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Abe Smith is traumatized from his accident which resulted in a loss of limb and altered brain function

Smith is also suffering from chronic pain which can be attributed to phantom-limb and his increased stress levels that enhance this.

His altered brain function presents itself in his difficulty remembering things and learning new material. This is explained through neuroplasticity and enhancing his sensory memory.

Despite these deficits, he still attempts to nurture his relationship with his wife, have a better work ethic, and attend online college, which proves that he is capable of goal-setting and perseverance.

He also has healthy support system which includes his wife, therapist, coworkers, and boss; which can serve as a motivational model.

Beneficial treatment would firstly treat his mental health to better assess his pain management (Shahar et al., 2018). Mental health treatment could include dishabituation, goal setting, and self soothing.

Mental health treatment would seek to aid Smith's realistic thinking if he perceives he is being treated and gain self-acceptance.

It is assumed that once he achieves self-acceptance with himself post-accident that he will not have as much difficulty with his afflictions in his day-to-day life and may become less anxious and on edge.

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Demonstrated frustration towards his superiors, which leads to a state of "learned helplessness". Also shows signs of prejudice, a form of scapegoating, by accusing others of treating him differently because of his injury (Coon et al., 2019).

This frustration could lead to aggression according to the frustration- aggression hypothesis. His daily frustrations may lead him to snap at his wife or to feel on edge more often (Coon et al., 2019).

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Abe Smith benefitted from empathy-helping relationship from his superiors who helped Abe by setting attendance goals for him.

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Having a positive group structure and knowing ones place in it can be beneficial to one's emotional and mental growth. Group cohesiveness is how close a group dynamic is and their desire to stick together(Coon et al., 2019).

Initially, Abe's time back at work was frustrating for him  he showed up to late to work, forgot things, and got confused with certain situations.

Because these are coworkers, they represent his in-group. Cohesiveness within this group will help Abe. His social status has changed and they are now aware of his struggles.

Making an effort to integrate him back into work life would benefit him socially and emotionally alongside his physical therapy.

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Goal-setting is a motivational technique to produce a recognized behavioral modification and has been shown to improve medical conditions (Dekker et al., 2020).This is translated into a "global meaning" which identifies how a goal is formulated, set, and meaningful to the patient. This technique can be seen as controversial, as the meaningful aspect is purely subjective (Dekker et al., 2020).

The attendance goals set by Abe's manager acts as an incentive and extrinsic motivation.

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Carl Roger's self theory explains Abe's feelings of being treated differently through awareness experiences. These experiences match self- image and then gradually change our own personality (Coon et al., 2019).

The image that Abe creates of his relationship to others represents his gap between true-self and reality. “Those with a poor match tend to be depressed, anxious, and insecure" (Coon et al., 2019).

For Abe to help improve his situation he has to first improve himself. Identifying his personality traits, evaluating his self-concept, and actively switching them out to match the person he wants to become after therapy (Coon et al., 2019).

According to Freud, part of the superego is the ego ideal; Which reflects all behavior that one’s parents approved or rewarded, it becomes an "internalized parent”. Abe's mother could have caused him to have a weak superego (Coon et al., 2019).

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Maslow's hierarchy of needs us the basic needs required for a person to grow and develop.  It says in his case study that Abe Smith has always been a healthy man and loved his wife,  so he was probably comfortable within his basic needs (Coon et al., 2019).

It was after the accident that he gained 20 lbs, and quickly took on additional stressors. These could greatly affect his three upper basic needs (Coon et al., 2019).

Safety and Security: experiencing a sudden traumatic even in his middle adulthood (Coon et al., 2019).

Love and belonging: his relationship with his wife and others around him, including his boss (Coon et al., 2019).

Esteem and Self-Esteem: also affected by how others see and treat him, and loosing his leg (Coon et al., 2019).

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Abe is 47 years old which means that he is now in Erikson's Psychosocial development Stage 7: Middle Adulthood. Here, Erikson states that adults are interested in guiding the next generation in the face of generativity (Coon et al., 2019).

Erikson also states that generativity can be achieved through guiding children, creative work, and broadening concerns for society and welfare of others (Coon et al., 2019).

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His mother's mention of his inadequacies took place during sensitive periods of his life, when children are more susceptible to environmental influences (Coon et al., 2019). This has altered his perception of self in his adult life.

His mother may have a more authoritarian parenting style, which is reflected in her harsh comments to Abe.

Abe's experiencing a plethora of stressors from his loss of a limb to remedying his relationship with his wife. His reaction to this stress can be frustration-- such as his reactions to violent films and displaced aggression towards his wife (Coon et al., 2019).

His stress can be treated by continuing therapy for his mental health, finding activities that he enjoys, and gathering a support system (Coon et al., 2019).

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Abe Smith is a 47-year-old man who has a wife and two college-aged children.

He has lost his leg from being involved with a texting and driving accident.

His chronic pain is causing major issues in his life such as, sleeping issues, irritability, and lashing out at his wife.

Abe cannot listen to the song,--or similar sounding songs-- that were playing during the accident.

Does not remember most of the accident at all.

Often arrives late to work, but his boss is incentivizing pizza for improved performance. Also works better in groups.

Experiencing confusion at work when learning the new filing system.

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Due to his pain and stress levels, he may benefit from a counter irritation method (Coon et al., 2019).

By distracting himself from pain he's experiencing with work and family time, Abe can condition himself to anticipate the pain and avoid it.

Phantom limb pain is the phenomena of experiencing pain in a limb that is not present. Can be explained through neuromatrix, which is the model of the body that the brain creates (Coon et al., 2019).

In research conducted by Shahar, he noted a direct relationship between mental health and pain. They found that severe mental health conditions yielded higher pain responses and that chronic pain can take a toll on mental health (Shahar et al., 2018).

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Neuroplasticity is the nervous system's ability to alter itself in accordance to experiences. (Coon et al., 2019). His neurons have paved pathways that made him used to the old system, so now he has to retrain himself.

A functional MRI could be helpful in identifying areas of trauma located in Abe's brain. Which could explain his personality change of anxiousness and quick spurts of anger.

His therapist, Karen Taylor, could perform tests during this scan to identify what most affects him to create an effective treatment plan. Which in turn can help decrease his pain levels, according to Shahar's research of treating mental health in chronic pain patients (Shahar et al., 2018).

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Abe Smith exhibits procedural memory problem (LTM)  when he forgets the filing system.

He has trouble remembering information for more than a few seconds, which could be related to problem with sensory memory.

He recalls how to drive a car, but cannot remember the accident itself, except for the song playing when the accident happened. This is an example of having problem with episodic memory (Coon et al., 2019).

Shaping allows the desired response to change. In accordance to Abe's progress, long lasting habits do not start right away; because he was in such a traumatic accident, the progress needs to be steady.

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Coon, D., Mitterer, J.O., & Martini, T.S. (2019). Introduction to psychology: Gateways to mind and behavior. (15th Ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage Learning.

Dekker, J., de Groot, V., ter Steeg, A. M., Vloothuis, J., Holla, J., Collette, E., … Littooij, E. (2020). Setting meaningful goals in rehabilitation: rationale and practical tool. Clinical Rehabilitation, 34(1), 3–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215519876299

Shahar, G., Lerman, S.F., Topaz, M., Brill, S., Shalev, H., & Rudich, Z. (2018). Depressive

personality vulnerability in chronic physical pain: Centrality of sociotropy. Journal of Personality, 86(6), p907-918. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12365.

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Abe Smith has a conditioned emotional response towards hearing the song played during the car accident, which is expressed as increased heart rate.(Coon et al.,2019).

To weaken his conditioned response, Abe would benefit from systematic desensitization, which would involve exposing him to the song to demonstrate that there is no danger.

His boss practices positive reinforcement by rewarding punctuality with lunch for him and his coworkers.

Abe's therapist can help him by setting meaningful goals. Research has shown that goal setting can be utilized as a tool to enhance a primary outcome, such as easing anxiety from his car accident (Dekker et al., 2020).