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The Ibans are a branch of the Dayak peoples of Borneo. The original ancestors of Iban people is originated from Yunnan province China where they migrated to Taiwan and to The Philippines and to Indonesia . In Malaysia, most Ibans are located in Sarawak and a small portion in Sabah.

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Minagkabau/ Minang are mostly located and a major ethnic group in West Sumatra and Negeri Sembilan. It is also a minor ethnic group in few parts of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. Minang people were originally from the Minangkabau Highlands of West Sumatra Indonesia.

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The Bugis people are acclaimed sea traders and legendary warriors from Indonesia. They first came to Malaysia in the 16th century and settled in various parts of Malaysia in the states of Johor, Selangor, and Pulau Pinang.

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For Bugis community, the wedding preparations are divided into 3 stages.

1. Pre-wedding
2. Wedding Ceremony
3. Post-wedding

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In this stage there are few steps need to be done.

1. Picking up the groom (manmanu'manu)
2. Proposal (madduta or masura)
3. Family bonding (mappaisseng)
4. Groom and bride grooming (mappasau botting)
5. Khatam Quran and berzanji (mappanne temme)
6. Self-purifying (mapacci)

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Their wedding ceremony starts by sending the bride and groom (mapppenre botting). They be welcome by the people, this is called (madduppa botting).

It will then followed by "akad nikah" and mappasikarawa which is the first touching session between the bride and groom. Lastly, they will be advice giving, reply visit and dining (marola).

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According to the survey done by Zurina Abdullah and Muhammad Abdul Jalal Abdullah in their research paper title "Amalan Adat Perkahwinan Dalam Masyarakat Bugis: Kajian Kes Di Kampung Permatang Duku, Pontian, Johor"

There are two things need to be done which are, grave visiting and in-law visiting (massita beseng). From the survey, it stated that 13 repondents didn't agree with this stage.

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This is done by the groom side. If a guy is interested to marry a girl. The guy's family will go and visit the girl at her home to deliver his wish of marrying her. This process also called berbunga-bunga or berjarum-jarum.

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In this stage, they will be discussing about the dowry and other regulations. The groom need to send about 20 people from his side consist of family members and elderly to the bride house.

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For the Iban, the age of the groom is the most important. They believe that, for a man to get married they need to be at least 22 years old and  already hit puberty. They also believe that, cultural customs must be follow to ensure a perfect wedding. Fined will be charged for not following the customs.

There are 4 stages for a perfect wedding.

1. Picking up the groom (Nyua Cincin)
2. Proposal
3. Engagement (Beterang)
4. Wedding Ceremony

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Both side need to prepare gifts (hantaran). The groom's family will be going to the bride house with the gifts. As a symbolic of the new engaged couple, the groom's father will draw a sword. Afther the ceremony ends, both sides need to inform thier family and relative about the news of the engagement. The couple are not allow to meet each other during this stage to respect both sides.

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The wedding ceremony need to be done systematically, if not the couple will be in trouble. The groom side need to prepare the necessity of the wedding as well as the money. The place for the occasion, decoration and food will be prepared by the bride side. Guest who are invited were give a piece of rope. The rope then will be given to "Tuai Rumah" to do the counting.

On the day of the wedding, the groom wil be coming to the bride place. If the groom are coming by river,  they will be using a boat decorated with "Kain Puak Kumbu". If they are coming by road using car or walking, gong will be used to make it more exciting. Upon the arrival, the groom's side leader will slaughter a pig as an honor to the bride side.

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The Iranun were common associated with pirate-related occupation, thus the name “Iranun” which almost the same as “Lanun” (pirate in Malay). They originally come from the Southern Mindanao. It then spread throughout the north and east coast of Borneo also a few of them migrated to Sulu and Sabah. In Sabah they are found in 25 villages around the Kota Belud and Lahad Datu districts.

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A lot of rules and regulation need to be follow to ensure the act the act uniting two people are done perfectly. As for the Iranun, there are 5 stages of wedding preparation.

1. Bpanunuriman Sa Tig
2. Dsandig Sa Pagalongan
3. Bpagidsa-idsa
4. Mbedak
5. Gkaing

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(Picking up the groom). At the past it was done by the groom parents. The kids need to agree with their parents' choice. If they don't they are called rebellious. Usually, the bride are from close family or at least related to the family to ensure the relationship built is more intimate.

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(Dsandig Sa Pagalongan & Bpaidsa-idsa).

A few people from the groom side will be coming to the bride home.  Each side will appoint a spoke person usually the elderly to do the discussing. It often takes a lot of time as they are a lot to be discuss such as Betang, Surungan, Uluan a Betang, Getas Sa Rirai, Benga, Keramai-ramaian and Berandia dapur.

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Celebrated a day before the wedding ceremony. Both side will be celebrating this in their own house. Berzanji (Quran Recitation) is the main event at this stage. After the recitation is done, the elderly will be doing the "menepung tawar" to the bride and groom. Other event on this day is gkulintang, bpeluangai and bpamiula to entertain the guest.

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The main event on this day is Dsipa' sa manggis,  marriage, wedding reception.

Dsipa' sa manggis is a game where they will be kicking the manggosteen. This can be participate by the family and the guest as their entertainment while enjoying the feast. After the Zuhr prayer, the groom will arrive at the bride house and the marriage will take place. The imam will shout "gkaing-kaing tamu" (we will start the ceremony) to gain the attention from the guest. After they have done with the mariage, the groom and bride will be put together so that they family and guest can look at them.

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For minang wedding customs, these are the stage to a perfect wedding .

1. Manyilau
2. Maminang
3. Batimbang Taddo
4. Manjapuik Marapulai
5. Baralek
6. Manjalang

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This is the first observation as the beginning of a series og wedding ceremony. Unlike the others, for minang customs, the bride side will be coming to the groom's. A discussion will take place to discuss about the money that will be given to the bride (uang japuik)

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The bride's family will come to the groom's to ask about the marriage. This have been done qute few times by a messengers from each side before finally deciding on the marriage. The messengers are mamak (uncle) accompanied by two men and a women.

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After the groom accept the bride's proposal, it is time to decide on the when the wedding will be held. This event is participate by both sides. The groom's family will come with a complete betel but prepared in carano. People are also invited to participate in alek. They will food and drink served for the guest. Traditional and modern music are played for entertainment. The bride and groom are juxtaposed to beseen by the guest.

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This will be held agter the marriage aggreement. The groom will not stay in the bride's house right away. He needs to returned to his his parents's home and will be going back to his wife's home after bajapuik. Bajapuik often done a night before baralek

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The highlight of everything. It can be held or not depends on the agreement made by both parties. This is just to inform the public formally about the marriage. This is because, batimbang taddo is when they are officially pronounce as husband and wife, this custom is recognised and religiously finished.

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Manjalang means visitting. The wife and the husband wil be visitting her husband's family. They will be bringing some food. Upon the time for them to head back home, the wife will be given various gifts from her husband's family. The gift usually in the form of jewelry and clothing.

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Bruneian Malays are subgroup of the Ethnic Malays which mostly come from Peninsula Malaysia. As for the Bruneian Malays, there a native Malay ethnic group that lives in Brunei, Sabah (Menumbok, Papar, Bongawan), The Federal Territory of Labuan and northern part of Sarawak.

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Bruneian Malays are very respectful towards their culture, even after going through a lot of changes but they still practice it, for example thier wedding culture.

1. Malam Berbadak Siang
2. Malam Berbadak
3. Majlis Berinai / Berpacar
4. Majlis Bersanding
5. Mulih 3 / 7 hari

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2.1.1 Malam Berbadak Siang & Malam Berbadak

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2.1.1 Malam Berbadak Siang & Malam Berbadak

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The opening of the official wedding week. Both sides will held it seperately. This marks the bride and groom have entered the "berjaga-jaga" phase which where they need to start their pantang larang (prohibition).Both bride and groom will be taken care by a pengangun throuhout the ceremony. This ceremony will be continue to malam berbadak which practice the same concept. Except for malam berbadak the bride and groom body will be cleanse by chalk.

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This event are usually held at night and mostly participate by family and close friends of the couple. This event is also done seperately by both sides. On this night, the couple will be pampered by their family and friends. Each family members and friends will get the chance to put inai (henna) on their hands and foot.

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This is the main event of the wedding ceremony. Both sides of the family, relatives and friends will attend the event. After majlis akad nikah this is when the bride and groom are united and shown to the in front of all the guest. They will also have "makan beradab" as part of the event. Before going to the pelamin, the groom will do the "Adat pusin naga" belief that it will help thrown away the bad luck.

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Mulih means returned. This is when the groom should be taking his wife to his parents' home after 3 or 7 days staying at his wife's home to meet his family members. The couple will be welcome by the family and they will be served food and some entertaintment such as kulintangan.

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1.0 Bugis
1.1 To a perfect wedding
1.1.1 Pre-wedding
1.1.2 Wedding Ceremony
1.1.3 Post-wedding

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2.0 Bruneian Malay
2.1 To a perfect wedding
2.1.1 Malam berbedak siang & Malam berbedak
2.1.2 Majlis berinai/ berpacar
2.1.3 Majlis bersanding
2.1.4 Mulih 3/7 hari

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3.0  Iban
3.1 To a perfect wedding
3.1.1 Nyua ticin (picking up the groom)
3.1.2 Proposal
3.1.3 Engagement (Beterang)
3.1.4 Wedding ceremony

3.2 Iban wedding

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4.0 Iranun
4.1 To a perfect wedding
4.1.1 Bpanunuriman sa tig
4.1.2Proposal & Engagement
4.1.3 Mbedak
4.1.4 Gkaing

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5.0 Minang
5.1 To a perfect wedding
5.1.1 Manyilau
5.1.2 Maminang
5.1.3 Batimbang Taddo
5.1.4 Manjapuik marapulai
5.1.5 Baralek
5.1.6 Manjalang

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6.0 Reflection
7.0 References

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MELAH PINANG (Kawin Adat IBAN) - The Wedding Of Iban- HERY+ANDREA-

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunei_Malay
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iban_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buginese_people
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranun_people
http://robilliam.blogspot.com/2016/04/traditional-bugis-wedding.html
http://bugisweddingtradition.blogspot.com/p/marriage.html
http://mengenalietniksarawak.blogspot.com/2015/12/sejarah-sarawak-adat-perkahwinan.html