civil Rights Movement-The Greensboro Four and the Sit-In Movement-

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On February 1, 1960, a group of four African American students from the Agricultural and Technical College of North Carolina (now North Carolina A&T State University), a historically Black college, began a sit-in movement in downtown Greensboro. The civil rights movement eventually achieved equal rights legislation, but not without challenges. They did this to take a stand against segregation. This was the first of its time.

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On December 1, 1955, African American civil rights activist Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on a public bus to a white passenger. Her arrest initiated a sustained bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama. Where Martin Luther king led the movement it lasted more than a year and the supreme court eventually over ruled the law and that segregated seating was unconstitutional, and the federal decision went into effect on December 20, 1956. Rosa parks died on October 24, 2005

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Civil Rights -Ruby Bridges and the New Orleans School Integration-

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Civil Rights -Ruby Bridges and the New Orleans School Integration-

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On November 14, 1960, six-year-old Ruby Bridges was escorted to her first day at the previously all-white William Frantz Elementary School in New Orleans by four armed federal marshals. They were met with angry mobs shouting their disapproval. Parents marched in to remove their children from the school as a protest to desegregation. everyday she was escorted into the school this was a powerful moment in history.

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During the spring of 1961, student activists from the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) launched the Freedom Rides to challenge segregation on interstate buses and bus terminals. Their goal was to challenge state laws that enforced segregation in transportation. May 20, 1961, a bus carrying Freedom Riders arrived in Montgomery from Birmingham. A white mob was waiting for the riders at the bus station on South Court Street, and when the bus arrived, the mob beat the exiting riders with baseball bats and iron pipes.

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The Vietnam War was a conflict in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975.The aim was to prevent Communist domination of South-East Asia. Vietnamese deaths include more than 250,000 South Vietnamese troops and more than 1,100,000 North Vietnamese soldiers and Viet Cong irregulars. Civilian deaths total as many as 2,000,000.

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Antiwar Protest -Democratic National Convention protests-

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Antiwar Protest -Democratic National Convention protests-

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The 1968 Democratic National Convention protests were a series of protests against the United States' involvement in the Vietnam War that took place prior to and during the 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago, Illinois. The protests lasted approximately seven days, from August 23 to August 29, 1968.

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Antiwar Protest -Democratic National Convention protests-

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Anti War Protest- The March On The Pentagon

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Anti War Protest- The March On The Pentagon

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The March on the Pentagon was a massive demonstration against the Vietnam War on October 21, 1967. The protest involved more than 100,000 attendees at a rally by the Lincoln Memorial. Later about 50,000 people marched across the Potomac River to The Pentagon and sparked a confrontation with paratroopers on guard.

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Anti War Protest- The March On The Pentagon

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John Fitzgerald Kennedy was an American politician who served as the 35th president of the United States from 1961 until his assassination in 1963 while riding in a motorcade in Dallas during a campaign visit. Lee Harvey Oswald, a new employee at the Book Depository, was arrested for JFK’s assassination, as well as for the fatal shooting of Dallas patrolman J.D. Tippet two days later.

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https://guides.hostos.cuny.edu/his211/15

Vietnam War | Facts, Summary, Years, Timeline, Casualties

Britannica

https://www.britannica.com › event › Vietnam-War

https://elections.wisc.edu/2018/06/02/new-york-times-column-features-byron-shafers-study-on-1960s-post-reform-politics/

1960s: Counterculture and Civil Rights Movement

History.com

https://www.history.com › Topics

Chapter 15: Social Reform Movements of the 1960s and 1970s

The City University of New York

https://guides.hostos.cuny.edu › his211

https://bsec.org/the-1960s-decade-of-assassinations/

https://www.reddit.com/r/AskHistory/comments/sn7f8k/when_it_comes_to_the_4_major_assassinations_of/

https://www.timetoast.com/timelines/assassinations-of-the-1960-s

https://www.jfklibrary.org/

https://www.britannica.com/event/Vietnam-War

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Feminism movements took place between the 1960s and 70s. The movement had issues of discrimination and inequality between men and women. Going into depth of inequalities within women and men was rape, domestic abuse, reproductive rights, and workplace harassment. Suffragists advocated on protesting the concerns of sexuality and reproductive rights in the 60s. They also greatly argued for the Equal Rights Amendment to be passed.

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Betty Friedan was an advocate for women in the 1960s. In 1963, she wrote a book titled, “The Feminine Mystique.” This book was written between the anti-war and civil rights movement as well. In her book she criticized after war beliefs that women’s jobs were only to get married and have children. People thought women should be stay at home mothers and men could only gain income and work. Her book got the attention of everyday mothers, women, and housewives and explained the issues there were with feminism.

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Although women were protesting for women’s independence, there was still discrimination in race. The feminist movements were controlled mostly by white women so they focused on the issues of what only “their type of women” had at the time. Colored women thought white women couldn’t comprehend their challenges, knowing it had to be harder for them to do anything at all, in the 60s. They became excluded from the women’s movements that also hadn’t include discrimination of colored women and women with physical or mental disabilities. However, later in protests intersectionality was increasing.

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The National Organization for Women (NOW) 

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The National Organization for Women (NOW) 

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There were a variety of organizations that begun in the 1960s that protested for equality in women rights. One organization created was the National Organization for Women (NOW). It was found in 1966 by 4 women advocates: Betty Friedan, Shirley Chisholm, Pauli Murray, and Muriel Fox. The NOW advocated for equality between the sexes and all equality for women in America. Today the NOW helps support reproductive rights and other aspects relating to this, for all women.

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The Equal Pay Act is the law President John F. Kennedy signed for both genders to have equal pay in the workplace. The idea was brought to Kennedy’s attention in 1962 by the Commission on The Status of Women. The act was also signed into law in 1963. Kennedy noted that it may take some years of effort for workplaces to adjust for equal pay since they had gotten used to women getting paid less than men. This law helped support women’s equality in the 60s.

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Esther Peterson was the former director of the United States Women’s Bureau. Peterson was a driving force behind the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and also was a high ranking woman in John F. Kennedy’s administration. Kennedy appointed Peterson as head of the Women’s Bureau and later promoted her to the Assistant Secretary of Labor also in the year 1963. She advocated for the equal pay bill while incorporating other groups of Congress to also advocate for the bill in 1962. The following year the bill was passed by Congress.

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Women’s equality increased when the legal victory between Griswold and Connecticut’s Supreme Court ruling of 1965 occurred. The case resulted in women’s accessibility to contraception and other types of birth control to be unlimited. Marital relations also got rights on private and public life as a result. Later in the 70s, the case was used in the Roe v. Wade case for the legal right for women to have abortions. Griswold v. Connecticut was very impactful in the 60s.

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There were rights created for the equality of women in the 1960s. The Food and Drug Administration approved the contraceptive pill allowing women control over their reproductive rights. The administration approved the pill in the year of 1960. Suffragists also protested until women had rights to apply for mortgages and withhold credit cards in their own names. Feminists also managed to outlaw marital rape.

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1. www.gale.com

2. www.khanacademy.org

3. www.usnews.com

4. journals.psu.edu

5. jfklibrary.org

6. www.history.com

7. britannica.com

8. wams.nyhistory.org

9. oyez.org

10. www.bristorian.co.uk

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The first mechanical heart and the balloon embolectomy catheter, which made minimally invasive surgery possible, were developed in the 1960s. The initial attempts at liver and heart transplants on humans were made by surgeons; these procedures today save thousands of lives annually. The United States has virtually eradicated the mumps and rubella illnesses because to vaccinations that were developed in the 1960s. In the 1960s, scientists created synthetic insulin for the first time in a lab. Ten years later, persons with diabetes nationwide could now access life-saving medication thanks to the commercial production of synthetic insulin. Medical reforms in the 1960s was very impactful because it has set the way for modern medicine today.

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A generation of white Americans who had grown up in affluence and were deeply ingrained in the 1950s conformist culture had reached adulthood by the 1960s. But a large portion of the baby boomer generation—those born between 1946 and 1964—rejected the extravagance and uniformity that their parents had given them. These young, middle-class Americans organized to fight for their own rights and put an end to the war that was killing so many of their fellow African Americans and members of the working class. Those who were lucky enough to attend college at the time were especially motivated to do so. They fought for their rights,

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See How 1960s Baby Boomers Defined Happiness

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A unanimous Court struck down state laws banning marriage between individuals of different races, holding that these anti-miscegenation statutes violated both the Due Process and the Equal Protection Clauses of the Fourteenth Amendment. Richard and Mildred Loving, a Black woman and a white man whose marriage was ruled unlawful by Virginia state law, were the plaintiffs in the case. After the Lovings filed an appeal with the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), the Supreme Court of the United States declared unanimously that "anti-miscegenation" laws violated the 14th Amendment. The ruling is frequently regarded as a turning point in the history of the repeal of "Jim Crow" racial restrictions.

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How Loving v. Virginia Led to Legalized Interracial Marriage | History

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President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Immigration and Nationality Act, or Hart-Celler Act, on October 3, 1965, in front of the Statue of Liberty and with Manhattan shining in the distance. Immigration laws prohibited non-white people and people from Asia from entering the nation, discriminated against people from southern and eastern Europe, and gave preference to immigrants from northern Europe and the British Isles. Quotas were eliminated by the Immigration and Nationality Act, making entry easier for "those who can contribute most to this country – to its growth, to its strength, to its spirit." The new law established a preferential system based on the familial ties and talents of immigrants with citizens or permanent residents of the United States.

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More political transformation occurred in Africa during the 1960s than any other place in the globe. There were nine independent countries in Africa in 1959. The remainder of the continent consisted of European colonial territories. As a result of extensive African independence movements, the former imperial powers withdrew from the continent, causing the number of newly independent countries to soar to 27 in just one year.Six U.S. interest in Africa decreased as a result of the frequently difficult path to independence and the fall of military juntas or dictators in many of the newly independent countries.7. The American role in Latin America contrasted sharply with this. The United States' approach toward Latin America is unbalanced as a result of its two decades of obsession with Europe and Asia.

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The 1960s saw a slowdown in the economy. It was evident by 1969 that changes to the tax code were necessary. High-income individuals and companies were forced to pay their fair share of taxes under the Tax Reform Act of 1969. The Act also provided tax breaks that raised tax exemptions for lower-income groups and decreased individual tax rates. Overall, about $15 billion in tax revenue was lost. The government countered this loss by reducing its spending.

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Born in Atlanta, Georgia, on January 15, 1929, and passing away in Memphis, Tennessee, on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. was a Baptist clergyman and social activist who spearheaded the American civil rights movement from the mid-1950s until his assassination in 1968. The success of that movement in removing the legal segregation of African Americans in the South and other regions of the country was largely due to his leadership. As the leader of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, King gained national attention by advocating for nonviolent strategies to advance racial rights, including the historic 1963 March on Washington. In 1964, he received the Nobel Peace Prize. Martin Luther King is a leader, and a brave man who helped black voices speak. He is equality for the 60s.

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Students for a Democractic Society (SDS)

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Students for a Democractic Society (SDS)

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During the 1960s, the Students for a Democratic Society was a socialist student movement that emerged in the midst of the New Left. It had chapters and was widely involved in several movements across America, including the anti-war and free speech movements. The student movement that emerged in the 1960s and concentrated on social inequalities across the country was mostly referred to as the "New Left." Though several groups were much more radical, they were deeply concerned with the nation's "establishment" and sought to overthrow the current administration through, at the very least, a social revolution.

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Students for a Democractic Society (SDS)

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Alan Haber, 1st SDS President, Speaking at MSU

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1- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4193636/#:~:text=Among%20the%20marvels%20of%20modern,milk%20kitchens%2C%20central%20sterile%20supply

2- https://guides.hostos.cuny.edu/his211/15-5

3- https://www.history.com/topics/black-history/loving-v-virginia

4-https://www.lbjlibrary.org/news-and-press/media-kits/immigration-and-nationality-act

5-https://arsof-history.org/articles/v4n4_1960s_page_1.html

6-https://apps.irs.gov/app/understandingTaxes/student/whys_thm02_les06.jsp

7- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Luther-King-Jr

8- https://digilab.libs.uga.edu/exhibits/exhibits/show/civil-rights-digital-history-p/students-for-a-democratic-soci

9- https://medschool.ucla.edu/blog-post/medical-advances-in-technology-of-the-past-50-years#:~:text=The%201960s%20saw%20the%20development,thousands%20of%20lives%20each%20year.

10- https://www.britannica.com/topic/Students-for-a-Democratic-Society

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The Clean Air Act is a federal law that was developed to control air pollution on a nation level. The 1963 act accomplished this by establishing a federal program within the U.S Public Health Service authorizing research into techniques for monitoring and controlling pollution. The CAA consists of six sections called Titles, and the amendments established new auto gasoline reformulation requirements.

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The Vietnam War was one of the most prevalent displays of opposition to the government policy during the late 1960s with protest flaring up across the nation. Protests rage all over the country such as, San Francisco, New York, Oakland and other major cities. Washing D.C stood out as the most prominent stage for mass demur.

Following events such as the Tet Offensive in 1968, doubts arose about the White House's claims of success in the war which led to large gatherings on landmarks such as Ellipse, the U.S capitol and the Nation Mall.

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The ESEA Act was a program signed into law April 9, 1965, by President Lydon B. Johnson and the appropriations were to be carried out for five fiscal years. This program was to aid low-income students and to fight racial segregation in schools. The ESEA became the federal government's main source of leverage on states and school districts to enact its preferred reforms and it has historically allowed the federal government to address the educational inequality at local level. As mandated in the act, funds are authorized professional development, instructional materials, resources to support educational programs, and the promotion of parental involvement. The government has reauthorized the act every five fiscal years since its enactment, and it has introduced a variety of revision and amendment.

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The Voting Rights Act was signed into law on August 6,1965 by President Lyndon Johnson. It outlawed discriminatory voting practices that was adopted and prevalent in many southern states after the Civil War. This act enforced the 15th amendment to the constitution after being signed into law for 95years. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 was the most significant change in the relationship between the federal and state governments in the area of voting.

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China's Economic Recovery- Liu-Deng Reforms

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China's Economic Recovery- Liu-Deng Reforms

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Liu and Deng together, wound back Mao's hasty rush (Great Leap Foward), toward socialism, eased pressure on the peasantry, imported grain and a diversity of food resources to save lives. This helped eradicate the famine and facilitated a degree of economic recovery in the 1960s. Some historians refer to Liu and Deng reforms as China's New Lenin's retreat from socials economic policy in the Soviet Union.

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West German Student Movement- The Cipher 1968

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West German Student Movement- The Cipher 1968

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The "Cipher" was a protest movement that was in the essence a student movement and it lasted in Germany from 1967 to 1969. Almost everything in politics and society was called in questions, there was hardly an area that was spared criticism. The forces of social change, though they failed politically, had gained hegemony in many areas of political culture

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Wilderness Act, U.S environmental protection of 1964 that created the National Wilderness Preservation was signed on September 3, 1964. It is a legal protection to the wilderness areas. Today the wilderness system contains mearly 112 million acres of lands enjoyed by all americans.

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On July 30, 1965, President Lydon Johnson sigend into law the Soical Security Act Amendments, also kno as the Medicare bill. It wa s ahet insurancprogram for the elderly (65 years and older) and Medicaid, a health insurance program for the poor. It was funded by a tax on the earnings of employees,, matched by contributions by employers and was well received. Nearly 20 million beneficiaries enrolled in it.

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https://www.russellsage.org/publications/category/rsf_journal/elementary-and-secondary-education-act (ESEA ACT WORK CITED)

https://www.whitehousehistory.org/anti-war-protests-of-the-1960s-70s

https://www.boem.gov/sites/default/files/documents//The%20Clean%20Air%20Act%20of%201963.pdf ( Clean Air Act work cited)

https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/voting-rights-act

https://alphahistory.com/chineserevolution/economic-recovery/

https://www.deutschland.de/en/topic/politics/1968-in-germany-triggers-and-consequences-of-the-protest-movement

Medicare Act  https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/medicare-and-medicaid-act

https://healthlaw.org/announcement/medicare-and-medicaid-act-1965-2/

https://www.wilderness.org/articles/article/wilderness-act

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Wilderness-Act