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Evaluation and reflection :                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             At the start of this project Julia sent an email to everyone that we were a group for this project. We decided to create a group chat and discuss what had to be done for this project. Creating a good hypothesis was hard for the pairs from Buzet and Nysa because their English was an obstacle. So Sara and Elin came up with a hypothesis with the ideas from the rest of the group in mind and did some research about the effect of aerosols on the quality of the air. The group knew what measurements every pair had to do. The sunphotometer was only available in Rotterdam, so after discussing the problem with our teachers we came to the conclusion that the other pairs could use measurements from other research that they could find. Julia and Oliwia had their aerosols results early on in the project, but they did not put in the precipitation. Sara and Elin’s results, especially the one of the aerosols, came quite late because the measuring with the sunphotometer had some obstacles. They could only measure when the sun was shining and even when the sun was shining, they were unsure if the meter worked properly. Eventually they did not use the sunphotometer for their measurements because it was simply too difficult with the amount of time they had. Another reason why they stopped using the sunphotometer was because the measured value was different to the measured values of Croatia and Poland, which made it difficult because they had to convert their measured value to those of Croatia and Poland. Karla and Ema also put in their results very late. Because Sara and Elin had to hand in the project on Thursday, while the others had to hand it in later, it was a bit stressful and chaotic at the end. Everyone wanted to help with the project, but because Sara and Elin had to end it earlier, it needed to be before Thursday and Karla, Ema, Julia and Oliwia did not know that at the beginning. Because of the bad planning, Sara and Elin tried to do everything as fast as possible at the end and did most of the work. We (Karla and Ema) didn't  have appropriate equipment for measuring precipitation and areosols in Buzet so we used information from few web sites. However, we have been able to measure temperature with regular thermometer. We measured temperature for one month, just on days when precipitation was present and we formed table and a graf about it and about precipitation and areosols, too.    

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Evaluation and reflection :                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                             At the start of this project Julia sent an email to everyone that we were a group for this project. We decided to create a group chat and discuss what had to be done for this project. Creating a good hypothesis was hard for the pairs from Buzet and Nysa because their English was an obstacle. So Sara and Elin came up with a hypothesis with the ideas from the rest of the group in mind and did some research about the effect of aerosols on the quality of the air. The group knew what measurements every pair had to do. The sunphotometer was only available in Rotterdam, so after discussing the problem with our teachers we came to the conclusion that the other pairs could use measurements from other research that they could find. Julia and Oliwia had their aerosols results early on in the project, but they did not put in the precipitation. Sara and Elin’s results, especially the one of the aerosols, came quite late because the measuring with the sunphotometer had some obstacles. They could only measure when the sun was shining and even when the sun was shining, they were unsure if the meter worked properly. Eventually they did not use the sunphotometer for their measurements because it was simply too difficult with the amount of time they had. Another reason why they stopped using the sunphotometer was because the measured value was different to the measured values of Croatia and Poland, which made it difficult because they had to convert their measured value to those of Croatia and Poland. Karla and Ema also put in their results very late. Because Sara and Elin had to hand in the project on Thursday, while the others had to hand it in later, it was a bit stressful and chaotic at the end. Everyone wanted to help with the project, but because Sara and Elin had to end it earlier, it needed to be before Thursday and Karla, Ema, Julia and Oliwia did not know that at the beginning. Because of the bad planning, Sara and Elin tried to do everything as fast as possible at the end and did most of the work. We (Karla and Ema) didn't  have appropriate equipment for measuring precipitation and areosols in Buzet so we used information from few web sites. However, we have been able to measure temperature with regular thermometer. We measured temperature for one month, just on days when precipitation was present and we formed table and a graf about it and about precipitation and areosols, too.    

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Conclusion:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               So, in our conclusion, we can say that our hypothesis is correct. It is true that the more aerosols in a city, the less precipitation there is and the worse quality of air there is. One point where we were wrong, is that Rotterdam is the most industrialised city and thus has the most aerosols. Nysa, is less industrialised, but also has a lot of aerosols. This is because aerosols are not only caused by polluted air of greenhouse gases, but also have other reasons, such as dust, pollen and mold. We can see that Rotterdam is the most industrialised because of how many people there live and how many PM2,5 particles (aerosols) there are in the air. And we know that Buzet is the least industrialised because of the small amount of people living there and the low amount of aerosols in the air.  

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Conclusion:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               So, in our conclusion, we can say that our hypothesis is correct. It is true that the more aerosols in a city, the less precipitation there is and the worse quality of air there is. One point where we were wrong, is that Rotterdam is the most industrialised city and thus has the most aerosols. Nysa, is less industrialised, but also has a lot of aerosols. This is because aerosols are not only caused by polluted air of greenhouse gases, but also have other reasons, such as dust, pollen and mold. We can see that Rotterdam is the most industrialised because of how many people there live and how many PM2,5 particles (aerosols) there are in the air. And we know that Buzet is the least industrialised because of the small amount of people living there and the low amount of aerosols in the air.  

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Analysis :                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      For this project we decided to measure the aerosols with a sunphotometer and the precipitation in Rotterdam, Buzet and Nysa. Unfortunately not every city had access to a sunphotometer, so in Buzet and Nysa they used research from other projects. To get the best results we decided to measure the aerosols in the city centre as well as outside the city, so we can compare those results. The different cities all have a different climate so some amounts of the precipitation will not be directly linked to aerosols. To use the sunphotometer we found out that a bright sunshine is needed to measure the aerosols and because it is winter it was really hard to find the right time to measure it. It has been very cloudy the past few weeks. But in order to get the best possible outcome, the protocol said that, we only measured at noon because the air is less turbulent. However, though we did this, we still had some trouble with using the sunphotometer. The sunphotometer has three channels. The temperature of the sunphotometer, greenlight and redlight. The greenlight measures the hazy sky that is visible with the human eye, a hazy sky is likely to have a large amount of aerosols in the air. The red light is more sensitive to larger aerosols. Data from one single channel will not show the size distribution of the aerosols. Luckily, combining the data from more than one channel will provide this information. The measurements taken with this device are measured in volts. After measuring, we have converted these measurements into aerosol optical thickness. The results we got from the sun photometer were not accurate and after discussing that with an expert, he told us that the sky was too hazy to measure it with the sunphotometer. So we tried again later, but we still got the same results. Because we did not have any time left to measure it again we decided to use research from research that has already been done by other people. What we first of all can see is that the precipitation, as expected, is lower in Rotterdam than in Buzet. Rotterdam has an average of 8.28 mm in twelve days, while Buzet has 12.17 mm. Nysa has 1.7 mm precipitation in two weeks. This is because of the high amount of aerosols Nysa has. It has almost the same amount of aerosols as Rotterdam.The amount of aerosols is the lowest in Buzet, which would then considering our hypothesis to be the least industrialised city. Which is true, looking at the amount of people living in this town. There only live 6000 people in Buzet, while in Nysa there live 60 000 people and in Rotterdam 600 000. Looking at the difference in amount of aerosols between Nysa and Rotterdam, a clear difference is seen between the levels of PM2,5 and PM10. The difference between these two, is size. PM2,5 are particles that are 2,5 micrometers in diameter and PM10 is 10 micrometers in diameter. Both these substances are very bad for people’s health when inhaling them. They are so small, that they can not be seen through the human eye and form part of aerosols. These particles are formed mostly through humans, for example through car emissions, incomplete combustion, dust and cooking. So, the industry plays a big role in the amount of PM2,5 and PM10 in the air. In Nysa we can see that there is quite a high amount of PM10, while in Rotterdam the high amount lays with the PM2,5, both are in the 40. PM2,5 contains mostly combustion particles, so from fire, cars or factories (the harbour as well), organic compounds and metals. PM10 contains mostly dust, pollen and mold. So, though the PM10 level is higher in Nysa, we can still conclude that Rotterdam is the most industrialised of all the cities analysed, because its aerosol level is more based on industrialisation then on other quality of air factors. Both these types of aerosols are very bad for your health. Because both these particles are so small, they act as gas. When breathing, these particles penetrate into the lungs, which can cause coughing and asthma. High blood pressure, heart attack and a stroke are also effects of these particles. This would mean that the quality of air in Nysa and Rotterdam is very bad and in Buzet it is actually better, mainly due to less industry. In our data from Rotterdam we can also see that on the days that it rains the most, the aerosol level is the lowest. During the end of January it did not rain for a few days. The aerosols during the end of January were very high and during the beginning of February it rained a lot and the aerosols in the air were less. In Nysa this is also the case. On December 17 the amount of aerosols was very high, but on that same day there was no precipitation.  

# data[].attributes.subject
Analysis :                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      For this project we decided to measure the aerosols with a sunphotometer and the precipitation in Rotterdam, Buzet and Nysa. Unfortunately not every city had access to a sunphotometer, so in Buzet and Nysa they used research from other projects. To get the best results we decided to measure the aerosols in the city centre as well as outside the city, so we can compare those results. The different cities all have a different climate so some amounts of the precipitation will not be directly linked to aerosols. To use the sunphotometer we found out that a bright sunshine is needed to measure the aerosols and because it is winter it was really hard to find the right time to measure it. It has been very cloudy the past few weeks. But in order to get the best possible outcome, the protocol said that, we only measured at noon because the air is less turbulent. However, though we did this, we still had some trouble with using the sunphotometer. The sunphotometer has three channels. The temperature of the sunphotometer, greenlight and redlight. The greenlight measures the hazy sky that is visible with the human eye, a hazy sky is likely to have a large amount of aerosols in the air. The red light is more sensitive to larger aerosols. Data from one single channel will not show the size distribution of the aerosols. Luckily, combining the data from more than one channel will provide this information. The measurements taken with this device are measured in volts. After measuring, we have converted these measurements into aerosol optical thickness. The results we got from the sun photometer were not accurate and after discussing that with an expert, he told us that the sky was too hazy to measure it with the sunphotometer. So we tried again later, but we still got the same results. Because we did not have any time left to measure it again we decided to use research from research that has already been done by other people. What we first of all can see is that the precipitation, as expected, is lower in Rotterdam than in Buzet. Rotterdam has an average of 8.28 mm in twelve days, while Buzet has 12.17 mm. Nysa has 1.7 mm precipitation in two weeks. This is because of the high amount of aerosols Nysa has. It has almost the same amount of aerosols as Rotterdam.The amount of aerosols is the lowest in Buzet, which would then considering our hypothesis to be the least industrialised city. Which is true, looking at the amount of people living in this town. There only live 6000 people in Buzet, while in Nysa there live 60 000 people and in Rotterdam 600 000. Looking at the difference in amount of aerosols between Nysa and Rotterdam, a clear difference is seen between the levels of PM2,5 and PM10. The difference between these two, is size. PM2,5 are particles that are 2,5 micrometers in diameter and PM10 is 10 micrometers in diameter. Both these substances are very bad for people’s health when inhaling them. They are so small, that they can not be seen through the human eye and form part of aerosols. These particles are formed mostly through humans, for example through car emissions, incomplete combustion, dust and cooking. So, the industry plays a big role in the amount of PM2,5 and PM10 in the air. In Nysa we can see that there is quite a high amount of PM10, while in Rotterdam the high amount lays with the PM2,5, both are in the 40. PM2,5 contains mostly combustion particles, so from fire, cars or factories (the harbour as well), organic compounds and metals. PM10 contains mostly dust, pollen and mold. So, though the PM10 level is higher in Nysa, we can still conclude that Rotterdam is the most industrialised of all the cities analysed, because its aerosol level is more based on industrialisation then on other quality of air factors. Both these types of aerosols are very bad for your health. Because both these particles are so small, they act as gas. When breathing, these particles penetrate into the lungs, which can cause coughing and asthma. High blood pressure, heart attack and a stroke are also effects of these particles. This would mean that the quality of air in Nysa and Rotterdam is very bad and in Buzet it is actually better, mainly due to less industry. In our data from Rotterdam we can also see that on the days that it rains the most, the aerosol level is the lowest. During the end of January it did not rain for a few days. The aerosols during the end of January were very high and during the beginning of February it rained a lot and the aerosols in the air were less. In Nysa this is also the case. On December 17 the amount of aerosols was very high, but on that same day there was no precipitation.  

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Research plan :                                                                                                                                        We are going to measure aerosols and precipitation in the various cities. These measurements are done in the centre of the city because we believe that the centre of a city is the most industrialised. Beforehand we decide which city is the most industrialised. Every group tries to do the measuring of the aerosols when the sun is shining, because this will lead to a better result. We think Rotterdam is the most industrialized city because it is the biggest and it has one of the most industrialized and biggest harbours of the world. Because we need the sun to shine for the sunphotometer to work we looked at the days of the upcoming weeks where it is predicted the sun will shine brightly in Rotterdam.  

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Research plan :                                                                                                                                        We are going to measure aerosols and precipitation in the various cities. These measurements are done in the centre of the city because we believe that the centre of a city is the most industrialised. Beforehand we decide which city is the most industrialised. Every group tries to do the measuring of the aerosols when the sun is shining, because this will lead to a better result. We think Rotterdam is the most industrialized city because it is the biggest and it has one of the most industrialized and biggest harbours of the world. Because we need the sun to shine for the sunphotometer to work we looked at the days of the upcoming weeks where it is predicted the sun will shine brightly in Rotterdam.  

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Preface Climate change is a current topic and caused by too many fossil fuels in the air. Aerosols are tiny particles that can be produced when we burn different types of fossil fuels. One of the sources of aerosols is pollution. More industrialised cities experience more problems with the forming of aerosols, for example the formation of soot, an aerosol that forms black layers on the windowsill. However, aerosols can also be produced naturally; they can be given off from trees or by burning vegetation. Not all types of aerosols are linked to climate change, but soot has a link between aerosols and climate change. The soot boosts the warming effects of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. This type of aerosol has a negative effect on the climate and is called a primary aerosol. Other primary aerosol types are dust and sea salt. These primary aerosols get lifted into the atmosphere by winds, volcanoes or fire. Secondary aerosols are formed when different things floating in the atmosphere (organic compounds for example) crash together, creating a chemical or physical reaction.In general aerosols affect the climate in two different ways: by changing the amount of heat that gets in or out of the atmosphere, or by affecting the ways clouds form. Some aerosols look a bit like little rocks and are reflective. When the sun is pointed at them, the heat is reflected and goes again directly out of the atmosphere. This makes it cooler. But other aerosols, like soot, absorb the heat from the sun. This makes the atmosphere warmer. Aerosols also influence the formation of clouds. Water droplets coalesce around particles, so a particle-rich atmosphere promotes cloud formation. White clouds reflect incoming sun, preventing it from getting to the surface and warming the land. But clouds can also absorb the heat and trap it in the lower atmosphere. So, aerosols can both increase and decrease precipitation. Very polluted air contains a high concentration of water-soluble particles, which causes the clouds to have more numerous, but smaller, droplets. This makes the precipitation level lower. Black carbon (soot) warms the surrounding atmosphere and causes cloud droplets to evaporate. This process turns clouds into smoky haze, which suppresses precipitation. So we are going to find out whether in more industrialised cities more aerosols are formed causing less precipitation and decreasing the quality of air. Rotterdam is the biggest city of our three cities (Nysa, Buzet and Rotterdam) and considering the enormous harbor in Rotterdam, we believe that Rotterdam will have the highest aerosol rate and the least amount of precipitation. During this project we are going to find out if we are actually correct and if aerosols really affect the amount of precipitation and the quality of air in a city. We will be doing this through the use of a sun photometer, to measure the amount of aerosols and a meter to measure the precipitation. 

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Preface Climate change is a current topic and caused by too many fossil fuels in the air. Aerosols are tiny particles that can be produced when we burn different types of fossil fuels. One of the sources of aerosols is pollution. More industrialised cities experience more problems with the forming of aerosols, for example the formation of soot, an aerosol that forms black layers on the windowsill. However, aerosols can also be produced naturally; they can be given off from trees or by burning vegetation. Not all types of aerosols are linked to climate change, but soot has a link between aerosols and climate change. The soot boosts the warming effects of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere. This type of aerosol has a negative effect on the climate and is called a primary aerosol. Other primary aerosol types are dust and sea salt. These primary aerosols get lifted into the atmosphere by winds, volcanoes or fire. Secondary aerosols are formed when different things floating in the atmosphere (organic compounds for example) crash together, creating a chemical or physical reaction.In general aerosols affect the climate in two different ways: by changing the amount of heat that gets in or out of the atmosphere, or by affecting the ways clouds form. Some aerosols look a bit like little rocks and are reflective. When the sun is pointed at them, the heat is reflected and goes again directly out of the atmosphere. This makes it cooler. But other aerosols, like soot, absorb the heat from the sun. This makes the atmosphere warmer. Aerosols also influence the formation of clouds. Water droplets coalesce around particles, so a particle-rich atmosphere promotes cloud formation. White clouds reflect incoming sun, preventing it from getting to the surface and warming the land. But clouds can also absorb the heat and trap it in the lower atmosphere. So, aerosols can both increase and decrease precipitation. Very polluted air contains a high concentration of water-soluble particles, which causes the clouds to have more numerous, but smaller, droplets. This makes the precipitation level lower. Black carbon (soot) warms the surrounding atmosphere and causes cloud droplets to evaporate. This process turns clouds into smoky haze, which suppresses precipitation. So we are going to find out whether in more industrialised cities more aerosols are formed causing less precipitation and decreasing the quality of air. Rotterdam is the biggest city of our three cities (Nysa, Buzet and Rotterdam) and considering the enormous harbor in Rotterdam, we believe that Rotterdam will have the highest aerosol rate and the least amount of precipitation. During this project we are going to find out if we are actually correct and if aerosols really affect the amount of precipitation and the quality of air in a city. We will be doing this through the use of a sun photometer, to measure the amount of aerosols and a meter to measure the precipitation. 

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Summary

For this research project we got the assignment to do our own geographical and/ or environmental research. We are a group of six students, two from Rotterdam (The Netherlands), two from Buzet (Croatia), and two from Nysa (Poland). As a group we decided to answer the research question: How do people influence the quality of the air in Rotterdam, Buzet and Nysa?. In this research project we answered the question by measuring factors such as precipitation and particles in the air. Beforehand we did a lot of research about the three cities and looked at geographical factors that could influence the air. For example Rotterdam has a very big harbour. Because of this we concluded at the beginning that Rotterdam would be the most industrialised city and therefore was expected to have the highest amount of aerosols in the air and thus the least amount of precipitation. It was challenging to do such a big project with students from all over Europe, so we had to work together to get the best results. The most difficult part of the project was working together, mostly because we all have different hand-in dates and different vacation-dates. Sadly, Sara and Elin in the end did most of the work. Another hard part was trying to get the results in Rotterdam. The other cities did not have the right resources to measure the amount of aerosols in the air themselves. The problem with the sunphotometer was that it could only be used correctly, when the sun was shining. We were taking the results in the winter, so this was quite hard. The sunphotometer also turned out to have some flaws and did not always give proper answers, which made it not reliable. This is also why, unfortunately, Sara and Elin at the end did not use the sunphotometer anymore and looked up the data, like the other cities had done.

All the cities turned in their results at different moments, which made the teamwork even more difficult. At the end of analysing our results went quite easy, mainly because our hypothesis turned out true. Sadly, we found out that we did underestimate Nysa. Nysa apparently has a large amount of aerosols in the air, not because of the industry, but because of other factors. Still, we did not foresee this at the beginning of the project.

So, in the end our hypothesis was correct, but the work towards the finishing of this project was very difficult and a lot of work. What was at the beginning a 6 people’s job, turned out to become a 2 people’s job.

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Place of research: city centre of Buzet

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Measurment Buzet (temperature and precipitation)

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Measurment Buzet (temperature and precipitation)

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Place of research: city centre of Buzet

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Place of research: Bentincklaan

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Airly - zbadajmy jakość powietrza dookoła nas

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Inteligentny system monitoringu jakości powietrza Airly, pozwoli Ci sprawdzić jakim powietrzem oddychasz w swojej miejscowości

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The most vibrant sunsets, cloud-choked skies, and cough-inducing days all have something in common: They happen because of aerosols, tiny particles that float in the air. Aerosols can be tiny droplets, dust particles, bits of fine black carbon, and other things, and as they float through the atmosphere they change the whole energy balance of the planet.

Aerosols have an outsized effect on the planet's climate. Some of them, like black and brown carbon, warm the Earth's atmosphere, while others, like sulfate droplets, cool it. Scientists think that on balance, the whole budget of aerosols ends up cooling the planet slightly. But exactly how much, and how much that effect can shift over days, years, or centuries is still not totally clear.

What are aerosols?

The term aerosol is a catch-all for many kinds of little bits of stuff that end up suspended in the atmosphere, from the surface of the planet all the way to the edges of space. They can be solid or liquid, infinitesimally small or big enough to see with the naked eye.

"Primary" aerosols, like dust, soot, or sea salt, come directly from the planet's surface. They get lifted into the atmosphere by gusty winds, shot high into the air by exploding volcanoes, or they waft away from smokestacks or flames. "Secondary" aerosols form when different things floating in the atmosphere-like organic compounds released by plants, liquid acid droplets, or other materials-crash together, culminating in a chemical or physical reaction. Secondary aerosols, for example-make the haze that gives the U.S.'s Great Smoky Mountains their name.

Aerosols come from both natural and human sources-and sometimes both at once. Dust, for example, is scoured from deserts, the dried-out edges of rivers, dry lakebeds, and more. Its concentrations in the atmosphere rise and fall with climate; in cold, dry, periods in the planet's history like the last ice age, more dust filled the atmosphere than during warmer stretches of Earth's history. But humans have affected that natural cycle, making some places dustier than they otherwise would be and keeping other areas damp.

Sea salts provide another natural source of aerosols. They're whipped out of the ocean by wind and sea spray and tend to fill the lower parts of the atmosphere. In contrast, some types of very explosive volcanic eruptions can shoot particles and droplets high into the upper atmosphere, where they can float for months or even years, suspended miles above Earth's surface.

Human activity produces many different types of aerosols. Fossil-fuel burning produces particles, as well as the well-known greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide-so cars, airplanes, power plants, and industrial processes all produce particles that can collect in the atmosphere. Agriculture produces dust, as well as other things like aerosolized nitrogen products, both of which affect air quality near and far.

Overall, humans have increased the total amount of particles floating around in the atmosphere, which is about twice as dusty now as it was in the 19 th century. The amount of very fine material-generally referred to as "PM2.5"-particulate matter less than 2.5 microns across-has increased by something like 60 percent since before the Industrial Revolution. Other aerosols, like ozone, have also increased-with dramatic health impacts around the world.

Air pollution has been linked to increased risk of heart disease, stroke, lung disease, asthma, and more. By some recent estimates fine particles in the air contributed to over four million premature deaths globally in 2016, hitting children and the elderly the hardest. The health risks from fine-particle exposure are highest in China and India, particularly in urban areas.

What do aerosols do to climate?

Aerosols influence climate in two primary ways: by changing the amount of heat that gets in or out of the atmosphere, or by affecting the way clouds form.

Some aerosols, like many kinds of dust from ground-up rocks, are light-colored and even a little bit reflective. When the sun's rays beam down on them, they bounce the rays back out of the atmosphere, preventing that heat from ever reaching Earth's surface. The effect can be dramatic: The Mt. Pinatubo volcanic eruption in 1991, in the Philippines, spewed the equivalent of 1.2 square miles of tiny, reflective rock particles into the high stratosphere-cooling the planet for two full years afterward. The 1815 Tambora eruption, similarly, spawned an epic, globe-spanning " Year without a Summer" so cold and bleak it inspired Mary Shelley's dark horror novel, Frankenstein.

But other aerosols, like little flecks of black carbon from burned coal or wood, do the opposite, absorbing heat from the sun as it beats down. That ends up warming the atmosphere, though it cools the surface of the Earth by preventing the heat from escaping. Overall, that effect is probably smaller than the cooling most aerosols induce-but it's far from nonexistent, and the more carbon-based material that collects in the atmosphere, the more warming the atmosphere experiences.

Aerosols also influence how clouds form and grow. Water droplets coalesce readily around particles, so a particle-rich atmosphere promotes cloud formation. White clouds reflect incoming sun, preventing it from getting to the surface and warming land or water-but they also absorb the heat that the planet is constantly emitting back outward, trapping it in the lower atmosphere. Depending on the cloud type and location, they can either warm their surroundings or cool them.

Aerosols have a complicated suite of different effects on the planet, but humans have directly impacted their presence, abundance, and distribution. And while the climate effects are complex, the health impacts are clear: More fine material in the air hurts human health.

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The most vibrant sunsets, cloud-choked skies, and cough-inducing days all have something in common: They happen because of aerosols, tiny particles that float in the air. Aerosols can be tiny droplets, dust particles, bits of fine black carbon, and other things, and as they float through the atmosphere they change the whole energy balance of the planet.

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Nysa- Julia Czaja, Oliwia Nieć
Rotterdam-, Elin Van Den Putte, Sara van der Woude
Buzet- Ema Bauer, Karla Jakac

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How do people influence the quality of the air in Nysa, Buzet and Rotterdam?

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https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/aerosols/

https://airly.eu/map/pl/

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We are going to measure aerosols, pollution of air and precipitation in the various cities in the center of the city. We are going to compare the different results of the different cities, and beforehand we decide which city is the most industrialised and have the worst air to live in.

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Place of research: Stęczyńskiego

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Fossil fuel burning produces aerosol particles as well as greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide), so in more industrialised cities more greenhouse gases are being released so more aerosols will be formed. This causes less precipitation because aerosols influence the forming of clouds because the air cools down because of aerosols. So the more aerosols the more clouds and thus more precipitation. More aerosols causes a decreased quality of air because the air becomes more dusty. The cities where is a lot of fabrics, and is a big number of people and temperature is cold, there the pollution have the highest score.

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In a more industrialised city more aerosols are formed causing less precipitation and decreasing the quality of air. In the cities where are a lot of fabrics and where people needs to home heating the result of pollution is high, especially in winter.

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Place of research: Wita Stwosza

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Place of research: Bentincklaan