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Sam, Adam, Yianna, Belinda, Vanessa & Amelia.
The process of interpellation is best explained through a "hail" and acceptance of the hail. A member of society is calling out to a crowd, and one one person from the crowd turns around, thus accepting that hail. This person is thus actively participating in the creation and confirmation of the identity given to them by society (agency), as they feel that they are the one being targeted by the hail. This results as they are usually the targets of society, as they are usually given limited category choices to which they can conform to. It is important to note however, that this acceptance is usually due to coercion and lack of other choices.

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It invokes the statement 'I belong to the nation' and is therefore the passive mode of belonging. It involves the right to the nation's resources, and the right to feel 'at home' within it. It puts the nation first as the passive mode and can be used to justify actions as wanting others to belong in the same way, or to exclude others who do not belong in the same way as the subject.

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Idea that an individual can be coerced into being part of the creation of their own self identity

Eg. ‘Hey you!’

Nikki Winware: Instead of being disempowered, he was empowered by resisting and refusing the categorisation and denying derogatory comments, rather showing pride in his heritage and empowered in his residence in setting the agenda

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· You have a right.

·  Feeling that you have an opinion which matters.

·  Feeling that your opinion ties in with dominant culture.

·  Active role in society.

·  Take part in decision-making.

·  Speak back to the law.

·  Powerful.

·  Set the agenda and terms.

·  Eg: Mulsim women only being able to speak back as victims, example of nation not belonging to them.

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Summary

Video is about voluntary female genital cosmetic surgery

Topics covered include: no vagina is the same, there is a stereotype as to how it should look, females feeling self conscious and insecure about how they look, which affects their sexual relationships with men

Main arguments include:

Certain women feel as though they need to look a certain way in order to be ‘attractive’ to their partner

This has been attributed to censorship laws, the way in which the sexualisation of women is portrayed in the media

Assessment

The source is quite useful in understanding why women feel as though they need to get the surgery

The decision is incredibly objective as her choice to get the surgery is filled by her feelings of insecurity

Reflection

The text related to the topic of ‘belonging’

Changed the way we think in relation to the extent people go to in order to feel as though they ‘belong’

Rogerson reading is more about genital mutilation being forced upon women, where as ‘The Vagina Diaries’ depicted womens voluntary decision to get cosmetic surgery in order to belong

Policy: censorship laws

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Summary 
Video is about voluntary female genital cosmetic surgery 
Topics covered include: no vagina is the same, there is a stereotype as to how it should look, females feeling self conscious and insecure about how they look, which affects their sexual relationships with men 
Main arguments include: 
Certain women feel as though they need to look a certain way in order to be ‘attractive’ to their partner 
This has been attributed to censorship laws, the way in which the sexualisation of women is portrayed in the media 

Assessment
The source is quite useful in understanding why women feel as though they need to get the surgery
The decision is incredibly objective as her choice to get the surgery is filled by her feelings of insecurity

Reflection 
The text related to the topic of ‘belonging’ 
Changed the way we think in relation to the extent people go to in order to feel as though they ‘belong’
Rogerson reading is more about genital mutilation being forced upon women, where as ‘The Vagina Diaries’ depicted womens voluntary decision to get cosmetic surgery in order to belong  
Policy: censorship laws 

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Harris, N, 2013, Opening Shot 2: The Vagina Diaries, online video, La Trobe University, viewed 15 August 2019.

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Harris, N, 2013, Opening Shot 2: The Vagina Diaries, online video, La Trobe University, viewed 15 August 2019.

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Summary:
A certain type of vulva is being presented in magazines and videos due to censorship laws, causing women whose vulva is different to feel abnormal and undergo labiaplasty.

Assessment:
It is a useful source as there are not many sources in relation to this uncommon conversation topic. The information is reliable as it considers the opinions of a medical expert, those who have undergone surgery, public opinion, other professionals and an industry which celebrates all kinds of women. It is a fairly objective source as the interviewer looks at the reasons, risks and experiences related to labiaplasty.

Reflection:
It relates to this week's topic of multiculturalism and belonging because the video advocates that although we all have different features, ultimately we are all the same.
The video displays how policy, censorship in this case, impacts the representation of women in media and society, creating a stereotype of a perfect woman. This impacts the decision-making of women in relation to their own bodies to achieve a sense of belonging based on what is considered normal.

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Braun, V 2009, ‘The Women are Doing it for Themselves’, Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 60, pp. 233-249.

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Braun, V 2009, ‘The Women are Doing it for Themselves’, Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 60, pp. 233-249.

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Summary: This article provides a framework discussion on Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) and Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS) The article discusses these concepts in relation to the right to choice and is used to distinguish/justify the negative stance between mutilation opposed to a more positive stance on cosmetic surgery.

Assessment: The article is a peer reviewed journal article, so the piece is reliable and has academic merit that provides valuable information to the discussion. The Article is written from a predominantly feminist perspective, so there is some bias that exists but the views in the article were justified.

Reflection: Helps provide an understanding the difference between FGM and FGCS and the different cultural stances behind each practise. It also raises discussion on whether we should closely analyse what the norms are in western society to determine whether any moral superiority exists to justify condemning the actions of others.

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Braun, V 2009, 'The Women are doing it for themselves', Australian Feminist Studies Journal, vol. 24, no. 60, pp. 223-249. The main arguments	• Main argument is the comparison between cosmetic surgery and traditional forms of genital cutting, it is important to separate the two. The extent that women really have a choice in relation to cosmetic surgery regarding conformity and societal norms. Is this source useful?	• It is useful because it highlights the issue with having legislation against mutilation but it being okay to have cosmetic surgery. It is important that this issued was raised by Braun because it would in the shadow to the argument that women get cosmetic surgery to fit into society. It shows the difference between the way that cultural norms and societal norms are treated. How does it relate to the other essential readings for the week?	• They both highlight the fact that FGM and cosmetic surgery are treated as two different concepts however they are the same procedure, just for two different reasons. They both empathise that legislation against FGM makes people from those cultures like they are victims of their own traditions.How is it useful when thinking about policy?	• There is legislation against FGM but not against cosmetic surgery. 

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Braun, V 2009, 'The Women are doing it for themselves', Australian Feminist Studies Journal, vol. 24, no. 60, pp. 223-249. The main arguments	• Main argument is the comparison between cosmetic surgery and traditional forms of genital cutting, it is important to separate the two. The extent that women really have a choice in relation to cosmetic surgery regarding conformity and societal norms. Is this source useful?	• It is useful because it highlights the issue with having legislation against mutilation but it being okay to have cosmetic surgery. It is important that this issued was raised by Braun because it would in the shadow to the argument that women get cosmetic surgery to fit into society. It shows the difference between the way that cultural norms and societal norms are treated. How does it relate to the other essential readings for the week?	• They both highlight the fact that FGM and cosmetic surgery are treated as two different concepts however they are the same procedure, just for two different reasons. They both empathise that legislation against FGM makes people from those cultures like they are victims of their own traditions.How is it useful when thinking about policy?	• There is legislation against FGM but not against cosmetic surgery. 

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Braun, V 2009, ‘The Women are doing it for themselves’, Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 60, pp. 233-244.

Summary: The main argument of the text is related to the choice related to Female Genital Cosmetic Surgery (FGCS) and how it can differ from Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) based on the choice of the individual. One main difference being that FGM is criminalised but FGCS is not.

Assessment: This is a useful source as it is peer reviewed, well sourced and very informative, including statistics and facts from experts in the field.

Reflection: I believe it is relevant to this week’s topic of multiculturalism and ‘belonging’. It highlights the difference between the two main topics discussed, being FGCS and FGM, and the difference between Western society and other cultures. It has changed my views on the topic by differentiating the two, and relating it to belonging and wanting to fit in.

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Group members: Belinda, Vanessa, Amelia, Sam, Yianna, Adam

Summary

With the creation of the FGM act 1996, not enough community groups impacted by this policy was consulted in the short time frame they were given. Policy only in English, thus hard for non-English speaking groups to understand to a high standard. The wording in the policy painted women impacted by FGM in a negative light furthering stigma and social isolation from being regarding as ‘mutilated women’

Assessment

The article is useful for understand the scenario as it was logical and flow was easy to follow, less heavy, compared to many of the other readings we have done this semester. Source is peer reviewed which is reliable however the article would have more credibility if it involved more stakeholders personally impacted by the policy.

Refection

This week’s topic was multiculturalism. The fact the main stakeholders weren’t consulted goes against the theme of belonging as they didn’t get a voice in the creation of this law. Important to notice the language different between circumcision and mutilation.

Rogers, J 2003, ‘Making the Crimes (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 1996, making the '(non) mutilated woman', Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 18, pp.93-114.

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Braun, V 2009, 'The Women Are Doing it For Themselves', Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 60,  pp. 233-249.

Summary: The article compares female genital mutilation and female cosmetic surgery. The main argument put forward is why cosmetic surgery is seen as acceptable when genital mutilation is perceived as unacceptable.  There is almost a double standard between the two processes as they are very similar, yet one is perceived so differently to the other. The notion of choice is discussed a lot as well as the idea of why women feel the need to undertake such procedures.

Assessment: The reading was useful as it was objective in the comparison of both practices, focusing on the notion of acceptability and choice. There was not a distinct focus on wrong or right practices but an overview of the societal influences that led to these practices.

Reflection: The topics highlighted in this reading are definitely applicable to this weeks lesson. It has changed our thoughts on the topic as it has opened up our perceptions on the issues and previously we wouldn't have considered the two procedures in the same category. It also reveals how perception can be a major influence on the development of policy.

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Rogers, Juliet 2003, 'Making the crime (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 1996, making the (non) mutilated woman', Australian Feminist Law Journal, No.18, pp.93-114

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Rogers, Juliet 2003, 'Making the crime (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 1996, making the (non) mutilated woman', Australian Feminist Law Journal, No.18, pp.93-114

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GROUP MEMBERS: Demi Benton, Tammy, Carissa Nomarhas, Cassidy, Holly & Caitlin

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GROUP MEMBERS: Demi Benton, Tammy, Carissa Nomarhas, Cassidy, Holly & Caitlin

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ROGERS READING

Rogers, J 2003, 'Making the Crimes (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 1996, making the '(non) mutilated woman', Australian Feminist Law Journal, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 93-113.

SUMMARY:

Rogers argued that the amendment to the Crimes Act 1958 (Vic) s 32 and 33 were unnecessary because genital mutilation of women would come under pre-existing Child Abuse laws. Further, the legislation failed to consult the communities concerned which was culturally problematic by assimilating Western ideals upon non-Western cultures.

ASSESSMENT:

It was difficult to ascertain her contention from her ambiguous language as to whether she was for or against female genital mutilation. Prima facie, she appeared to take a satirical approach which was difficult to assess in light of such a serious matter.

REFLECTION:

It highlights the importance of consultation in the policy-making process. Arbitrary policies will never have successful application due to their subjective creation.

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‘THE WOMEN ARE DOING IT FOR THEMSELVES’ - VIRGINIA BRAUN

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‘THE WOMEN ARE DOING IT FOR THEMSELVES’ - VIRGINIA BRAUN

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Summary: This article shoes the construction of discourses surrounding FGCS and FGM. It involves the justifications and the breakdown of cosmetic surgery and women choice. This idea of choice is used to distinguish between genital cosmetic surgery and FGM.

Assessment: Objective in the form of influence and placing more emphasis on choice, although just keeping up with societal trends. Differentiating difference of tradition and society.

Reflection: Helps us understand the differences and complexity of trends. It can also be useful for policy as it makes us consider western cultural influences in ways we have previously not considered it.

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Annotated Bibliorgraphy - Vagina Diaries 

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Annotated Bibliorgraphy - Vagina Diaries 

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Annotated Bibliogrpahy:

Summary:

What are the main arguments of the Text? What topics are covered? What is the text about?

Arguments:

-       Argument: Women are under constant societal pressure to look and present themselves a certain way usually in the context of grooming themselves to feel pretty and look pretty for men. Women then feel pressured to make decisions about changing their bodies to look the part or groom their bodies in a way that is acceptable by societies standards.

-       Labiaplasty surgery for both medical and cosmetic (cosmetic being the most prevalent), the normal or abnormalities of the female genitals. Male preferences and how they viewed female genitals. Raises the question of why women would go through the surgery knowing the complications and risk factors.

-       Only makes reference to white females and fails to mention other ethnicities.

Assessment:

-       We thought it was a useful source in the sense that there isn’t many like it. It covers taboo topics that many are afraid to speak openly about. Any example straight from the text being a girl who was arranging to have the surgery and wanted her identity covered as she was embarrassed.

-       It was a more visual source thus making it a little more confronting, but we found we learnt more.

-       Information is definetly reliable as she went straight to the source.

-       providing several different perspectives, both for and against labiaplasty, there is an element of objectivity.

-       in addition to this the woman conducting the research said she would never get the surgery and didn’t understand why other women would put their bodies through it but still in

-

Reflection:

-       The topic has links to belonging.

-       It bought about a lot of perspectives from women and men. I think its also important to note the discrepancies in womens views of men and women. As 75% of men said they thought womens bodies were fine the way they were. A lot of them liking women to be natural and confident about their bodies.

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Juliet Rogers: 'Making the Crimes (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 1996, making the ‘(non) mutilated woman’

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Juliet Rogers: 'Making the Crimes (Female Genital Mutilation) Act 1996, making the ‘(non) mutilated woman’

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Summary:
Rogers examines the discourses of female genital mutilation that enabled the development and implementation of the legislation. Rogers argues that the 'mutilated woman' is created due to the silencing of migrant communities.

Assessment:
Rogers uses reliable sources when addressing the topic. However, a very subjective analysis is evident. The reading is very difficult to understand in parts, which makes it hard to confirm what Rogers arguments are at the conclusion of the reading.

Reflection:
The reading is linked to the overall topic of the week. Rogers reflects on belonging in a sense of physical appearance and make up of the female genitals. She also reflects on western and non western communities and how different people can 'belong or not belong'  depending on difference in social settings, traditions and community. She reflects the importance of multiculturalism in the context of understanding non western culture in regards to genital mutilation and how that is not involved in the current legislation.

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Arguments made:
1. The new law she writes about was not needed as circumcising little girls was already illegal in Australia under different laws under injury and child abuse.

2) Making a new law made people from the affected community seem like criminals, child abusers or potential child abusers so they look like bad people.

3) She argued that the new law silenced women from those communities, and it made them look like they were victims of their own culture.

Assessment
Is quite difficult to read and can be repetitive in the points made, making it hard to comprehend. It is heavily referenced and includes information from elite sources such as the Family Law Courts, however, it can be seen as a subjective outlook and from a feminist perspective.

Reflection
Its relevant in helping to understand different positions in societies that arise from different cultures. In regards to policy, it tells us that though in Victorian law, female circumcision is not accepted, and in a  multicultural society it is difficult to have a single accepted policy where everyone is satisfied.

Tuesday 10am-3pm.

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Belonging to nation   - A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture or language.  - Through belonging to a nation an individual is more likely to feel like they are in their element ad can feel a sense of unity. The common knowledge of language, history, culture and traditions of different people brings them together and helps them recognise their identity through allowing them to be part of a certain nation. This allows for citizens certain rights such as voting, welfare, education and health that comes with being a citizen. For example, we discussed travelling to an asian country and how the culture, the way people speak, act behave and traditions are completely different to that of Australia’s. This is likely to act for barriers for individuals as they don’t feel like they belong to that nation.

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Belonging to nation   - A large body of people united by common descent, history, culture or language.  - Through belonging to a nation an individual is more likely to feel like they are in their element ad can feel a sense of unity. The common knowledge of language, history, culture and traditions of different people brings them together and helps them recognise their identity through allowing them to be part of a certain nation. This allows for citizens certain rights such as voting, welfare, education and health that comes with being a citizen. For example, we discussed travelling to an asian country and how the culture, the way people speak, act behave and traditions are completely different to that of Australia’s. This is likely to act for barriers for individuals as they don’t feel like they belong to that nation.

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Definition: The power to manage objects within the national space. A sense of being part of it. Having the right to feeling at home and to access resources.

Example #1: FGM laws coming into place. The government chose to make laws in regards to this matter however Women that it applied to didn’t have the power to speak back against the law. Didn’t feel like they had the power of political influence.[The feeling that the nation does not belong to you]

Example #2: Adam Goodes incident where he called out a 13 year old racist spectator. In this instance Goodes felt as though the nation belonged to him and that he had the ability to act, or in this instance request security to act in order to have the girl removed. [The feeling that the nation does belong to you]

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- The power to manage objects within the national space. You have the right to the above, but more than that, you have the power to manage objects.
- You feel you have the right, a say and that your opinion matters. That ties in with the dominant culture. That you have a right to speak on that level.
eg: the Lebanese Man and the police officer example that Kirsty used in her video.

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Basically what we are bred to think, act and react to particular things or ways.

· For example, we are interpellated by schools, politics, or religion, specifically, if a young girl reads a child book for girls she may get certain beliefs such as girls like the colour pink or girls have long hair.

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Braun, V 2009, ‘THE WOMEN ARE DOING IT FOR THEMSELVES’, Australian Feminist Studies Journal, vol. 24, no. 60, pp. 233-249. 

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Braun, V 2009, ‘THE WOMEN ARE DOING IT FOR THEMSELVES’, Australian Feminist Studies Journal, vol. 24, no. 60, pp. 233-249. 

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Summary: 32 words Braun in her article is showing how the idea of choice, within western societies, and more specifically women’s choice, is used to distinguish between female genital cosmetic surgery and female genital mutilation.

The source is pretty useful and very specific it is clear that they are trying to go towards a consensual mindset and that’s it’s a choice, compared to other readings it is highly specific and provides a somewhat extreme but opening view of the idea of assimilation, the information has to be fairly reliable as it was published in a journal and simply if it was not reliable it wouldn’t have been published and the source is fairly objective.

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Rogers argues that there is abuse regarding females in gender mutilation in Australia this became an offence amendment in 1996 of the Victorian crimes act.

It is useful to help individuals in western culture to understand that it is acceptable in other non western cultures therefor brings forth an argument on what is right and wrong.

The topic is relevant to understand  the different positions in society and how it may be necessary to respect other cultures wishers. The Victorian law is helpful to understand that in our culture it is not accepted. It helps you think about policy because two different cultures have different perspectives on this issue meaning it may be difficult to create a policy where everybody is satisfied.  The significance of this reading is that only 64 western English speaking individuals gave their thoughts on the issue.

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•	Bibliography information-o	Braun, V 2009, ‘The Women are Doing it for Themselves’, Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 60. •	Summary: what are the main arguments of the text? What topics are covered? What topics are covered? What is the text about?o	Reading is about the choices between how female genital mutilation is criminalised, but female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) is considered to be a norm, an image of beauty, and an instance of conformity. However, the procedures for female genital mutilation and FGCS are the same•	Assessment- is it a useful source? How does it compare to the other readings for the week or through the semester? Is the information reliable? Is the source objective?o	The source is also an Australian feminist study which can be opinionated at times and also have a feminist overturn to it. However, the reading is reliable and useful, because its peer reviewed and cites other statistics and a number of surgent research. •	Reflection- how relevant is this text to the week’s topic? Has it changed the way that you think about the topic? Was it helpful for your understanding of the topic? How does it relate to the other essential readings for the week/course? How is it useful for thinking about policy?o	Although female genital mutilation and female cosmetic surgery are relevant to belonging’ and multiculturalism, it’s not the first thing you think of. However, our own cultural practices are often so normalised that they are rarely subject to the same scrutiny as the practices of ‘others’. o	‘Turning a critical lens on what is not challenged in our own practices, but challenged in the practices and the unquestioned presumptions which they both rely on and reproduce’- we need to shift our focus to challenge what is accepted in our society, instead of condemning those that are not integrated into our society. o	In regards to making female genital mutilation and cosmetic surgery is an example of how we should reassess policies as it scrutinises the traditions of one culture, while endorsing another. Both outcomes being of the same nature.  

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•	Bibliography information-o	Braun, V 2009, ‘The Women are Doing it for Themselves’, Australian Feminist Studies, vol. 24, no. 60. •	Summary: what are the main arguments of the text? What topics are covered? What topics are covered? What is the text about?o	Reading is about the choices between how female genital mutilation is criminalised, but female genital cosmetic surgery (FGCS) is considered to be a norm, an image of beauty, and an instance of conformity. However, the procedures for female genital mutilation and FGCS are the same•	Assessment- is it a useful source? How does it compare to the other readings for the week or through the semester? Is the information reliable? Is the source objective?o	The source is also an Australian feminist study which can be opinionated at times and also have a feminist overturn to it. However, the reading is reliable and useful, because its peer reviewed and cites other statistics and a number of surgent research. •	Reflection- how relevant is this text to the week’s topic? Has it changed the way that you think about the topic? Was it helpful for your understanding of the topic? How does it relate to the other essential readings for the week/course? How is it useful for thinking about policy?o	Although female genital mutilation and female cosmetic surgery are relevant to belonging’ and multiculturalism, it’s not the first thing you think of. However, our own cultural practices are often so normalised that they are rarely subject to the same scrutiny as the practices of ‘others’. o	‘Turning a critical lens on what is not challenged in our own practices, but challenged in the practices and the unquestioned presumptions which they both rely on and reproduce’- we need to shift our focus to challenge what is accepted in our society, instead of condemning those that are not integrated into our society. o	In regards to making female genital mutilation and cosmetic surgery is an example of how we should reassess policies as it scrutinises the traditions of one culture, while endorsing another. Both outcomes being of the same nature.  

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Harris, N, 2013, Opening Shot 2: The Vagina Diaries, online video, La Trobe University, viewed 12 August 2019, . 

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Harris, N, 2013, Opening Shot 2: The Vagina Diaries, online video, La Trobe University, viewed 12 August 2019, . 

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Summary: The film explores the revolution of labioplasty, a surgical procedure performed on women to reduce the size of the lips of their vagina. It endeavours to address social expectations and norms of a 'perfect vagina'. Physical insecurities compel women to conform with the perceived cultural desires of a set appearance. However,  it remains uncertain as to where and when the expectation had appeared. Male perceptions and pornstar opinions were investigated.

Assessment: Vagina Diaries raises issues of belonging. Perhaps women are attempting to insert their identity into the majority, being afraid of associating themselves with the minority. The prevalence of a body modification surgery and investigation of the underlying reasons of it, were surprising to our group. It should be mentioned that the source of these influencing factors remained subjective. However, the recurrence of these views, encouraging women to subject to the majority, were similar in every instance. In relation to issues of belonging, the video provides a large insight into the reality that women face daily.

Reflection: As above, the issues of belonging are raised and addressed through the insecurities faced by women. Although isolated to the female population, they are predicated under the fear that men perceive a perfect vagina as comprising of a smaller labia. However as the video explores, the male culture merely appeals to the existence of a vagina, not the appearance itself. It was beneficial for us to turn our heads to an issue that was hardly publicised, or discussed. The video assisted us to understand the insecurities associated with a naturally occurring sex organ, to which we had assumed the procedure would have been illegal in the first place. Its contents compelled us to question why the practices of female genital circumcision/mutilation remain illegal, but voluntary genital cosmetic procedures are legal.

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Annotated Bibliography Opening Shot 2: The Vagina Diaries – Series 2, Ep 2 of 5. (2013). [Film]. Owned Content – Latrobe. 

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Annotated Bibliography Opening Shot 2: The Vagina Diaries – Series 2, Ep 2 of 5. (2013). [Film]. Owned Content – Latrobe. 

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Summary -

The main arguments presented was that there was an underlying need to conform to societal standards and those standards change according to time and place.

The topics covered included body confidence, male opinions and social standards.

The video focussed on discovering the truth about labiaplasty – a surgical procedure typically done to reduce the size of the inner lips of a women’s genitalia. The idea that where the issue of societal standards stems from is unclear.

Assessment -

It provides an insight into how individuals conform to societal standards. It raises the question of whether vaginas are really that different and if it really matters?

It acted as a useful resource as it was informing on the topic of certain procedures that women under go in order to feel confident with their body. Until seeing the video members of the group were unaware that such a procedure existed.

Reflection -

In our society there is an image depicted of how a woman should look, should act and how they should maintain themselves in order to comply with societal norms.

The topic was relevant as it looked into the concept of belonging and the norms that differ in various countries.