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Physical Challenges: Parkinson's Disease (LK)

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Physical Challenges: Parkinson's Disease (LK)

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Another sign of Parkinson's within Ali was a slowing of speech. 13 years into his career, he began to stutter and take longer to answer questions, another common symptom of the disease.

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Physical Challenges: Parkinson's Disease (LK)

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Physical Challenges: Parkinson's Disease (LK)

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Muhammad Ali's reflexes suffered as a result of the disease, resulting in a devastating and painful loss in the ring after Dr. John Mitchell concluded that he was in "excellent health." During the fight, he was not able to land more than nine punches and was critically injured. It was later revealed that he was unable to hop on one leg or touch his finger to his nose during his physical, and he was officially diagnosed with Parkinson's disease.

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Physical Challenges: Parkinson's Disease (LK)

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Physical Challenges: Parkinson's Disease (LK)

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By the time Ali had retired, he was significantly disadvantaged. His motor skills suffered and he was not able to speak coherently. He reported a tingling sensation in his hands, and his wife mentioned that he could only speak to people "with his eyes" because his speech was so greatly impaired.

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Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter in the brain as it allows for certain nerve cells to communicate with one another. Ali's deficiency in dopamine production due to his brain trauma was a catalyst for Parkinson's disease to arise. The lack of dopamine contributes to Ali's rigid movements and tremors.

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As dopamine levels decrease, the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease become more apparent. If the loss of the dopamine producing cells could be stopped, Parkinson's could possibly be cured. Since the basal ganglia is a key structure in the brain that is in control of body movements, the lack of dopamine would cause that area of the brain to not function properly thus causing the tremors and rigidness in Ali.

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Parkinson's disease affects nerve cells deep in deeper parts of the brain called the basal ganglia and the substantia nigra. Nerve cells in these areas produce dopamine which helps relay messages that plan body movement.

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https://www.cnn.com/2016/06/04/health/parkinsons-disease-explainer/index.html

https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-07-16-sp-4337-story.html

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/parkinsons-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20376055

https://people.com/sports/muhammad-ali-brain-damage-explored-new-book/

https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/muhammad-ali-s-slowing-speech-was-early-sign-of-brain-damage-x67m7ndmr

https://www.mayfieldclinic.com/PE-PD.htm

http://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/movement/2015/dopamine-and-movement

https://parkinsonsnewstoday.com/2017/01/09/dopamine-affect-parkinsons-disease/

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Due to Ali's prolonged blows to the head, he put himself on a fast track to Parkinson's Syndrome. Parkinson's disease is a progressive nervous system disorder that affects a person's movement. Some clear symptoms of the disease are tremors and stiffness/slowing of movement.

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Physical Challenges: Parkinson's Disease (LK)

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Physical Challenges: Parkinson's Disease (LK)

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In the early stages of this disease, Ali shook, shuffled as he walked, and tripped consistently. This was witnessed by millions of people when he carried the Olympic torch in 1996, where he slowly raised it over his head in an expressionless, robotic movement. The treatment, a synthetic form of dopamine, made his hands shake while he carried the torch.

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During Ali's 22 year boxing career in which he had a total of 61 official bouts, he suffered from repeated blows to the head during training and in actual fights. These repeated blows to the head have caused Ali to develop Parkinson's Syndrome and pugilistic brain syndrome better known as Boxer's Dementia.