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Landform- Feauture on earth’s surface that’s part of the terrain. Tectonic plate movement under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills. Erosion by water and wind can wear down land and create landforms like valleys and canyons. Both processes happen over a long period of time, sometimes millions of years.

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Landform- Feauture on earth’s surface that’s part of the terrain. Tectonic plate movement under the Earth can create landforms by pushing up mountains and hills. Erosion by water and wind can wear down land and create landforms like valleys and canyons. Both processes happen over a long period of time, sometimes millions of years.

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Biomes- Large region of Earth that has a certain climate and certain type of living things. community of plants and animals that have common characteristics for the environment they exist in. They can be found over a range of continents. Biomes are distinct biological communities that have formed to share a physical climate.

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Tropical and subtropical coniferous forests

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Lithosphere- Solid, outer part of the Earth. The lithosphere includes the brittle upper portion of the mantle and the crust, the outermost layers of Earth’s structure.

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Hydrosphere- All the water’s on Earth’s surface. Earth's water came from the rocks that formed the earth and from the comets and asteroids that hit the earth.

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Atmosphere- Gases surrounding the Earth. The atmosphere of Earth protects life on Earth by creating pressure allowing for liquid water to exist on the Earth's surface, absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night.

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Biosphere- Layer of Earth where life exists. The term "biosphere" was found by geologist Eduard Suess in 1875, which he defined as the place on Earth's surface where life dwells.

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Erosion- Wearing away of rocks and etc. on Earth’s surface. Water is the main reason of erosion on Earth. Rain, rivers, floods, lakes, and the ocean carry away bits of soil and sand and slowly wash away the sediment. Rainfall produces four types of erosion: splash erosion, sheet erosion, rill erosion, and gully erosion.

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Tectonic Forces- Plate movement beneath Earth’s surface. Plate tectonic theory had its beginnings in 1915, when Alfred Wegener proposed his theory of "continental drift." Wegener proposed that the continents plowed through crust of ocean basins, which would explain why the outlines of many coastlines look like they fit together like a puzzle.

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Climate- Weather conditions of a region, as temperature, air pressure, humidity, sunshine, and etc. Global warming is the ongoing rise in global average temperature near Earth's surface. It is caused mostly by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Global warming is causing climate patterns to change.

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Soil building process- Breakdown of rocks and organic materials that creates farmable land. Soil forms from fresh parent material through chemical and physical weathering processes and SOM is incorporated into soil through decomposition of plant residues and other biomass. Although these natural soil building processes regenerate the soil, the rate of soil formation is very slow.

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Atoll- Coral island consisting of a reef surrounding a lagoon. Its first recorded use in English was in 1625 as atollon. Charles Darwin recognized its indigenous origin and coined, in his The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs, the definition of atolls as "circular groups of coral islets.”

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Fjord- Narrow inlet of the sea between cliff and steep slopes. The fjords were created when huge glaciers recede over time, leaving behind a huge chasms that were subsequently flooded by sea water.

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Revolution- Motion of an object around a path. Earth's revolution around the sun is responsible for seasonal change and leap years. This path is shaped like an ellipse and has points when Earth is closer to the sun and farther from it.

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Rain shadow effect- Moist air gets blocked by mountains. Wind and moist air is drawn by the prevailing winds towards the top of the mountains, where it condenses and precipitates before it crosses the top. The air, without much moisture left, advances across the mountains creating a drier side called the "rain shadow".

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Rotation- turning or circling around something. A test for Earth's rotation came from what's called a Foucault's pendulum, named after 19th century French physicist, Leon Foucault. A pendulum consists of a string or stick with a weight suspended at the end of it that is allowed to swing freely.