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Still did not allow woman of any race to vote, not even white woman.

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To end. EX: To end slavery.

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The freeing of all slaves.

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Signed by Texas in order to rejoin the union and get rid of slavery. Gave more money to school.

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Southern person working with the carpetbaggers, traitors.

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A northern person who goes to the south to make sure they are following the RR rules.

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A group of whites dedicated to harming African Americans. This was allowed with Black Codes still in play.

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The south was split into 5 military controlled districts.

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RRs in congress who vetoed laws they didn't  like, and approved laws that made slaves free.

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To leave a group or country that you were a part of.

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The bringing back and restoring of the Confederate states into the Union.

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To be freed from a punishment or a crime.

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Took over after Lincoln, forced all states to approve the 13th amendment
.

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Radical Republicans, wanted slaves to be completely free. Most of the legislation was RRs, therefore only laws that supported their beliefs were passed.

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Lincoln tried presidential reconstruction, as did Andrew Johnson. This was quick, easy but did not allow slaves to be completely free. RR's took over, making reconstruction slow, hard but there were no more Black Codes.

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Interesting resource on slave craftsmanship and trade. See links at the bottom for more.

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Test your knowledge with a quiz

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Key points

The history of sugar stretches from India and the Middle East, where it was first grown, to the New World, where it was cultivated by Christopher Columbus and other Europeans. Until the 16th century, when Europe began importing sugar from the Americas, sugar was reserved for the elite in Europe, because it was both rare and expensive.

A global trade developed around sugar in the 15th and 16th centuries, bolstered by the growing popularity of tea, coffee, chocolate, and punch in Europe. Its expanded production in the New World depended on the labor of enslaved people, many abducted in Africa, to harvest and process sugar cane. Molasses, a byproduct of sugar production, was an important commodity in the triangle trade.

When tea imported from China became popular in Europe and the Americas in the 1600s, many of the objects associated with the tea service were inspired by objects also imported from China (in this case, the silver sugar bowl is formed in the shape of a Chinese rice bowl). The sugar itself was part of trade exchanges between Africa, the Americas (and the West Indies), and Europe.

Both the form and the function of this bowl reflect the elite status of its owner. The use of silver for this bowl reflects the expensive nature of sugar, even in the 18th century; its delicate design suggests that it was the work of a master silversmith.

Go deeper
See this object on view at The Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art Use primary sources to learn about the slave trade Read about the slave trade and African society Learn more about slavery and the sugar industry Read about the popularity of tea, coffee, and chocolate in the colonial United States Learn more about silversmithing in the colonial period Learn about the use of silver in the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries Watch a video about the making of a Roman silver cup
More to think about

This sugar bowl was handmade. In the 21st century, most of the objects in our world are mass produced. Do we look at handmade objects differently now than we did in the preindustrial era?

Smarthistory images for teaching and learning:
More Smarthistory images...

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Brandy Culp, Wadsworth Atheneum Museum of Art

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The triangle trade and the colonial table, sugar, tea, and slavery

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A good MIA resource, delving into slavery. See links at bottom for the most information.

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Test your knowledge with a quiz

Howard Desk

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Key points

Cotton was grown in the South, but often shipped to manufacturing plants in the northern states, making it an important crop for the American economy broadly. While this desk illustrates the tools that would have been familiar to its creator William Howard (a freed slave and laborer on Kirkwood Plantation), its refined decoration also demonstrates a range of influences and interactions that extended far beyond a southern plantation.

Cotton was labor-intensive and the financial success of plantations such as Kirkwood was dependent on slave labor. Following the Civil War and abolition of slavery, some southern states passed highly discriminatory and restrictive laws known as Black Codes; these laws enabled the exploitative practice of sharecropping, which kept African Americans indebted and reliant on landowners in the South.

Go deeper
See this object in the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art (Mia) See a similar desk attributed to William Howard at the Wadsworth Atheneum Read about the Black Codes in the Reconstruction era Learn more about sharecropping in the South Find out what life was like for African Americans in the years following the Civil War Use primary sources to learn about slavery and the economic role of cotton in the U.S.
More to think about

In this video, the speakers use the term "enslaved people" instead of the commonly used term "slaves." Why do you think the speakers made this choice, and do you think such subtle shifts in language can be important?

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Dr. Alex Bortolot, Minneapolis Institute of Art

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Howard Desk Please wait while the activity loads. If this activity does not load, try refreshing your browser. Also, this page requires javascript. Please visit using a browser with javascript enabled. If loading fails, click here to try again Congratulations - you have completed Howard Desk. You scored %%SCORE%% out of %%TOTAL%%.

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Most Indians attacked the soldiers first or after the soldiers attacked them. They attacked settlements of Anglo people to scare them off of their (the Indian's) rightful land. Some Indians moved to reservations due to lack of resources in cold weather. Some fought until they could not anymore, even died.

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Have more land more development, settlers, buildings, farms, and railroads.

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More Anglo settlers
More railroad development
More cities and farms
No more Natives attacking Anglo settlers

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Given their name because Indians respected them. Freed slave soldiers who took this job after white soldiers refused. Known as brave and great fighters.

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Hunted to near extinction, 50 million to 500, all for sport. Government allowed it because it forced the Indians onto reservations by weakening them.

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The son of a white woman (kidnapped during a raid at a young age, raised to be an Indian. Married the tribe's chief) and an Indian chief. he was the last Comanche chief. Fought the U.S army, did not want his tribe to stay on reservations. A medicine man told him that he would be protected by bullets, he was shot but did not die and lived a long life afterwards.

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Peaceful, religious people put in charge of tending to reservations after the old caretakers stole resources often.

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Land set aside for Indians, felt as if they were in prison as they were confined to the reservations. Many traditions were lost as reservations were too confined for them. Extra: Indians had to rely on farming more now, which was a hard transition. Most were starving. They also had to learn how to raise livestock. Indians had to live in close quarters, spreading disease originated by white settlers. They were forced to learn English, which got rid of their culture more. They were also encouraged to become Christians.

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Plains Indians relied on the buffalo for all of their resources accept for water. They were nomadic to follow the buffalo.

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RR's wrote about freedom to slaves and more funding towards schooling.

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Day all TX slaves were free. 2.5 years after Emancipation Proclamation.

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Made all slaves from the south free, took a while for this to happen.

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Remember: Free citizens voting.

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All men slaves could vote. Usually had to go through impossible tasks (for them) to get to vote though.

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Slaves have rights, citizenship, freedom, ability to own property, etc.

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All slaves are now freed.

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Southern people working with the RR, helped the carpetbaggers. Traitors to the south.

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People from the north, going to the south to make sure states followed the RR's rules.

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Former slaves got a plot of land, had to share half of what they grew with the land owner. Slaves had nowhere to go, instead staying on their former owners land. This was their payment for living there.

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After the Civil War, former slaves sought jobs, and planters sought laborers. The absence of cash or an independent credit system led to the creation of sharecropping.

Sharecropping is a system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop. This encouraged tenants to work to produce the biggest harvest that they could, and ensured they would remain tied to the land and unlikely to leave for other opportunities. In the South, after the Civil War, many black families rented land from white owners and raised cash crops such as cotton, tobacco, and rice. In many cases, the landlords or nearby merchants would lease equipment to the renters, and offer seed, fertilizer, food, and other items on credit until the harvest season. At that time, the tenant and landlord or merchant would settle up, figuring out who owed whom and how much

High interest rates, unpredictable harvests, and unscrupulous landlords and merchants often kept tenant farm families severely indebted, requiring the debt to be carried over until the next year or the next. Laws favoring landowners made it difficult or even illegal for sharecroppers to sell their crops to others besides their landlord, or prevented sharecroppers from moving if they were indebted to their landlord.

Approximately two-thirds of all sharecroppers were white, and one third were black. Though both groups were at the bottom of the social ladder, sharecroppers began to organize for better working rights, and the integrated Southern Tenant Farmers Union began to gain power in the 1930s. The Great Depression, mechanization, and other factors lead sharecropping to fade away in the 1940s.

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Sharecropping | Themes | Slavery by Another Name | PBS

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After the Civil War, former slaves sought jobs, and planters sought laborers. The absence of cash or an independent credit system led to the creation of sharecropping. Sharecropping is a system where the landlord/planter allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for a share of the crop.

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The presidential side would allow Black Codes. The congressional, run by RR's said no to Black Codes. Black Codes limited the little rights former slaves had. Former slaves can't be on jury, vote, have certain jobs, etc. This allowed groups like the KKK to form.

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Cotton is a cash crop, grown in the South and shipped to the North for manufacturing. The cotton gin was important to the south's economy.

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Month after war was over, Confederates still wanted to fight. Won this battle but lost the war.

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Union wants to capture Sabine Pass to invade TX. The Union had troops and gunboats, though the Confederates kept Sabine Pass.

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1862, Union takes over city from harbors. Retook in 1863

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Gov of TX 1861-3. Enforced conscription law.

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Commanded gunboat in Bayou City. Tom Green County named after him.

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Hood's Brigade. Leading infantry units for Confederacy. Fort Hood named after him.

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Commanded Confederates in TX, led battle as Galveston

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Confederate postmaster

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U.S troops in Fort Sumter refused to give their fort to the Confederates. 1861, U.S soldiers attack Union soldiers at Fort Sumter. The Civil War starts.

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When the Confederacy forced, they began taking over forts, naval yards and arsenals of the U.S military that were inside of Confederacy boundaries.

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North:
Population of 22,339, 980
2,118 factories
2,989 miles of rails
106 million acres of farmland (in use)
South:
Population of 9,103,332
100 factories
800 miles of rails
57 million acres of farmland (in use)