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Ellie

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Vesta Samuolis

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Bullfighting was something Alex Quesada watched on television when he was growing up in Spain. Not because it was interesting. But because as a young man, it's what you do. "The big corridas are just like the Super Bowl," he said.

On a visit to his home country five years ago, Mr. Quesada met Toñete, the 13-year-old son of a family friend. Mr. Quesada was struck by the boy's infatuation with bullfighting - he was already training to become a matador. Mr. Quesada wrote off Toñete's interest as a passing fancy, however. After all, his mother is a minor celebrity in Spain, and his father is a wealthy hotel developer.

"Why would a kid with all the education, all the possibilities for a career choice, and all the support he could want, choose to become a bullfighter in Spain today?" Mr. Quesada asked.

Last year, Mr. Quesada paid another visit to Toñete and learned that not only had the teenager stuck with bullfighting, but he had also performed regularly before large audiences at events across Spain. Mr. Quesada seized the opportunity. " Young Matador, " is the result, and it offers a rare look into the 21st century evolution of what Mr. Quesada calls "a medieval blood sport."

Indeed, documenting bullfighting with its modern contradictions is what Mr. Quesada wanted to accomplish. Recently, the European Parliament voted to curb funding for bullfighting after years of activism from People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and other organizations.

For a tradition rooted in machismo and bravado, bullfighting now includes people like Toñete, who incessantly fiddles with his iPhone and frequently communicates on social media. To highlight the dissonance between tradition and modernity, Mr. Quesada used black-and-white in some photos to throw off the viewer's sense of time.

In one image, Toñete, shirtless and poised, practices in a field. His body is taut, and his stance almost poetic. Were it not for the fresh sneakers on his feet, it would seem as if the photo was from another era. "That picture could have been shot 100 years ago," Mr. Quesada said.

Toñete had only four bullfights during the two-week stretch in which Mr. Quesada followed him, so many photos showcase the behind-the-scenes life of an up-and-comer in modern-day Spain: Toñete getting changed into his traditional matador garb in hotel rooms; perfecting his moves with live cows at local breeding ranches. (Breeders look on to identify vacas bravas, or cows with fighting spirit, that are later bred to produce fighting bulls.)

Although Mr. Quesada admits he found Toñete to be spoiled at times, he was impressed with the level of concentration Toñete applied to his practice, and the transformation he made before bullfights.

"He gets very serious, very solemn, very quiet," Mr. Quesada said. "Which is probably something you have to do if you're going to be in front of a charging bull."

In one of Toñete's biggest encounters, Mr. Quesada estimated that 15,000 people were in attendance. What he recalled most was the kill. Traditionally, the kill comes after the bull has been weakened, and dizzied through fancy cape work. The most experienced matadors then deliver the coup de grâce with one plunge of the sword. But Toñete still has much to learn.

"He stuck the sword in five times," he said. "It was a mess."

Although Mr. Quesada renders many of Toñete's moves, poses and cape work with grace, he says it was hard to find any beauty in the fatal blow.

"The bull bellows," he said. "He makes this horrible sound as he dies," he said. "It's really upsetting."

Mr. Quesada portrayed this moment, as bull and matador stare each other down, their faces inches apart.

"I saw the communication," Mr. Quesada said, reflecting on the picture. "That bull was pleading for his life."
Follow @borywrites and @nytimesphoto on Twitter. Lens is also on Facebook and Instagram.

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people for the ethical treatment of animals

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Bullfighting was something Alex Quesada watched on television when he was growing up in Spain. Not because it was interesting. But because as a young man, it's what you do. "The big corridas are just like the Super Bowl," he said.

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Hang Gliding

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Hang gliding, sport of flying in lightweight unpowered aircraft which can be carried by the pilot. Takeoff is usually achieved by launching into the air from a cliff or hill. Hang gliders were developed by the pioneers of practical flight. In Germany, starting in 1891, Otto Lilienthal made several thousand flights before a fatal gliding accident in 1896. He published plans of his gliders and even supplied kits. In the United States collaboration between Augustus Herring and Octave Chanute resulted in successful flights of a biplane hang glider from dunes in Indiana at the southern end of Lake Michigan in 1896. In these early designs the pilot hung from the armpits on parallel bars beneath the wings, swinging hips and legs to control roll and shifting back and forth to influence pitch.

Modern hang gliding emerged toward the end of the 1960s. In the early 1960s enthusiasts in California were gliding down coastal dunes on homebuilt delta-shaped wings they had adapted from kite designs developed by Francis Rogallo and his wife, Gertrude. The Rogallos' kites had attracted attention because of NASA's interest in using them for spacecraft retrieval. On the dunes cheap materials such as bamboo and plastic sheeting were used, and the parallel-bar control method remained. Around the same time, water-ski showmen in Australia were flying on flat kites towed behind speedboats. They were able to control these notoriously unstable flat kites by using swing seats that allowed their entire body weight to effect pitch and roll-a great improvement on the parallel-bar method. When a Rogallo wing was fitted with a swing seat by John Dickenson, in Sydney, Australia, the modern hang glider was born.

By the early 1970s the sport had spread throughout the United States and into Europe. Aircraft-quality materials began to be used, and glide performance increased steadily through improvements in wing and harness design. The original Rogallos with a seated pilot had glide ratios of about 3:1. That is, for every three feet traveled forward, they would descend one foot. By 1999 glide ratios had reached 15:1. In addition to the now-traditional delta-shaped flexible wings, a new generation of rigid, tailless hang gliders have become popular, in which carbon fibre and other composite materials provide the required blend of lightness and strength. Glide ratios in excess of 20:1 are possible, coupled with top speeds of about 62 miles per hour (100 km per hour), yet they can still launch and land at little more than walking pace.

Like all other engineless aircraft, hang gliders use gravity as the source of propulsion, so they are always sinking downward, just as a skier goes downhill. However, by seeking air that is moving upward faster than the aircraft is sinking, skilled pilots can remain aloft for hours. Typical sources for such lift occur where wind is deflected upward by a hill or mountain ridge or in columns of warm air called " thermals," which are caused by the sun heating the Earth's surface unevenly. Such is the efficiency of modern hang gliders that by 1999 the world straight distance record was 308 miles (495 km). Hang gliders are highly maneuverable, and their safety record compares well with that of other aviation sports.

Internationally, hang gliding is under the control of the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI). World championships have been held, usually in alternate years, ever since the first in Kössen, Austria, in 1975. Competition is generally based on cross-country soaring, although a trial of a new championship for short-course downhill racing occurred at Mount Olympus, Greece, in 1999.

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Hang gliding, sport of flying in lightweight unpowered aircraft which can be carried by the pilot. Takeoff is usually achieved by launching into the air from a cliff or hill. Hang gliders were developed by the pioneers of practical flight. In Germany, starting in 1891, Otto Lilienthal made several

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Mat Fraser: The loss that launched a legacy. Marco

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crossfit: mat fraser -- the loss that launched a legacy - cnn

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Mat Fraser: The loss that launched a legacy

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Typically, when an athlete goes on to become a legend, their legacy can be traced back to a single breakthrough moment. A time in which they first tasted greatness, broke through and made a name for themselves and then, from that point on, never looked back.

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Dicing with death in the Bermuda Triangle Emily Ochab

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Dicing with death in the Bermuda Triangle Emily Ochab

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You may have noticed, if you glanced at this page in recent days at all, that its author has been sampling a Keatsian beaker full of the warm south, and perhaps even, now and then, the odd

. . . draft of vintage, that hath been

Cool'd a long time in the deep-delved earth,

Tasting of Flora and the country green.

Yes, I have been to Florida, at Cape Canaveral, to watch a weather satellite take off.

The excursion, however, is not without an element of risk. Assuming I got there - and if I didn't you may very well have heard by now - I still have to negotiate what some believe to be most dangerous expanse of water in the world; to get from there to here, I have to enter, or go very close to, the Bermuda Triangle.

On December 5th, 1945, five US Navy Avengers, famously designated Flight 19, took off from Fort Lauderdale in Florida, in good weather on a routine training mission, and disappeared completely without any trace. The conclusion of the official inquiry was relatively simple: Flight 19 had simply lost its way, run out of fuel and ditched in the Atlantic.

But coincidentally, an unusually high number of other aircraft crashed or disappeared in the same neighbourhood in the following 10 years or so, and when this statistical clustering was noticed, the legend of the Triangle took root.

Its apexes were said to be Bermuda, San Juan in Puerto Rico and Miami, Florida. In addition to the aviation incidents, when the history books were consulted it was found, not surprisingly, that many ships had also disappeared in the same region; even Columbus, it was said, recorded strange happenings as he voyaged through the triangle. With great enthusiasm, all unsolved mysteries in the vicinity were then retrospectively attributed to its evil influence.

Those with an interest in such matters consigned the happenings to the paranormal, and maintained - with confusing geometry - that the missing planes and ships were still circling the triangle, locked in a timeless, extra-terrestrial dimension as a result of magnetic phenomena set up by UFOs. Others sought more mundane, but esoteric, scientific explanations.

But then the anomalous statistics of those balmy waters returned more or less to normal, and the enigma of the Bermuda Triangle has been quietly forgotten - by all except me.

Never mind. Now, more than ever, seems it rich to die, to.

Fade far away, dissolve, and quite forget

The weariness, the fever, and the fret,

Here, where men sit and hear each other groan.

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Dicing with death in the Bermuda Triangle

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You may have noticed, if you glanced at this page in recent days at all, that its author has been sampling a Keatsian beaker full of the warm south, and perhaps even, now and then, the odd . . .

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Bobby Leach was the second person to survive a fall down Niagara Falls. When Bobby Leach got out of the barrel, he had two leg injuries and he had to go to the hospital. Bobby Leach died by slipping on an orange peel.

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Rebeka O’Connell

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At 25 feet below the surface of the water, Alex Whitaker's tooth started to ache. When he tried to dive deeper, the pain grew worse.

"It felt like my tooth was going to explode," says the 17-year-old high school junior from Hackley School in Tarrytown, N.Y. Alex learned to scuba dive on a school trip to Belize and Guatemala. On a scale from 1 to 10, Alex says, the oral agony weighed in at an excruciating 9. "It was the most painful thing I've ever felt in my entire life," he says.

Alex's so-called tooth squeeze is just one of the unpleasant experiences that can happen to a scuba diver. On the same trip, Tommy Goff, 17, surfaced from his first open-water dive with a bloody nose that turned the inside of his mask red. Annie Brock, 17, had the same problem. She also suffered from ear pain all week, making it hard for her to descend.

I traveled with the group, too. And though my ears, teeth, and nose were fine, I had a few bouts of seasickness and post-diving fatigue that left me feeling dizzy and nauseous. A few students threw up over the side of the boat on one particularly rough day.

Scuba stands for "self-contained underwater breathing apparatus." The diver wears all the equipment he or she needs to stay underwater.

Scuba apparatus includes a tank of compressed air toted by the diver on his or her back, a hose for carrying air to a mouthpiece, a facemask that covers the eyes and nose, regulators that control air flow, and gauges that indicate depth and how much air remains in the tank.

A diver who stays down too long, swims too deep, or comes up too fast can end up with a condition called "the bends." In this case, bubbles of gas in the blood can cause intense pain, even death.

"A friend of mine dove to 350 feet once," says Dave Heaney, a diving instructor from Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. "He's now paralyzed permanently from the neck down." Dave met our group in Belize and gave scuba instruction to several of the kids.
Laws of physics
For the most part, scuba diving is a relatively safe activity-as long as you have a healthy respect for the laws of physics. Basically, it all comes down to pressure.

Even though you might not normally notice, air actually has weight. At sea level, 14.7 pounds of air press down on every square inch of your body. As you go up in altitude, you encounter less air and less air pressure. That's why it's harder to breathe on top of a tall mountain. In outer space, there's no air at all, and astronauts have to wear spacesuits to keep from blowing up like a marshmallow in a microwave.

Underwater, the opposite happens. Water is nearly 800 times denser than air and much heavier. As you dive deeper and deeper, the force of all that water can do funny things to your body.

Ear pain is the most common problem, caused by an imbalance between air inside your ears and air outside your body. On an airplane or underwater, most people have to "pop" their ears to "equalize" the pressure. Equalizing is harder for some people than for others, especially when they have colds or sinus congestion.

Increased pressure underwater also affects how we breathe. At depth, pressure compresses the lungs. Divers take in more air as they descend, and their bodies absorb more nitrogen the deeper they go.

One possible consequence is called nitrogen narcosis. Below certain depths, confusion can set in. "I once had a guy who thought he was Superman," Dave says. "He tried to climb a wreck but didn't remember it later. He also tried to give his regulator to the fish."

"The bends" are even scarier. As you come to the surface from a dive, nitrogen gas can bubble up in your body like carbonation in a freshly opened can of soda. If you swim up too fast, decreasing pressure makes the bubbles expand, which can cause severe pain in your joints and create other problems in your body. Without immediate medical attention, the bends can be fatal.

To avoid these perils, most divers use tables or small computers that calculate how long they can spend underwater at certain depths. On all 10 of our dives in Belize, we made sure to take a 3-minute safety stop at 15 feet, and we rested between dives to let some of the nitrogen ooze out of our bodies.

As for Alex, he knew right away what was happening. He had been to the dentist just 2 months earlier to get a cavity filled, and there must have been a lingering air pocket in his tooth. He came up to the surface as soon as he felt pain. By the end of the day, the pain was largely gone.

Most of the other divers in our group emerged unscathed from their scuba-diving adventures. "I thought it was the most incredible thing I've ever done," says Eliza Murray, a 17-year-old Hackley junior. "It was more relaxing than anything I've done before."

Which goes to show that physics can be a drag-but it doesn't have to hurt!
Going Deeper: Word Find: Scuba Diving Additional Information Questions about the Article

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At 25 feet below the surface of the water, Alex Whitaker's tooth started to ache. When he tried to dive deeper, the pain grew worse. "It felt like my tooth was going to explode," says the 17-year-old high school junior from Hackley School in Tarrytown, N.Y.

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Massachusetts Peewee Football Team Observes ‘Danny Appreciation Day’ In Honor Of Danny Keefe, First Grader With Speech Condition (Video)
Vanessa Zhang

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Six-year-old Danny Keefe has been overcoming hardships since the day he was born.

He was expected to suffer from both physical and mental disabilities due to a brain hemorrhage when he was a newborn, but he's proved those predictions wrong. Though he struggles with a condition that makes speech difficult, he's grown up to be a charming first-grader adored by his many of his peers and with a penchant for wearing a suit jacket and tie to school.

When some of the kids at his Bridgewater, Mass., elementary school decided to pick on him for his attire, they quickly found that Danny wasn't an easy target.

His beautiful spirit and infectious smile had inspired the boys on Danny's Peewee football team, for which he serves as the "official water coach," to take a stand on his behalf, Enterprise News reports.

" He's such a good person. He doesn't let it bother him. He goes on with his day. He's a 6-year-old kid. We should all respect that," the team's quarterback, fifth-grader Tommy Cooney, told WCVB.

Tommy and his teammates spearheaded "Danny Appreciation Day," during which each of them suited up alongside Danny in a show of solidarity.

"Tommy thought it was the right thing to do," Mark Keefe, Danny's father, told KLTV. "He went ahead and did and 45 other kids stood by his side."

Sometimes, we could all learn a thing or two from kids.

BEFORE YOU GO

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This First Grader Was Picked On For Wearing Suits To School.. Until The Entire Football Team Stood Up For Him

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Six-year-old Danny Keefe has been overcoming hardships since the day he was born. He was expected to suffer from both physical and mental disabilities due to a brain hemorrhage when he was a newborn, but he's proved those predictions wrong.

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Claire Carsten

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Stand up to Bullies
Do you see a bully? The Practice:
Stand up to bullies. Why?
Humans are profoundly social. We spend most of our lives working, eating, sleeping, and playing in groups ranging from two people up to nations and humanity as a whole.

Woven through the tapestry of our relationships are several major threads. One of these is power. The only question is, do we use it for good or ill?

Like a hammer, power itself is neutral. It can be used for beneficial purposes, such as parents protecting their children or leaders promoting the rule of law. It can also be used for harmful purposes, such as parents hitting children or political leaders praising violence against their critics.

The abuse of power can be called many things, including intimidation, fraud, discrimination, and tyranny. I'll use a term that's down-to-earth and gets at our nature as social primates: bullying.

Bullies are unfortunately common. Throughout history and right now today, from homes and schoolyards to boardrooms and presidential palaces, they create a vast amount of human suffering. What can we do?

In this short space, I'll offer some summary suggestions. You can help them be concrete by applying them to bullies you've experienced or observed.

Bullies are:

Dominating - Have to be the "alpha"; fear of looking "one-down"; thus must find targets who seem weaker; no compassion

Defensive - Never wrong; fault and scorn others; avoid personal responsibility

Deceptive - Manipulate grievances to gain support; blame scapegoats; cheat; hide truth since power is based on lies

Recognize Enablers
Some people and organizations make use of bullies, like profiting from a crime someone else commits. They might pretend all is normal, or say it's more important to pay attention to something else, or claim falsely that "both sides do it." From playgrounds to parliaments, people with an authoritarian personality style have an affinity for bullying leaders, and commonly form the core of their supporters.

Protect Yourself
Sometimes you are stuck with a bully, at least for a while. Be careful. Weigh your options and do what's best for you.

Have Compassion
Deep down, the mind of a bully is like a hell realm of fended-off feelings of weakness and shame always threatening to invade. Lots of suffering there. Compassion for a bully is not approval. It is calming and strengthening, and establishes an inner freedom: "You may have my family, company, or country . . . but you will never have my mind."

And of course the targets of bullies deserve our care. Even if you can do nothing to help them, your compassion is still authentic; it matters to you, and it may matter to others in ways you'll never know.

Name It
Tell the truth to yourself. Tell it to others.

And if appropriate, tell the truth to bullies and their enablers. This could be a version of that truth: "You are a bully. You cheated and lied to get your power. You act tough but you're actually weak and frightened. You might be able to harm me and others, but I am not afraid of you. I see what you are."

Bullies may acquire institutional authority but never moral legitimacy. They know their power is on thin ice. The more uneasy they feel, the more they make up grievances, wave the flag, and posture on the stage.

Name the lying, the cheating, the weakness. Name the fakery, name the illegitimacy.

Stand with Others
Bullies target lone individuals and minority groups to display dominance and create fear. So gather allies who will stand with you if you're being bullied. Also ask others to stand up to bullies; sitting on the sidelines just perpetuates bullying.

And together, stand with and for those others who are bullied. It may make no material difference. But it always makes a moral and psychological difference to those who stand up - and to those they stand for.

Punish Bullying
I mean "punish" in the sense of justice, not vengeance. The act of bullying itself is rewarding to a bully, even if there's no concrete benefit. It's like pulling a pleasurable lever on a slot machine that sometimes delivers a jackpot: if you're a bully, why not keep pulling? So there must be a cost. Enablers also need to pay a price; otherwise, why stop?

Since bullying is common, people have developed a variety of ways to punish it. Depending on the situation, you could:

With moral confidence, name the bullying for what it is

Dispute false claims of legitimacy

Laugh at bullies (who are usually thin-skinned)

Confront lies, including denial of harms they're doing

Build up sources of power to challenge the bully's

Confront enablers; they're complicit in bullying

Engage the legal system

Remove bullies from positions of power

Bullies do sometimes stop bullying, occasionally with an admirable change of heart. When appropriate, we can offer ways for a former bully to rejoin the wisely.

See the Big Picture
Bullying is enabled and fostered by underlying conditions. For example, the political system might have become unfairly tilted in the bully's favor; tilt it back. Bullies draw power from the grievances of others; address those grievances and reduce the bully's power.

Bullies try to dominate our attention much like they try to dominate everything else. But there is a larger world beyond their control. It contains so many things that are working, enjoyable, beautiful, and virtuous. Disengage as much as possible from ruminating on helpless outrage, fantasies of payback, and fault-finding others "who aren't doing enough." Bad enough that the bully is out there in the world. Try not to let the bully invade your own mind.

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Do you see a bully? The Practice: Stand up to bullies. Why? Humans are profoundly social. We spend most of our lives working, eating, sleeping, and playing in groups ranging from two people up to nations and humanity as a whole. Woven through the tapestry of our relationships are several major threads.

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Whether through Twitter or email, Chicago Bears fans often ask what's going on with former receiver Johnny Knox, who suffered a horrific career-ending back injury during a 2011 loss to the Seattle Seahawks.

Well, now you can find out by checking out this "Inside the Bears" feature on Knox on the team's official website.

"I feel good. I'm standing, that's the main thing," Knox said. "It could be worse than it is now. But for me to be able to walk after an injury like that, that's big. I'm pressing forward. I can't worry about the past. I've just got to keep looking forward for me, my family, my kids. That's what it's about."

Knox suffered the injury at Soldier Field on a devastating hit from defensive end Anthony Hargrove that bent the receiver back at an awkward angle. Catching a ball over the middle, Knox attempted to turn up the field, but safety Kam Chancellor knocked the ball loose.

As Knox turned back to pounce on his fumble, Hargrove dove for the ball, causing a vicious collision that left the receiver lying on the grass writhing in pain for several minutes.

Knox underwent spinal fusion surgery to stabilize his fractured vertebra on Dec. 19, 2011, and the initial prognosis was it would take approximately six months just for him to recover enough to begin rehabilitation for a return to the football field. However, the injury was more severe than originally anticipated, and it was later discovered Knox suffered some nerve damage.

Knox said he never heard from Hargrove after the hit, but could tell in the immediate aftermath the defensive end was genuinely concerned. Knox said he did receive a message from Seahawks running back Marshawn Lynch.

"I was in the hospital, but I didn't have my phone on me," Knox said. "[Lynch] left a message to see how I was doing, to try to see if I was OK. That also meant a lot to me."

Knox started in 27 of 45 games from 2009-11 with the Bears, catching 133 passes for 2,214 yards and 12 touchdowns, before the club on Feb. 13, 2013 terminated the receiver's contract. Knox was in the final year of his deal and received $1.26 million despite spending the entire 2012 season on the physically unable to perform list.

Knox worked diligently to rehabilitate, but never recovered sufficiently enough to make a return to the team. Multiple sources at the time expressed doubt Knox would ever return to form given the severity of his injury.

Knox announced he was retiring a day after the team terminated his contract.

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Whether through Twitter or email, Chicago Bears fans often ask what's going on with former receiver Johnny Knox, who suffered a horrific career-ending back injury during a 2011 loss to the Seattle Seahawks. Well, now you can find out by checking out this "Inside the Bears" feature on Knox on the team's official website.

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https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-ceo-mark-zuckerberg-on-taking-risks-2016-8

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Marie Curie was a physicist, chemist and a pioneer in the study of radiation.https://www.livescience.com/38907-marie-curie-facts-biography.html

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* Curie was born Maria Sklodowska in Warsaw, Poland, to schoolteacher parents of modest means who encouraged their children's educational aspirations. Determined to pursue a scientific career, Marie struck a deal with her sister Bronya, agreeing to fund Bronya's medical degree in France by working as a governess. Bronya later helped Marie move to Paris and enroll at the prestigious Sorbonne, where she studied chemistry, math and physics.

* Curie met her future husband, Pierre, while doing postgraduate research at the lab he supervised. The pair immediately bonded over their mutual interest in magnetism and fondness for cycling, and a year later they were married in Sceaux, France. They used the money they had received as a wedding present to purchase bicycles for the many long rides they took together.

* In 1896, intrigued by the physicist Henri Becquerel's accidental discovery of radioactivity, Curie began studying uranium rays; Pierre soon joined her in her research. Two years later, the Curies discovered polonium-named after Marie's homeland-and radium. In 1903 they shared the Nobel Prize in physics with Becquerel for their groundbreaking work on radioactivity.

* The first woman to be granted a Nobel Prize, Curie later became the first person to earn a second one. In 1911 she received the prestigious award-in chemistry this time-for her isolation of radium and other accomplishments.

Hulton Archive/Getty Images

* After Pierre's tragic death in a 1906 accident, Marie was appointed to his seat at the Sorbonne, becoming the university's first female professor. (Just three years earlier, she had been the first woman in France to earn a doctorate.) Today, France's leading scientific and medical complex bears the name of both Curies.

* During World War I, Curie used her radiography expertise to set up dozens of mobile and permanent X-ray stations, which helped doctors diagnose and treat battlefield injuries. They became known as "petites Curies" for their famous creator.

* Decades of handling radioactive materials-the effects of which were poorly understood at the time-ultimately took a toll on Curie. By the 1920s she had developed muscle aches, anemia, cataracts and a host of other symptoms. She died on July 4, 1934, of leukemia caused by exposure to radiation.

* Curie's daughter Irène followed in her mother's footsteps, earning a doctorate in physics and conducting important research on synthesized radioactive elements. In 1935 she and her husband, Frédéric Joliot, shared the Noble Prize in chemistry for their discovery of artificial radioactivity.

* In 1995 the remains of Curie and her husband were enshrined in Paris' Pantheon, a mausoleum reserved for distinguished French thinkers. She became the second woman to receive this honor and the first to earn it through her own achievements. Among her writing, Curie left behind this thought: "Nothing in life is to be feared, it is only to be understood. Now is the time to understand more, so that we may fear less."

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Marie Curie: Facts About The Pioneering Chemist

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Curie was born Maria Sklodowska in Warsaw, Poland, to schoolteacher parents of modest means who encouraged their children's educational aspirations. Determined to pursue a scientific career, Marie struck a deal with her sister Bronya, agreeing to fund Bronya's medical degree in France by working as a governess.

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What did Marie Curie accomplish?

Why was Marie Curie important?

Marie Curie, née Maria Salomea Skłodowska, (born November 7, 1867, Warsaw, Congress Kingdom of Poland, Russian Empire-died July 4, 1934, near Sallanches, France), Polish-born French physicist, famous for her work on radioactivity and twice a winner of the Nobel Prize. With Henri Becquerel and her husband, Pierre Curie, she was awarded the 1903 Nobel Prize for Physics. She was the sole winner of the 1911 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she is the only woman to win the award in two different fields.
(Read Marie Curie's 1926 Britannica essay on radium.)

Early life

From childhood she was remarkable for her prodigious memory, and at the age of 16 she won a gold medal on completion of her secondary education at the Russian lycée. Because her father, a teacher of mathematics and physics, lost his savings through bad investment, she had to take work as a teacher and, at the same time, took part clandestinely in the nationalist "free university," reading in Polish to women workers. At the age of 18 she took a post as governess, where she suffered an unhappy love affair. From her earnings she was able to finance her sister Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, with the understanding that Bronisława would in turn later help her to get an education.

Move to Paris, Pierre Curie, and first Nobel Prize

In 1891 Skłodowska went to Paris and, now using the name Marie, began to follow the lectures of Paul Appell, Gabriel Lippmann, and Edmond Bouty at the Sorbonne. There she met physicists who were already well known- Jean Perrin, Charles Maurain, and Aimé Cotton. Skłodowska worked far into the night in her student-quarters garret and virtually lived on bread and butter and tea. She came first in the licence of physical sciences in 1893. She began to work in Lippmann's research laboratory and in 1894 was placed second in the licence of mathematical sciences. It was in the spring of that year that she met Pierre Curie.

Their marriage (July 25, 1895) marked the start of a partnership that was soon to achieve results of world significance, in particular the discovery of polonium (so called by Marie in honour of her native land) in the summer of 1898 and that of radium a few months later. Following Henri Becquerel's discovery (1896) of a new phenomenon (which she later called "radioactivity"), Marie Curie, looking for a subject for a thesis, decided to find out if the property discovered in uranium was to be found in other matter. She discovered that this was true for thorium at the same time as G.C. Schmidt did.

Turning her attention to minerals, she found her interest drawn to pitchblende, a mineral whose activity, superior to that of pure uranium, could be explained only by the presence in the ore of small quantities of an unknown substance of very high activity. Pierre Curie then joined her in the work that she had undertaken to resolve this problem and that led to the discovery of the new elements, polonium and radium. While Pierre Curie devoted himself chiefly to the physical study of the new radiations, Marie Curie struggled to obtain pure radium in the metallic state-achieved with the help of the chemist André-Louis Debierne, one of Pierre Curie's pupils. On the results of this research, Marie Curie received her doctorate of science in June 1903 and, with Pierre, was awarded the Davy Medal of the Royal Society. Also in 1903 they shared with Becquerel the Nobel Prize for Physics for the discovery of radioactivity.

The birth of her two daughters, Irène and Ève, in 1897 and 1904, did not interrupt Marie's intensive scientific work. She was appointed lecturer in physics at the École Normale Supérieure for girls in Sèvres (1900) and introduced there a method of teaching based on experimental demonstrations. In December 1904 she was appointed chief assistant in the laboratory directed by Pierre Curie.

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Marie Curie | Biography, Nobel Prize, Accomplishments, & Facts

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Marie Curie, Polish-born French physicist, famous for her work on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and she is the only woman to win the award in two different fields (Physics, 1903; Chemistry, 1911). Learn more about Marie Curie in this article.

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Short Term and Long Term Effects of Bullying

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Short Term and Long Term Effects of Bullying

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Priyanshi Garg

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Short Term and Long Term Effects of Bullying: Psychological & Societal

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Bullying can have serious short term and long term effects for both the bully and the victim. Learn more about the psychological and societal effects here

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Mason Radtke

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As scuba diving is a popular recreational sport, beautiful coral reefs and eerie shipwrecks around the world have become major tourist draws in their own right. However, it should not be forgotten that scuba diving is an extreme sport which requires training and a license. It has its own peculiar injuries and potentially life-threatening hazards. Most of these scuba diving dangers stem from the effects of the increased water pressure of the undersea environment, but there are also dangers posed by sea life and faulty equipment.

Barotrauma

Barotrauma is caused by the damage done by increased underwater pressure on the air pocket in the middle ear. Divers "equalize" their ears during a dive by pinching their nose shut and blowing, by chewing or by swallowing to push more air into the middle ear. However, a descent that is too rapid can overcome a diver's ability to equalize and result in severe pain and even injury to the middle ear.

Decompression Sickness

Often called "the bends," decompression sickness is caused by increased underwater pressure causing the body's tissues to absorb more nitrogen. If that pressure is suddenly reduced, this extra nitrogen forms potentially harmful bubbles. Divers must return to the surface in carefully monitored stages, usually following the speed of their air bubbles, so as to control the rate at which this absorbed nitrogen is released. Depending on the amount of nitrogen absorbed and the rate at which it was released, a case of the bends can range from aching joints or a skin rash to paralysis and death.

Nitrogen Narcosis

Another nitrogen-related danger is the narcotic effect of all that extra nitrogen in the body. Anyone who has had nitrous-oxide gas at the dentist is already familiar with this effect. Nitrogen narcosis is a danger because it impairs judgment and sensory perception. As with the bends, the degree of nitrogen narcosis is related to how deep a diver goes and how much nitrogen they absorb.

Oxygen Toxicity

Oxygen toxicity is usually a problem only encountered by deep divers who go below 135 feet. Like nitrogen, the body absorbs extra oxygen under increased underwater pressure as well. For most divers this is not a problem, but at extreme depths so much extra oxygen is absorbed that this life-giving gas becomes toxic. The effects include tunnel vision, nausea, twitching, loss of consciousness and seizures.

Pulmonary Embolism

Another risk facing a diver who rapidly ascends to the surface is pulmonary embolism. The increased pressure of the undersea environment results in the gas a diver breathes becoming denser, as more gas is crammed into the same space under pressure. The gas held in the lungs will expand at the same rate that the pressure on the body is reduced, so a rapid ascent can cause the lungs to swell and even pop like a balloon. Scuba divers guard against pulmonary embolism by making slow, controlled ascents to the surface and by never holding their breath.

Sea Life

Divers should never forget that each dive is the equivalent of entering an untamed wilderness. While most sea creatures are not aggressive towards divers and attacks are extremely rare, incidents do happen and a diver cannot afford to forget that she is surrounded by wild animals. The famed TV wildlife host "Crocodile Hunter" Steve Irwin was killed in 2006 when he was stung through the chest by a stingray, a frequently encountered and usually harmless sea creature. Divers should never touch an undersea animal, including coral. This is not just to protect the diver from injury, but also to protect the sea life.

Defective Equipment

Many scuba divers do not own their own equipment, and are therefore reliant on renting equipment from the scuba diving operator who is conducting their dive trip. A broken depth gauge could lead to a mild case of decompression sickness, while a bad regulator might result in drowning. A diver should thoroughly check diving equipment every time they use it, whether it is their own gear or rental. It's never a bad thing to ask for a new piece of gear if they suspect something is wrong with what they have.

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As scuba diving is a popular recreational sport, beautiful coral reefs and eerie shipwrecks around the world have become major tourist draws in their own right. However, it should not be forgotten that scuba diving is an extreme sport which requires training and a license. It has its own peculiar injuries and potentially life-threatening hazards.

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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Marie-Curie

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A man who donated a kidney to his dying twin brother 56 years ago in the world's first successful organ transplant has died in the United States.

Ronald Lee Herrick died, aged 79, on Monday in the Augusta Rehabilitation Centre, a hospital in Maine, New England, following complications from heart surgery in October, his widow, Cynthia, said.

Herrick donated a kidney to his identical twin, Richard, in a pioneering operation on 23 December 1954.

The successful surgery kept Herrick's brother alive for eight years and was the first successful organ transplant, according to the United Network for Organ Sharing. Lead surgeon Dr Joseph Murray went on to win the Nobel prize.

The operation proved that transplants were possible and led to thousands of other successful kidney transplants, and later the transplant of other organs.

Doctors around the world had tried a few transplants before the breakthrough operation, without success, said Murray, who went on to perform another 18 transplants between identical twins.

"This operation rejuvenated the whole field of transplantation," said Murray, 91, who lives in Wellesley, Massachusetts.

"There were other people studying transplants in four or five different countries, but the fact that it worked so well with the identical twins was a tremendous stimulus."

Herrick grew up on a farm in Rutland, Massachusetts, and later served in the US army.

He was 23 when he donated a kidney to his brother, who was dying from chronic nephritis, an inflammation of the kidneys. Murray thought the odds of a transplanted organ being accepted would be enhanced since they were identical twins.

Before the operation, many opposed the idea of transplanting an organ, equating it with desecration of a body. Others argued it was unethical to operate on healthy humans, and editors of medical journals wrote that it was contrary to the Hippocratic oath to never do harm to anyone, Murray said.

But Herrick was not dissuaded from the operation. "He was the only one in the world who could save his brother's life, so he was going to do it," said Cynthia Herrick. "There was no question about it."

Background
When were the first organ transplants?
The first successful kidney transplant, in 1954, was Ronald Lee Herrick. The first heart transplant was 1967.
Which organs can be transplanted?
Organs that can be transplanted include the heart, kidneys, liver, lungs, pancreas, thymus, ovaries, penis and uterus. Tissues that can be transplanted include bones, tendons, cornea, skin, heart valves, and veins. Recent developments include hand and full face transplants.

How many are on UK waiting list for a transplant?

As of 17 December 2010, 7,927; most of them, 6,779, were waiting for a kidney.

How many transplants were made this year?

Between 4 January and 12 December, there were 2,583 organ transplants; 698 were from living donors.
How many people have registered as organ donors?
As of September, there were 17.4 million people on the NHS organ donor register.
Topics

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A man who donated a kidney to his dying twin brother 56 years ago in the world's first successful organ transplant has died in the United States. Ronald Lee Herrick died, aged 79, on Monday in the Augusta Rehabilitation Centre, a hospital in Maine, New England, following complications from heart surgery in October, his widow, Cynthia, said.

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Malina Carli

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As of February 2019, Mark Cuban, the outspoken owner of the Dallas Mavericks, is worth an estimated $4.1 billion, according to Forbes. While the majority of this wealth can be attributed to two transactions he made during the dot-com era, he is a born entrepreneur and has been buying, trading, profiting and schmoozing his way to success from a young age. From his first business to today, here's how Mark Cuban got rich.

During his undergraduate studies in Business Administration at Indiana Universityin Bloomington, Indiana, Mark Cuban scrounged together $15,000 to buy a bar. A professor at the university considered the move daring and confessed that he had never seen an undergraduate, or even an MBA student, have a business while still in school. Mark used his business savvy to turn the bar into the most successful student bar in town. After his university days were over, he continued to find opportunities to turn underdogs into winners.

Mark's first business after university was MicroSolutions, a computer company which he sold after seven years to CompuServe in 1990for a tidy sum of $6 million. Mark decided to use that money to retire and, for five years, lived the life of a party boy - he bought a lifetime pass on American Airlines and flew around the world in a quest to see as many countries as he could.

Five years later Mark's retirement ended by a desire to listen to his former university's basketball team's games. Along with a partner he started AudioNet, which soon expanded to broadcast not only the Indiana Hoosiers games but hundreds of sports channels and radio programs, as well as product launches and fashion shows. The site, later renamed Broadcast.com, was one of the first internet radio sites in the world and when it had its IPO in 1998, the stock got caught up in the dot-com frenzy and soared from $18 to $62.75 in a single day.

At the beginning of the millennium, some people were wondering how they had been so wrong about Y2K - Mark however, was closing the sale on his biggest purchase. For an astonishing $280 million, Mark became the majority owner of the Dallas Mavericks. The team was considered the worst in the league, but by 2011 Mark's management had turned the team into NBA champions. Forbes reported that as of February 2019 the Mavericks are valued at $2.25 billion. The construction of a new $70 million practice facility is expected to result in a further bump to the team's valuation in the coming years.

In January 2018, Cuban confirmed that the Mavericks will accept Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies as payment for tickets in the 2018-2019 season. Cuban was an outspoken critic of Bitcoin and famously called it a bubble in the summer of 2017, but went on to invest in the cryptocurrency later that same year. Cuban continues to expand his role in the crypto sphere, investing in tokens offered by Unikrn, an e-sports startup he funded, and backing the cryptocurrency fund 1confirmation.

When not watching his team from the sidelines, Mark is running 2929 Entertainment, a company which produces and distributes movies and TV shows. Here, his record is mixed as some of his movies have turned out to be duds. Others have made money, however. For example, the George Clooney-directed movie Good Night, And Good Luck had a production budget of $7 million and lifetime grosses of $54 million. This production company comes in handy if he ever needs content for his national theater chain Landmark Theaters or his satellite TV channel (the first one in HD) AXS TV.Mark is also known to still be investing large amounts of money in the stock market and, if his skills are as sharp as they were in the early part of the century, there's no doubt that he's making a lot of money.

Mark Cuban is a great example of someone who loves business and who is dedicated to rising up and becoming a self-made man. In addition to his media company and basketball team, he's also an investor in everything from toilet seats, various investing websites and sports technologies. Mark has also recently written a book and since 2012 has been a guest judge on the hit TV series "Shark Tank." "Shark Tank" is an amazing opportunity for the guest judges to hear hundreds of previously vetted business proposals a year, and consequently have the chance to invest and manage them from the ground up. For a man who loves to grow businesses and get rich, Mark Cuban has found the perfect way to get incredibly wealthy.

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As of February 2019, Mark Cuban, the outspoken owner of the Dallas Mavericks, is worth an estimated $4.1 billion, according to Forbes. While the majority of this wealth can be attributed to two transactions he made during the dot-com era, he is a born entrepreneur and has been buying, trading, profiting and schmoozing his way to success from a young age.

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Man Dies Trying to Break Free-diving Record

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Man Dies Trying to Break Free-diving Record

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Taylor Branch

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nicholas mevoli dies trying to set freediving record - cnn

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Nicholas Mevoli dies trying to set freediving record - CNN

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A New York man trying to set a freediving record died Sunday after he surfaced from a depth of more than 200 feet.

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Oprah Winfrey takes a risk by ditching her show to bestow her magic touch elsewhere 

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Oprah Winfrey takes a risk by ditching her show to bestow her magic touch elsewhere 

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Maya Patel

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For most people the idea of voluntarily ditching your most successful product would seem insane. Yet that is what exactly what Oprah Winfrey has done in bringing the curtain down on her talk show after almost 25 years.

The Oprah Winfrey Show has made its genial, emotional host a global celebrity and one of the most successful businesswomen in America. She is now a billionaire and heads Harpo Productions, which runs a radio network, film and TV studios. She even has her own magazine.

Last year Winfrey pulled in US$290 million (Dh1.06 billion). According to Forbes magazine, the larger-than-life host is now worth $2.7bn.

Her show gave her enormous influence over American cultural life and huge clout in the business world. With her legions of suburban fans - wielding billions of dollars of purchasing power - Winfrey could bestow success on celebrities, films, books or just about any other product.

Like a sort of business fairy godmother she had merely to recommend, or even just mention, a new gadget or novel and it would disappear from America's shelves overnight. Getting a project on her show spawned a mini-industry in itself, with legions of PRs and marketing executives devoting themselves solely to the task.

But now it is all over. Winfrey pulled the plug on her own show in favour of devoting her time to developing her own branded cable TV channel, the Oprah Winfrey Network (OWN). It is, to put it mildly, a risky move.

Winfrey's old power was shown in the last few episodes of her talk show where a galaxy of stars - including Tom Cruise, Tom Hanks, Beyonce, Michael Jordan and Madonna - flocked to Chicago to bid her farewell on air. But whether such star power will pay homage to OWN looks a very different matter.

Cable TV in America, while popular, is still far from universal. Winfrey's brand is jostling with scores of other channels and, so far, it has not been doing especially well.

As of the middle of this month, ratings at OWN, which is half-owned by Discovery, have not been impressive.

Since its launch this year it has averaged just 112,000 viewers during peak viewing time in the key target audience of 25-54 year-old women - a demographic that is usually easy for Winfrey to access. In fact, OWN's average weekly viewership has been declining from 204,000 at launch to about 150,00 by May 15. Some industry watchers have projected OWN to lose more than $100m through next year.

Reports have emerged that ratings are also below those promised to top advertisers. Such tribulations have seen several top executives leave the channel.

None of that news is encouraging. But, given her track record and her unassailable brand name, it would be foolish to write Winfrey's new project off just yet. Part of the problem with OWN is that - despite its name - it has not yet featured much of the star herself. That could change now that Winfrey's workload no longer includes her daily show. Upping the Oprah Winfrey factor on OWN should give the channel a much-needed boost. Will it be enough?

After being born to a life of poverty in rural Mississippi and scrapping her way to success, she deserves to do whatever she wants. But the business empire she created is still desperately craving her attention and presence. The question is: does she still want to give it?
business@thenational.ae

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Oprah Winfrey takes a risk by ditching her show to bestow her magic touch elsewhere

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For most people the idea of voluntarily ditching your most successful product would seem insane. Yet that is what exactly what Oprah Winfrey has done in bringing the curtain down on her talk show after almost 25 years. The Oprah Winfrey Show has made its genial, emotional host a global celebrity and one of the most successful businesswomen in America.

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Maddie

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As his experimental submarine plummeted 7 miles down into the depths of the Pacific's Marianas Trench, James Cameron consoled himself that if the grinding noise he was hearing was anything to worry about, he would already be dead.

Jammed with bent knees in a cockpit 43 inches across for seven hours, the Oscar-winning director took positives wherever he could get them on his 2012 solo "plunge of faith" to the deepest point of the world's oceans.

"I'm not into luxury, I'm not into hanging out on yachts and getting a nice tan or all of the things that people do when they achieve a certain level of success in movies or anything else," Cameron, 59, told the Daily News of the pioneering feat he chronicles in the documentary "Deepsea Challenge 3D," which opened Friday.

"I want to constantly push myself to not only discover new things but to create new things from an intellectual standpoint," he said of the seven-year odyssey to build the Deepsea Challenger from scratch. "A big part of the thrill for me was to imagine a vehicle, to assemble a small group of people to create it against very high odds, and then get in it and drive it. That's fun."

"Fun," though, may not be the best description of the risks visiting a place where 16,000 pounds of pressure per inch could instantly turn a man into a "meat-cloud." Why would a guy who gets to direct movies like the upcoming "Avatar" sequels, and with a wife and four children at home do something like that?

"I think most people look at it and say, 'You have a family, why would you want to do something like this?' And for me, that's actually part of it. You want to set an example for your kids, to go out and do things, to not live in fear," said Cameron, who produced but did not direct "Deepsea Challenge."

Besides, if behind every great man is an even better woman, as the saying goes, in Cameron's case, his was on the other end of the radio - 35,787 feet above him.

Suzy Amis, Cameron's wife, dove into her role on the surface as an emotional tether, letting him know he may be descending by himself, but he wasn't alone.

"I believe in my husband and I believe in his thoroughness and redundancy and being able to think quickly on his feet," said Amis, who met her future husband on the set of "Titanic."

"So when he was descending, I was literally just excited for him every step of the way. I was sending out emails to all my family and friends, 'Oh, my gosh, he's past Titanic depth' or 'He's broken his own record!' "

Cameron convinced Amis (and himself) that his team had tested for every scenario and built in redundant systems for safety. But even the son of an engineer had to admit you can't gameplan for everything.

"One of the things that scared me the most was the idea of these huge multimile-long fishing nets that are being dragged all along the oceans," said Cameron.

"Sometimes they break away and sink. And if I encountered one of those in midocean, I wouldn't be coming back. There's no way to engineer for that."

"When he did touch down, there was a moment when he whooped and hollered when I thought, 'OK, he's got to come back up now," said Amis.

Cameron stresses that his odyssey wasn't a rich Hollywood guy out for some thrill-seeking. He grew up in an era when the submarine Trieste reached the bottom of the Marianas Trench in 1960 and Neil Armstrong took that giant leap for mankind. It burns the lifelong sci-fi fan that we haven't gone any farther than the moon in the past 45 years.

"I knew when I got to the bottom and I looked out that window," Cameron said, "I was going to see something that nobody had seen before."

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James Cameron talks risks and rewards of 'Deepsea Challenge' journey to deepest point of the ocean

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As his experimental submarine plummeted 7 miles down into the depths of the Pacific's Marianas Trench, James Cameron consoled himself that if the grinding noise he was hearing was anything to worry about, he would already be dead.

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Stopping a teen bully seems like it shouldn't be complicated. In the movies, all it takes is a single act. Another teen just has to step up and say, "Hey, that's not okay." But in real life, it's often not so simple to embrace our inner heroes. Friends may suddenly decide not to help. They may even worry about becoming the next victim. What makes a teen more likely to intervene when they witness bullying? A supportive school with trusted teachers and clear guidance from a kid's family both help. That's the finding of a new study.

And knowing what works could help schools support brave teens - and kiss bullies goodbye.

People might think of bullying as one kid shoving another in the hallway. As the victims know, it can be far more than that.

Kelly Lynn Mulvey studies developmental psychology - how the mind develops and how people behave - at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. She describes bullying as "repeated forms of aggression." It also tends to reflect "a power imbalance" between the bully and the victim. That aggression can be physical threats or attacks. Bullying also can be verbal or emotional, as one person tries to wield power over another. No matter what form bullying takes, someone gets hurt. It's not just about the bullied kids, either. Unchecked bullying can hurt the bullies and those watching from the sidelines.

Kids often are told that they need to say something when they witness bullying, and also get a teacher or a parent. But much bullying takes place when adults aren't around, Mulvey notes. Kids get bullied on the playground. Or on the bus. Bullying also happens online - where adults can't see it at all.

"Because adults often are not there to observe it, we need the kids to be the ones to stand up and say it's not okay," Mulvey says. It sounds like a scary thing to do. But peer intervention really works. Speaking up and standing up to bullies tends to reduce the attacks, she says.

Heroes in the making

What might make a teen step in when bullying happens? To find out, Mulvey and her colleagues partnered with several schools in North Carolina. They gave online surveys to 896 sixth- and ninth-grade students. The survey took 40 minutes, but "we had a very high rate of participation," Mulvey says. The students recognized what a problem bullying can be.

All read eight stories about kids bullying each other, either in person or online. For each story they answered a list of questions. Was the person who acted aggressively being a bully or not? Would it be a good idea for someone to step in and defend the victim? If the victim fought back, how okay would that be? The students also were asked how likely they would be to try and stop the bully, and if they would step in if the victim tried to retaliate.

But that wasn't all. They scientists also asked students about their families and schools. The students had to say whether they had a lot of rules at home and how their parents reacted when they did things that were wrong. They were asked whether they liked their teachers and whether the teachers kept good discipline or treated some students better than others. The students also were asked about the social environment at school and if people there felt connected to each other.

A recipe for bravery

Girls, it turned out, were more likely than boys to say that any form of aggression was not okay. It didn't matter if the bullying was physical, verbal or online. Girls also were more likely to think that someone should intervene to stop bullying. Older boys, in contrast, tended to think that physical aggression was okay, and said that they probably wouldn't want to step in.

monkeybusinessimages/iStockphoto

Students that said they had teachers they trusted were more likely to say they'd step in to stop a bully.

When it came to actually confronting a bully, sixth graders were more likely than ninth graders to say they would stand up to an aggressor. By ninth grade, Mulvey says, the teens were more concerned about what their friends would think of them. That means they might keep quiet.

Kids' families and school environments also influenced whether someone said he'd stand up to a bully. Students from families with clear rules were more likely to say bullying wasn't okay. They also were more likely to say they would step in on behalf of someone being bullied. And students who felt comfortable at school - with teachers they trusted - were more likely to say they would help stop a bully.

Mulvey and her colleagues published their findings October 16, 2018, in the Journal of Youth and Adolescence.

From survey to school

"Communication is key," Mulvey says. "We need to help kids feel comfortable communicating with their family as well as teachers." If kids feel supported, she says, they will feel able to "speak up" and challenge bullies "when they see aggression happening."

The findings also imply that anti-bullying efforts should not stop in middle school, Mulvey notes. There often is less emphasis on tackling bullying in high school. Yet her findings suggest that this is where kids may need help most.

Research has largely ignored how and whether teens intervene when bullies attack, notes Nicola Abbott. She's a psychologist at University College London in England. Abbott believes "key for stopping bullying" is getting onlookers to challenge these attacks whenever they witness them.

But she understands why schools and teachers might hesitate to tell kids to step up. "There's a bit of fear around encouraging your child to stand up," she says. Schools and parents may worry that a kid who steps in could end up in a fight. Or that a teen's efforts might backfire if the bully chooses the would-be hero as a new victim. But, Abbott says, "there isn't a great deal of evidence that is the case." Instead, bystanders who step in often can stop a bad situation from getting worse.

Of course, it's easier to say on a survey that you'd stand up to a bully than it is to be brave in real life. Mulvey and her colleagues are working with students now to find out who actually intervenes when a bully attacks. They also hope to figure out if the movies are right - that maybe a single hero can shut down a bully's bad behavior.
Note: This article was updated on February 20, 2019, to correct a misspelling of Nicola Abbott.

Power Words
More About Power Words

adolescence A transitional stage of physical and psychological development that begins at the onset of puberty, typically between the ages of 11 and 13, and ends with adulthood.

aggressive (n. aggressiveness) Quick to fight or argue, or forceful in making efforts to succeed or win.

behavior The way something, often a person or other organism, acts towards others, or conducts itself.

bullying (v. to bully) A group of repeated behaviors that are mean-spirited. They can include teasing, spreading rumors about someone, saying hurtful things to someone and intentionally leaving someone out of groups or activities. Sometimes bullying can include attacks using violence (such as hitting), threats of violence, yelling at someone or abusing someone with violent language. Much bullying takes place in person. But it also may occur online, through emails or via text messages. Newer examples including making fake profiles of people on websites or posting embarrassing photos or videos on social media.

colleague Someone who works with another; a co-worker or team member.

high school A designation for grades nine through 12 in the U.S. system of compulsory public education. High-school graduates may apply to colleges for further, advanced education.

intervention Deliberate action taken to bring about some anticipated outcome. (in medicine) A planned effort to prevent or treat a disease or other condition relating to health or well-being.

journal (in science) A publication in which scientists share their research findings with experts (and sometimes even the public). Some journals publish papers from all fields of science, technology, engineering and math, while others are specific to a single subject. The best journals are peer-reviewed: They send all submitted articles to outside experts to be read and critiqued. The goal, here, is to prevent the publication of mistakes, fraud or sloppy work.

middle school A designation for grades six through eight in the U.S. educational system. It comes immediately prior to high school. Some school systems break their age groups slightly different, including sixth grade as part of elementary school and then referring to grades seven and eight as "junior" high school.

online (n.) On the internet. (adj.) A term for what can be found or accessed on the internet.

peer (noun) Someone who is an equal, based on age, education, status, training or some other features. (verb) To look into something, searching for details.

physical (adj.) A term for things that exist in the real world, as opposed to in memories or the imagination. It can also refer to properties of materials that are due to their size and non-chemical interactions (such as when one block slams with force into another).

psychology (adj. psychological ) The study of the human mind, especially in relation to actions and behavior. To do this, some perform research using animals. Scientists and mental-health professionals who work in this field are known as psychologists.

social (adj.) Relating to gatherings of people; a term for animals (or people) that prefer to exist in groups. (noun) A gathering of people, for instance those who belong to a club or other organization, for the purpose of enjoying each other's company.

survey (v.) To ask questions that glean data on the opinions, practices (such as dining or sleeping habits), knowledge or skills of a broad range of people. Researchers select the number and types of people questioned in hopes that the answers these individuals give will be representative of others who are their age, belong to the same ethnic group or live in the same region. (n.) The list of questions that will be offered to glean those data.

Bethany Brookshire is the staff writer at Science News for Students. She has a Ph.D. in physiology and pharmacology and likes to write about neuroscience, biology, climate and more. She thinks Porgs are an invasive species.

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Friendly adults help teens stand up against bullies

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Stopping a teen bully seems like it shouldn't be complicated. In the movies, all it takes is a single act. Another teen just has to step up and say, "Hey, that's not okay." But in real life, it's often not so simple to embrace our inner heroes.

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Born: Aug. 26, 1918
Died: Feb. 24, 2020
Hometown: White Sulphur Springs, WV
Education: B.S., Mathematics and French, West Virginia State College, 1937
Hired by NACA: June 1953
Retired from NASA: 1986
Actress Playing Role in Hidden Figures: Taraji P. Henson
Biography by Margot Lee Shetterly
Being handpicked to be one of three black students to integrate West Virginia's graduate schools is something that many people would consider one of their life's most notable moments, but it's just one of several breakthroughs that have marked Katherine Johnson's long and remarkable life. Born in White Sulphur Springs, West Virginia, in 1918, her intense curiosity and brilliance with numbers vaulted her ahead several grades in school. By 13, she was attending the high school on the campus of historically black West Virginia State College. At 18, she enrolled in the college itself, where she made quick work of the school's math curriculum and found a mentor in math professor W. W. Schieffelin Claytor, the third African American to earn a PhD in mathematics. She graduated with highest honors in 1937 and took a job teaching at a black public school in Virginia.

When West Virginia decided to quietly integrate its graduate schools in 1939, West Virginia State's president, Dr. John W. Davis, selected her and two men to be the first black students offered spots at the state's flagship school, West Virginia University. She left her teaching job and enrolled in the graduate math program. At the end of the first session, however, she decided to leave school to start a family with her first husband, James Goble. She returned to teaching when her three daughters got older, but it wasn't until 1952 that a relative told her about open positions at the all-black West Area Computing section at the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics' (NACA's) Langley laboratory, headed by fellow West Virginian Dorothy Vaughan. Katherine and her husband decided to move the family to Newport News, Virginia, to pursue the opportunity, and Katherine began work at Langley in the summer of 1953. Just two weeks into her tenure in the office, Dorothy Vaughan assigned her to a project in the Maneuver Loads Branch of the Flight Research Division, and Katherine's temporary position soon became permanent. She spent the next four years analyzing data from flight tests and worked on the investigation of a plane crash caused by wake turbulence. As she was wrapping up this work her husband died of cancer in December 1956.

The 1957 launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik changed history-and Johnson's life. In 1957, she provided some of the math for the 1958 document Notes on Space Technology, a compendium of a series of 1958 lectures given by engineers in the Flight Research Division and the Pilotless Aircraft Research Division (PARD). Engineers from those groups formed the core of the Space Task Group, the NACA's first official foray into space travel. Johnson, who had worked with many of them since coming to Langley, "came along with the program" as the NACA became NASA later that year. She did trajectory analysis for Alan Shepard's May 1961 mission Freedom 7, America's first human spaceflight. In 1960, she and engineer Ted Skopinski coauthored Determination of Azimuth Angle at Burnout for Placing a Satellite Over a Selected Earth Position, a report laying out the equations describing an orbital spaceflight in which the landing position of the spacecraft is specified. It was the first time a woman in the Flight Research Division had received credit as an author of a research report.

In 1962, as NASA prepared for the orbital mission of John Glenn, Johnson was called upon to do the work that she would become most known for. The complexity of the orbital flight had required the construction of a worldwide communications network, linking tracking stations around the world to IBM computers in Washington, Cape Canaveral in Florida, and Bermuda. The computers had been programmed with the orbital equations that would control the trajectory of the capsule in Glenn's Friendship 7 mission from liftoff to splashdown, but the astronauts were wary of putting their lives in the care of the electronic calculating machines, which were prone to hiccups and blackouts. As a part of the preflight checklist, Glenn asked engineers to "get the girl"-Johnson-to run the same numbers through the same equations that had been programmed into the computer, but by hand, on her desktop mechanical calculating machine. "If she says they're good,'" Katherine Johnson remembers the astronaut saying, "then I'm ready to go." Glenn's flight was a success, and marked a turning point in the competition between the United States and the Soviet Union in space.

When asked to name her greatest contribution to space exploration, Johnson would talk about the calculations that helped synch Project Apollo's Lunar Module with the lunar-orbiting Command and Service Module. She also worked on the Space Shuttle and the Earth Resources Technology Satellite (ERTS, later renamed Landsat) and authored or coauthored 26 research reports. She retired in 1986, after 33 years at Langley. "I loved going to work every single day," she said. In 2015, at age 97, Johnson added another extraordinary achievement to her long list: President Barack Obama awarded her the Presidential Medal of Freedom, America's highest civilian honor.

She died on Feb. 24, 2020. NASA Administrator James Bridenstine said, "Our NASA family is sad to learn the news that Katherine Johnson passed away this morning at 101 years old. She was an American hero and her pioneering legacy will never be forgotten."

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"ENGLAND OR DROWN!" proclaimed the New York Daily News on its front pages. It was August 6, 1926, the day that an American, Gertrude Ederle, was poised to become the first woman to swim the English Channel.

Only five men had ever swum the waterway before. The challenges included quickly changing tides, six-foot waves, frigid temperatures and lots of jellyfish. That day, Ederle not only made it across, she beat all of the previous men's times-swimming 35 miles in 14 and a half hours.

Ederle was born in October 1905 to German immigrants in New York City. She learned to swim at the local public pool and the New Jersey beach, and dropped out of school when she was a teenager to swim competitively. She joined the Women's Swimming Association and won her first local competition award at age 16. Two years later, she made it to the 1924 Olympics.

"America was at the forefront of the world of swimming and women swimming," says Gavin Mortimer, author of The Great Swim. "She was at just the right age to capitalize on it. And clearly, she had a very competitive streak."

The 18-year-old Ederle hoped to win three Olympic gold medals at the 1924 Paris Games, and was disappointed to receive only one gold in her team event and two bronze medals in her singles events. But while she was abroad, she got an idea for what she wanted to do next: swim the channel between France and England.

She first tried to cross the English Channel in 1925, but didn't make it all the way across. The English press claimed she was disqualified because someone in the support boat that followed her across the water had touched her (support boat riders could give her food and drink but couldn't touch her). However, Mortimer says the British press invented this story out of a sense of national rivalry.

"It was really just that they got the tide wrong and she hadn't prepared for it enough," he says. "You've got this ebb and flow tide, which changes every five to six hours. So you don't swim in a straight line; you've got to zig zag to go with the tide."

Her trainer Bill Burgess, the second person ever to swim the channel, told her to quit when he thought she struggling too much to continue.

"She claimed that her trainer made her quit, that she would have gone on to swim it," says Tim Dahlberg, co-author of America's Girl: The Incredible Story of How Swimmer Gertrude Ederle Changed the Nation. "But it just made her all the more determined to come back in 1926 and actually do it." (In addition, her father promised her a red roadster if she made it across.)

When Ederle arrived the next year to try again at age 20, she was better prepared to follow the tides. Crucially, she also had eschewed the traditional bathing suit that she'd worn last time for a practical one she designed herself.

Women's bathing suits were basically wool dresses with stockings and shoes when they emerged in the late 19th century. Reformers argued that these suits were heavy and unsafe, but many women continued to wear them because skimpier suits were taboo, and possibly illegal. In 1907, police at Boston's Revere Beach arrested an Australian swimmer named Annette Kellerman for wearing a one-piece suit that showed her bare legs.

During Ederle's first attempt across the channel, she wore a heavy one-piece that filled with water and chaffed her skin. But on August 6, 1926, she arrived at the French end of the channel wearing a lighter two-piece she'd fashioned by cutting up a one-piece. "She was so slathered in grease and such that it was hardly recognizable," Dahlberg notes.

Her support boat was packed with chicken legs, oranges and vegetable chicken soup to sustain her on her journey to from Cape Gris-Nez in France to Dover, England. Reporters also followed her by boat, turning her swim into an all-day media event.

"They use wireless for really the first time like a play-by-play sports event," says Dahlberg, who is also a sports writer for the Associated Press. "They had a wireless machine aboard the tug that was accompanying her, and they would send reports to London to the newspapers on where she was, how she was doing."

The wireless messages allowed newspapers to update Ederle's progress in different editions published throughout the day. When she arrived on the shore of Kingsdown, near Deal, England that evening, there was a crowd of people waiting to welcome her because they'd read she was getting close.

One journalist following her by boat was so eager to get his story in he jumped into the water and headed to the nearest pub to file it over the phone. Ederle, meanwhile, was so exhausted she could barely lift herself up on the beach.

"She's been described at the end of the swim as looking like a boxer," Mortimer says "because the water clobbers her face. She was all bruised. And also her tongue had swelled up so much because of the salt water, she could hardly speak." In addition, she had some jellyfish stings.

Back in the U.S., two million people greeted Ederle with New York City's first ticker-tape parade to honor a woman. President Calvin Coolidge dubbed her "America's best girl," and her father bought her that red roadster. "She had this few months of being the most famous person in the world," Mortimer says.

That fame was eclipsed in May 1927, when Charles Lindbergh flew an airplane across the Atlantic Ocean for the first time. Compared to this technological feat, Ederle's seemed old fashioned.

"He became the new hero," Mortimer says. "She was almost like a relic overnight."

Even so, Ederle's achievement made a lasting contribution to women's sports during a decade in which gender roles were shifting. In the early '20s, American golf champion Edith Cummings became the first female athlete on the cover of Time, French tennis star Suzanne Lenglen dominated Wimbledon and Ederle proved a woman could best a man in one of the most physically demanding swims in the world.

Her accomplishments paved the way for other female swimmers. The next four people to successfully swim the channel after her were all women. Ederle held onto her title of fastest English Channel swim until 1951, when a woman named Winnie Roach-Leuszler-the first Canadian to swim the channel-beat her by about an hour. In 2019, Colorado swimmer Sarah Thomas bested previous efforts by becoming the first person to swim the distance between England and France four times without stopping, swimming for over 50 hours.

Fact Check

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The First Woman to Swim the English Channel Beat the Men's Record by Two Hours | HISTORY

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American Gertrude Ederle slathered herself in grease, wore a controversial two-piece bathing suit and ate chicken legs along the way.

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Hang gliding is a recreational activity where a pilot launches an aircraft by foot or is towed in the air by a motorized ultralight airplane. Pilots leverage air and weather conditions to stay airborne for long periods of time.

The origins of hang gliding are hard to pin down exactly. In the 6th century AD in China, early concepts involved kites that people would pull to launch themselves in the air. The first working hang gliders we can identify were the prototypes produced by Otto Lilienthal and the Wright brothers.

Otto's prototypes worked but he died on one of his flights doing what he loved best - taking to the skies.

This was a very early period in aviation. The New York Times reported on this incredibly important event in a very lax manner. A stray paragraph said that a "box kite machine" was built by a couple of brothers and it didn't crash. As future events would dictate, the Wright brothers changed the course of human civilization forever.
Audience Question (A.Q.) - What altitudes did Lilienthal's flights reach?
Around the 50 ft. mark.

Hang gliding's biggest moments, the boom so to speak, happened in the late 60s and 70s in California. A lot of the early pioneers were concentrated in the area. They didn't quite know what they were doing, it wasn't clear what tools and techniques had to be applied. These folk were using a wide variety of materials like aluminum and wood for construction and a lot of different kinds of sails to fly.

Unfortunately there were a lot of deaths in this period. The sport was highly dangerous and the complete lack of knowledge about the dangers came with dire consequences. The modern iteration of the sport which is very safe owes an enormous debt to these early pioneers. Without that experimentation, we wouldn't know what works. Modern hang gliding technology is very safe in comparison.

The earliest hang gliders featured very rudimentary construction.

Modern hang gliders look highly sophisticated.

This is probably one of the best hang glider on the market today - the Ferrari of hang gliders so to speak - the absolute best in performance.
A.Q.: How much does it cost?
About $11,000.
Audience comment: That's amazing! In how many fields is the peak of performance 11,000?
Peter sort of stumbled onto hang gliding. During his childhood, in his native country of Slovakia, he was surrounded by aviation. He spent a lot of time building aircraft models from parts he could salvage. Close to his childhood residence was Slovakia's major hang gliding site. The place hosted hang gliding competitions and a lot of hours from his youth were spent looking at pilots soaring at great heights.

Peter moved to California with his wife Nataliia later. A couple of weeks before his birthday, the couple was relaxing in a park and Peter saw a bird flying. He thought out loud that he wanted to fly like that. Nataliia looked up hang gliding, discovered a local hang gliding school run by John Simpson - one of the few licensed tandem pilots in the Bay Area. Peter flew tandem with John Simpson and was hooked.

Tandem flights are a great introduction to hang gliding.

The tandem flight kickstarted Peter's amazing journey into hang gliding.
A.Q.: How much damage can the passenger do?
Quite a lot actually. There is a thorough debriefing session before the flight. Typically though, the passenger in a tandem flight is so overwhelmed by the sights and the experience that they are not too inclined to grab onto things.

The following video was shot by Peter using a GoPro on one of his flights there. The coastline, the lush greenery and being one with the elements is a tremendous experience.

This experience led to the first lesson. Like all skills, hang gliding is a gradual process where you start from small heights and progress onto tougher challenges. The first lesson involves attaching yourself in a harness to a glider and running down shallow slopes. The instructor gauges your progress and then introduces you to a variety of configurations to hone your skill.
A.Q.: How long does it take to fly solo?
Typically from 3 moths up to one year. You do fly solo a lot but to actually take off from a mountain solo, it takes about a year of lessons. During the training process you are always under supervision and an experienced instructor keeps an eye on you and takes care of you. It takes about a year to get a Hang 3 rating to be able to fly solo at most of the California flying sites
A.Q.: How many hours is one year of lessons?
Hang gliding ratings are handled by USHPA. To get the Hang 3 rating, you need 10 hours of solo airtime - not just 10 hours of lessons but 10 hours of being in the air, able to launch, in control of the aircraft and so on.
A.Q.: When you take off once, how long do you stay in the air?
When you start, it is from a small height and you can expect about 5 seconds of airtime. When the instructor feels you are ready for more, you go to a higher hill and can expect about 2-3 minutes. Proficient gliders have been airborne for 11 hours. In fact the world record in Hawaii was 36 hours! Hawaii is unique for this activity because of the consistent winds. FAA however has banned this and if any other person tries to break this record, it is illegal and you are breaking the law. Peter's friend took off on that world record with the record holder, landed and then boarded a flight later in the day out of Hawaii. He reported that from the plane he could still see the pilot flying.
Audience Comment: 36 hours is a day and a half. That is some insane airtime!

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The Magic Of Hang Gliding - Pitr Suchanek

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Hang gliding is a recreational activity where a pilot launches an aircraft by foot or is towed in the air by a motorized ultralight airplane. Pilots leverage air and weather conditions to stay airborne for long periods of time. The origins of hang gliding are hard to pin down exactly.

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5 Wildly Successful Entrepreneurs Reveal How Risk Taking Propelled Their Careers

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5 Wildly Successful Entrepreneurs Reveal How Risk Taking Propelled Their Careers

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By its very nature, embarking on a new business venture requires not only capital investment, but also passionate commitment to a vision. Whether spearheading an early-stage startup that's grappling for a foothold in a competitive market or capping off another $100 million revenue quarter, all entrepreneurs share one unifying quality: the willingness to take game-changing risks. Despite spanning industries from tech to fashion, these five business moguls have all demonstrated a fearless pursuit of excellence in the face of intimidating odds.

1. Arianna Huffington

As the founder of one of the first and most commercially successful online news publications, the Huffington Post, as well as the health and wellness project Thrive, Arianna Huffington has always been a self-starter. She studied economics at the University of Cambridge, and by 2005 had penned a number of successful books, starred in a TV show, and built a career as a successful journalist.

When she proposed launching a new media platform, she was discouraged by naysayers even within her own family, who warned her to be wary of failure. Instead, she put in the hard work to gain investor buy-in and build the first opinion-based online news outlet of its kind.

When it comes to risk-taking, she has encouraged entrepreneurs to move past their fear of failure, saying, "Failure is not the opposite of success -- it is the stepping stone to success. For anyone who is an entrepreneur, that is perhaps the most important lesson."

2. Mark Cuban

A graduate of Indiana University's Kelley School of Business, Mark Cuban is a businessman and serial entrepreneur. Before becoming the owner of the NBA's Dallas Mavericks and one of the faces of Shark Tank -- an ABC reality show offering budding entrepreneurs the chance to pitch to industry titans for major investment deals -- Cuban launched a number of technology companies. Today, he holds assets across the social software and distributed networking sectors and serves as the president and CEO of the television network AXS TV.

While Cuban acknowledges that risk-taking is a crucial component of launching a thriving business, his relationship with risk is an adversarial one: "I hate risk," he told CreativeLive. "I'm terrified of it." His key to success, then, is mitigating that risk with thorough preparation. He is committed to conducting comprehensive market research and staying on top of industry trends in order to avoid becoming one of the 50% of small businesses that fail within their first five years of operation. By learning everything he could about the industries in which he invested, he was able to take only the most calculated risks. "I was relentless about learning," Cuban has said.

3. Oprah Winfrey

Perhaps the most successful woman entrepreneur in the world, Oprah Winfrey has created a multimedia brand legacy and launched multiple philanthropic organizations during the course of her career. With her own television network and media empire, Winfrey's focus on literature, spirituality, and self-improvement has paved the way for a new era of confessional media. Today, she is the only African-American woman on Forbes' 2018 Billionaires list, with a net worth nearing $3 billion.

Winfrey has fought tooth and nail for every bit of her success. Following a turbulent and impoverished childhood in Mississippi and Wisconsin, Winfrey received a full scholarship to Tennessee State University, and eventually broke into the TV and radio journalism industry. It wasn't until the mid-80s that she decided to risk her financial security by signing a deal to host her own television program. The Oprah Winfrey Show went on to become the highest rated program of its kind in history.

Winfrey proves that measured risk-taking can yield great reward -- even if it takes a few tries: "Do the one thing you think you cannot do. Fail at it. Try again. Do better the second time. The only people who never tumble are those who never mount the high wire," she said.

4. Jeff Bezos

Unlike Winfrey, Jeff Bezos didn't have to take a risk -- the Princeton University graduate had secured a high-paying job on Wall Street as the senior vice president of hedge fund D.E. Shaw & Co. However, Bezos felt called to entrepreneurship. In 1994, he risked it all by sacrificing his job in finance to found Amazon, which began as an online bookstore run out of his garage. Today, he also heads the spaceflight company Blue Origin, and is the wealthiest man in the world, with a net worth over $160 billion.

"For me," Bezos has said, "I had to project myself forward to age 80. I don't want to be 80 years old, cataloging a bunch of major regrets of my life." By minimizing his 'what ifs,' Bezos' extraordinary story demonstrates how taking a leap of faith can lead to staggering successes.

The daughter of Chinese immigrants, Vera Wang attended the University of Paris and received a degree in art history from Sarah Lawrence College. She was hired as an editor for Vogue immediately out of college, becoming the publication's youngest editor. After 17 years with the magazine, Wang joined Ralph Lauren. It wasn't until she was 40 years old that she took her big risk: she sacrificed her financially stable career working for a top designer to launch her own label.

As a trailblazer, Wang offers encouragement to entrepreneurs who don't fit the stereotype of the young, tech world type. At the 2013 CFDA Fashion Awards, where she received a lifetime achievement award, she said, "I didn't come into this like all these teenagers who don't know better. I wasn't a 'young, new designer' -- but I was a new designer and had to go through those growing pains. The risks were apparent to me."

The risks were well worth it in the end: today, Wang is regarded as one of the most prestigious American fashion designers, having designed custom gowns for high-profile clientele including Michelle Obama, Alicia Keys, and Kim Kardashian.

How to Make Failures Work for You

These wildly successful entrepreneurs are living proof that success is not about being risk-aversive or about taking uncalculated risks. Success lies somewhere between the two. To future-proof your company from disruption, you're going to have to take some risks - and make some mistakes along the way. When you stumble, knowing how to make your failures work for you will get you out of the slump, even propel you to the next level of possibility and success.

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5 Wildly Successful Entrepreneurs Reveal How Risk Taking Propelled Their Careers

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By its very nature, embarking on a new business venture requires not only capital investment, but also passionate commitment to a vision. Whether spearheading an early-stage startup that's grappling for a foothold in a competitive market or capping off another $100 million revenue quarter, all entrepreneurs share one unifying quality: the willingness to take game-changing risks.

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The day I went off to college, a friend gave me this quote, which is questionably attributed to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Over the years, it has inspired me, and I have seen it posted on the walls and bulletin boards of many entrepreneurs and leaders.

Bold people stand out from the group. They are confident, courageous, and directed. I believe there is boldness in most people. Given the right set of circumstances, many will take action to better the world around them.

People who choose to be bold are inspiring not just because they get big things accomplished, but because they also instigate growth, progress, and movement for themselves and others around them. Sadly, far more people wait for someone who is bold to lead the way, hoping somehow luck will shine success upon them.

Perhaps it's time to unleash the bold leader in you. Try adding these seven actions to your daily repertoire, and see how much faster the magic of boldness takes you toward success.

7. They build momentum. Bold people recognize that a single victory is not enough to sustain leadership. They work to create a series of actions that help the team gather confidence, speed, and power. They have a sense of when to add energy to drive forward and when to let the momentum itself carry things forward efficiently. Want to be a bold leader? Craft your plan so that each action takes advantage of the success from the last. Take advantage of any win that gains attention, respect, and popularity. Activate your fans, cultivate relationships, build buzz. Don't coast!

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The opinions expressed here by Inc.com columnists are their own, not those of Inc.com.

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The day I went off to college, a friend gave me this quote, which is questionably attributed to Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Over the years, it has inspired me, and I have seen it posted on the walls and bulletin boards of many entrepreneurs and leaders. Bold people stand out from the group.