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a category of artistic composition, as in music or literature, characterized by similarities in form, style, or subject matter.

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The standard photographic film format for analog single lens reflex (SLR) still cameras and motion picture cameras. Dating back to the first quarter of the 20th century, the 35mm format has mostly given way to digital still and video technologies.

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a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lens that takes the picture), while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level.

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a camera which records images in a format larger than 4 x 5 inches. The main advantage of large format cameras is their incredible image resolution. A 4 X 5 inch image has roughly 16 times the image area of that produced by a 35mm camera and therefore 16 times the total image resolution.

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The gelatin silver process is the photographic process used with  black-and-white films and printing papers. A suspension of silver salts in gelatin is coated onto a support such as glass, flexible plastic or film, baryta paper, or resin-coated paper.

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a keeper or custodian of a museum or other collection

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a public display of works of art or items of interest, held in an art gallery or museum or at a trade fair.

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surround so as to create a sharp or attractive image.

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a room or building for the display or sale of works of art.

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the exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize others to do the same.

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A long narrow mark or band, a point moving through space

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Seen by the way light reflects off a surface

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Two dimensional flat enclosed areas

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The lightness or darkness of a color

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3 Dimensional, gives the illusion of taking up space

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Actual surface feel or the simulated appearance

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Used to create the illusion of depth

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A distribution of visual weight

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Pulls your eyes around or shows action

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Joining parts together to make an image that feels whole

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Shows the size of things in relation to others

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Creates a center of attention or focal point

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Using shapes, lines, colors

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Showing different types

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symmetry around a central axis, as in a starfish or a tulip flower.

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made up of exactly similar parts facing each other or around an axis; showing symmetry.

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having parts which fail to correspond to one another in shape, size, or arrangement; lacking symmetry.

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the fact of two things being seen or placed close together with contrasting effect.

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containing or using only one color.

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depicting a visual image that does not have an immediate association with the object world and that has been created through the use of photographic equipment, processes or materials.

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The phrase warm color is used to describe any colorthat is vivid or bold in nature. Warm colors are those that tend to advance in space and can be overwhelming. Examples of warm colors include red, yellow and orange

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The phrase cool color is used to describe any colorthat is calm or soothing in nature. Cool colors are not overpowering and tend to recede in space. For this reason, cool colors typically make a space seem larger.

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Complementary colors are ones which are opposite on the color wheel. They appear often in nature and are called complementary because they do just that, complement one another. They work well and make strong compositions.

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Neutral colors are hues lacking bold color pigment. Flesh tones, greys, black and white are all considered neutrals.

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The rule of thirds is applied by aligning a subject with the guide lines and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the top or bottom line, or allowing linear features in the image to flow from section to section.

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The Golden Ratio helps us create compositions that appear natural, organic and pleasing to the eye.

When we look at a photograph that’s based on the Golden Ratio, it naturally draws our eye to the point of interest.

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The viewer's eyes are naturally drawn along vertical lines, parallel lines, diagonal lines and even strong horizontal lines. Some of the main subjects in images, such as these, are paths, rails, buildings and streets.

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Positive space refers to the objects in the frame

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Negative space is the space between and around the objects in the frame.

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an impersonal image not influenced by feelings, interpretations or prejudice. To create an unbiased photographic image

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Subjective photography emphasizes consideration of the photo that goes beyond the actual subject, inviting the viewer to interpret and reflect on the visual experience it produces.

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the process of offering valid and well-reasoned opinions about the work of others, usually involving both positive and negative comments, in a friendly manner rather than an oppositional one.

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the practice of taking someone else's work or ideas and passing them off as one's own.

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a symbol, word, or words legally registered or established by use as representing a company or product.

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. Ethics is about the moral principles that people work with. ... 'Correctness' or acceptable conduct is one of the outcomes of ethics. Photographers have developed their own ideas about what is right and wrong.

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Backlighting refers to the main source of light behind the photography subject. In other words, the main light (or one of the main lights) is positioned in such a way that it faces the camera.

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Diffusing light means to soften it by reducing glare and harsh shadows. In diffused lighting, subjects will appear to have shadows with very soft edges or no edges at all. Diffused lightcan bring out the best in your photography subjects by minimizing blemishes and wrinkles.

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Ambient light means the light that is already present in a scene, before any additionallighting is added. It usually refers to natural light, either outdoors or coming through windows etc. It can also mean artificial lights such as normal room lights.

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strong and bold contrasts between light and dark areas in a photograph

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A silhouette is defined as a view of an object or a scene consisting of the outline and a featureless interior, with the silhouetted object usually being black.

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a pair of paintings hinged together. Pairs of closely associated portraits, images or themed pictures are often used to off-set one another

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The photographs are usually arranged with a plain border between them. The work may consist of separate images that are variants on a theme, or may be one larger image split into three.

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Every photograph, in digital form, is made up of pixels. They are the smallest unit of information that makes up a picture. Usually round or square, they are typically arranged in a 2-dimensional grid

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During twilight is blue hour, just before sunrise or after sunset, when indirect sunlight is evenly diffused.

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In photography, the golden hour is the period of daytime shortly after sunrise or before sunset, during which daylight is redder and softer than when the Sun is higher in the sky.

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Raw files are compressed using a process that retains all of the information originally captured. This means that adjustments such as white balance, exposure, contrast, saturation, sharpness can all be altered in an image editing software, after the image has been taken.

A file with the CR2 file extension is a Canon Raw Version 2 image file created by a Canon digital camera. CR2 files are based on the TIFF file specification, so they're usually high quality, uncompressed, and large.

NEF (Nikon Electronic Format) NEF is the is Nikon's RAW data from the camera. RAW files are like electronic negatives that need to be processed in computer software to have white balance, sharpness, etc. (things usually assigned by the in-camera firmware to a JPG or TIF.)

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This file type is what Adobe Photoshop uses as a default to save data. The big advantage of PSD files are that it allows for manipulation on specific individual layers, rather than on the main image itself. This makes it absolutely essential for any sort of extensive manipulation of the original photograph – such as retouching. This gives far greater flexibility and the ability to fine tune an image as layers can be added, removed or edited at any time without any effect on the original photo (as long as all editing has been done on layers) or other layers.

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This is probably the best known of all image file formats, and what the majority of digital cameras provide as a digital output from a camera. The thing that you should remember is that JPEG files are compressed quickly in the camera, and thus result in a loss of detail and quality.

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TIFF stands for "Tagged Image File Format" and is a standard in the printing and publishing industry. TIFF files are significantly larger than their JPEG counterparts, and can be either uncompressed or compressed using lossless compression.

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Automatic mode is a mode in a digital camera where the camera's software fully controls all aspects of the photograph, from the shutter speed to the aperture setting to the focus.

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Manual mode on a camera allows the photographer to determine the exposure of an image by letting them select an aperture value and a shutter speed value.  This give you ultimate control over the look of the photo, but you must have a deep understanding of exposure, and how shutter speed and aperture affect it.

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Aperture Priority:
a setting on some cameras that allows the user to set a specific aperture value (f-number) while the camera selects a shutter speed to match it that will result in proper exposure based on the lighting conditions as measured by the camera's light meter.

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TV: Shutter Priority

When your camera mode dial is set on AV, your camera is in Shutter Priority Mode. In TV, the user manually chooses a shutter speed setting while the camera automatically adjusts the aperture for each shot.

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P mode is the ability to control other parameters beyond aperture (Av) and shutter speed (Tv) when in Program mode. Things such as ISO, metering mode, exposure compensation, focus mode, etc. are not user selectable in Auto mode as the camera selects them for you.

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ISO, which stands for International Standards Organization, is the light sensitivity rating of a digital image sensor. ... As you increase the ISO, the sensor becomes more sensitive to light, which allows it to capture more light without slowing down the shutter speed or opening up your aperture.

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Image noise is random variation of brightness or color information in images, and is usually an aspect of electronic noise. It can be produced by the sensor and circuitry of a scanner or digital camera. ... Image noise is an undesirable by-product of image capture that obscures the desired information.

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In photography, ASA and ISO are both measurements of film speed, or sensitivity to light. ASA is a scale created by the American Standards Association, but it is no longer widely used. Now, most film is labeled by ISO, which was created in 1987 by the International Organization for Standardization.

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Film grain or granularity is the random optical texture of processed photographic film due to the presence of small particles of a metallic silver, or dye clouds, developed from silver halide that have received enough photons. ... It can be objectionably noticeable in an over-enlarged photographic film photograph.

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An image sensor is an electronic device that converts an optical image into an electronic signal. It is used in digital cameras and imaging devices to convert the light received on the camera or imaging device lens into a digital image.

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Digital Single Lens Relex
A digital still image camera that uses a single lens reflex (SLR) mechanism. Most professional cameras were analog single lens reflex until digital SLRs emerged in the early 1990s.

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A thumbnail image is a small image that represents a larger one. Thumbnails are often used to provide snapshots of several images in a single space.

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SOOC is an abbreviation of the photography term “Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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Vibration Reduction (VR) is an image stabilization technology that minimizes blur caused by camera shake. ... Nikon VR originates in the lens, not in the image sensor, which means that algorithms optimized to an individual lens are applied.

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Autofocus points are what the camera uses to focus on a subject. You'll probably first notice them when you press the shutter halfway. Many cameras will emit a beep and some of the AF points will light up—often in a red or green color—in the viewfinder or on the display screen.

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bracketing is the general technique of taking several shots of the same subject using different camera settings. ... Autobracketing is a feature of many modern cameras. When set, it will automatically take several bracketed shots, rather than the photographer altering the settings by hand between each shot.

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Normally, the vertical bar under the scale, known as the exposure level indicator, predicts a photo's exposure, relative to the standard exposure, taken with the current meter reading and using the currentexposure settings. In autoexposure modes, theexposure level indicator stays pegged in the middle.

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Exposure compensation is used to alter exposure from the value selected by the camera, making photographs brighter or darker. In modes P, S, and A, the camera automatically adjusts settings for optimal exposure, but this may not always produce the exposure the photographer intended.

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Burst mode, also called continuous shooting mode, sports mode or continuous high speed mode, is a shooting mode in still cameras. In burst mode, several photographs are captured in quick succession by either pressing the shutter button or holding it down.

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the ratio of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil

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aperture is the unit of measurement that defines the size of the opening in the lens that can be adjusted to control the amount of light reaching the film or digital sensor. The size of the aperture is measured in F-stop

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bokeh is the aesthetic quality of the blur produced in the out-of-focus parts of an image produced by a lens. Bokeh has been defined as "the way the lens renders out-of-focus points of light".

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Depth of field is the distance between the closest and farthest objects in a photo that appears acceptably sharp

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shutter speed or exposure time is the length of time when the film or digital sensor inside the camera is exposed to light, also when a camera's shutter is open when taking a photograph.

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Bulb Mode is an exposure setting that is used when seeking to use a shutter speed of more than 30 seconds. Generally, this would be used in extremely low light situations, such as taking photos of the night sky.

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Motion blur is the apparent streaking of moving objects in a photograph or a sequence of frames, such as a film or animation. It results when the image being recorded changes during the recording of a single exposure, due to rapid movement or long exposure.

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Camera shake is a term used to define the act of accidentally shaking a cameraduring shooting due to unsteady hands, which results in blurry images. This generally occurs more often if you're shooting on a low shutter speed or with a heavy lens, and can be avoided by using a tripod and cable release setup.

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Just as the TRI in tripod means three, the MONO inmonopod means – you guessed it – one! They are simply a single leg support on which you can mount your camera and/or lens. ... Monopods are perfect for taking the weight of a heavy lens/camera combination to stop aches and pains from a long day of shooting.

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Auto – The Auto setting helps in adjusting the white balance automatically according to the different lighting conditions, but you can try other modes to get better results.

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Daylight – This mode is for the normal daylight setting while shooting outdoors. Many cameras do not have the Daylight mode.

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Cloudy – This mode is ideal for while shooting on a cloudy day. This is because it warms up the subject and surroundings and allows you to capture better shots.

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Shade – A shaded location generally produces cooler or bluer pictures, hence you need to warm up the surroundings while shooting shaded objects.

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Tungsten light refers to an artificial lighting source (like a lamp or ceiling fixture) that emits heat and produce a “warmer” or reddish colour.

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Fluorescent – This mode is used for getting brighter and warmer shots while compensating for the cool shade of fluorescent light.

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Flash – The flash mode is required when there is inadequate lighting available. This mode helps pick the right White Balance under low light conditions.

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Setting up custom white balance involves taking a photo of somethingwhite or mid-grey in the same light where you will be shooting your subject. You then select the camera's custom white balance mode and set it to use the photo of the white or mid-grey thing as reference.

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When talking about photography the term 'shadow' is used to describe the darkest parts of an image. ... Manipulation of the lighting and exposure of shadow within an image can be used to add or remove darkness from a scene, dramatically altering the overall feel and depth of a photograph.

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That range of tones which lie between highlights with detail and shadows with detail. * Usually represents the portion of tone reproduction in which gradations change in proportion to change in brightness.