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A fallacy is a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument. A logical fallacy is just an assumption based on faulty logic. In discussion 7, we were asked to write our own fallacy. I have attached my response below. In the fallacy I had written, there was no actual evidence to prove my argument. I used the bandwagon fallacy (when you try to convince people that something is true because it is widely held to be true). I tried to prove to the class, that Starbucks was superior to any other coffee shop. Starbucks is highly common in California, but it is not THE best. I also tried to used circular reasoning. My argument was invalid, because there were no evidence or facts, and could not be proven true. It was simply a strong opinion. There are many types of fallacies. Some include: Begging the question (assumes that a statement is self-evident), Circular reasoning (restating a statement in different terms), Ad Hominem (attacking a character or motives of a person instead of focusing on the real issue), etc.

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Visual arguments use images to engage viewers and persuade them to accept a particular idea or point of view. For example, in class we were asked to create our own slideshow, analyzing visual arguments. Below I have posted a photo. This particular photo shows that we are so used to eating fast food, and that the child clearly doesn't know what fruits or vegetables are. In America, we rely one fast foods and cause bad eating habits for our children and family. According to AMA public health, "The nation’s obesity rate is approaching 40 percent after holding around 34–35 percent between 2005 and 2012, according to data in The State of Obesity: Better Policies for a Healthier America 2018." When analyzing a visual argument, some questions we should consider are: What issue is the visual addressing, What position does it take on the issue, Is the visual a refutation, Is it effective, creative, attractive, interesting, clear, and convincing? We have to critically respond to the visual by analyzing its tests, and hidden symbols. When analyzing a visual argument, you rely on your highlights and annotations of the visual. You also have to think about what source you got this from, and who the audience might be. Those are key factors in analyzing a visual argument.

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A rhetorical analysis is systematically examining the strategies a writer employs to achieve his or her purpose. (pg. 100) On this page in the textbook, they've given us MLK's "Letter from Birmingham Jail" as an example. MLK was an individual who believed in non-violent protests. In his letter, he doesn't side with the clergymen, but he agrees that he can see both points of view, and explains why his argument is valid. He doesn't attack, or try to argue with his opponents. He simply uses facts, biblical statements, and political references to show that he is aware of the things that are going on in Southern America. When looking at a rhetorical analysis, we need to analyze the write, the rhetorical situation, the audience, the purpose, and the context. There are many methods or ways to write a rhetorical analysis. Some may include, metaphors, persuasion, allusions, similes, repetition, or rhetorical questions. The most important thing about a rhetorical analysis is to choose a style to persuade your audience. Use evidence, to effectively get them to understand your point of view.

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Laurie G. Kirszner, and Stephen R. Mandell, editors. Practical Argument Bedford/St. Martins, 2017

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A toulmin argument has three parts- the claim, the grounds, and the warrant. The claim is the main point of the essay, the grounds are the evidence or support, and the warrant is the inference (stated or implied) that connects the claim to the grounds. Toulmin models focus on realistic and convincing points that are backed up with claims, and address their opponent in a down to earth way. They don't attack their opponents. On page 202 of the textbook, we are given an example of the Toulmin paragraph
-INTRODUCTION:
introduces the problem
states the claim and possibly the qualifier
BODY:
possibly states the warrant
presents the backing that supports the warrant
presents the grounds that support the claim
states the qualifiers
CONCLUSION:
brings the argument to a close.
strong concluding statement reinforces the claim.  In addition, the qualifiers let the audience know that the author's claim is not true in all situations. they help the audience understand the author does not expect her or his opinion to be true all of the time or for her or his ideas to work all of the time. Lastly, the rebuttal is when the author addresses opposing views.

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Laurie G. Kirszner, and Stephen R. Mandell, editors. Practical Argument Bedford/St. Martins, 2017

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Laurie G. Kirszner, and Stephen R. Mandell, editors. Practical Argument Bedford/St. Martins, 2017

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5. My favorite thing about this class :)

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5. My favorite thing about this class :)

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I never knew there were so many types of arguments, and I am so glad that I was able to learn something new. Not only did taking this class expand my knowledge, but it actually helped me with my English writing as well! I saw an increase in my grade when I started applying rhetorical and Toulmin methods to my essays. This class was even more fun, because we got to work in groups and meet new people! It broke me out of my shell, and I absolutely loved the comforting environment. Especially when it can be so nerve-racking with public speaking!