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Understanding how science has achieved this success and the techniques that it uses is an essential part of any science education.

As they involve themselves in the practices of science and come to appreciate its basic nature, their level of sophistication in understanding how any given practice contributes to the scientific enterprise can continue to develop across all grade levels.

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The actual doing of science or engineering can also pique students’ curiosity, capture their interest, and motivate their continued study

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The focus here is on important practices, such as modeling, developing explanations, and engaging in critique and evaluation (argumentation), that have too often been underemphasized in the context of science education.

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Developing evidence-based models, arguments, and explanations is key to both developing and demonstrating understanding of an accepted scientific viewpoint

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5. Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking

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5. Using Mathematics and Computational Thinking

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In science, mathematics and computation are fundamental tools for representing physical variables and their relationships.
In engineering, mathematical and computational representations of established relationships and principles are an integral part of design.

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8. Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information

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8. Obtaining, Evaluating, and Communicating Information

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Science cannot advance if scientists are unable to communicate their findings clearly and persuasively or to learn about the findings of others.
Engineers cannot produce new or improved technologies if the advantages of their designs are not communicated clearly and persuasively.

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Scientific investigations produce data that must be analyzed in order to derive meaning. Because data usually do not speak for themselves, scientists use a range of tools—including tabulation, graphical interpretation, visualization, and statistical analysis—to identify the significant features and patterns in the data.
Engineers:  Like scientists, engineers require a range of tools to identify the major patterns and interpret the results.

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In science, reasoning and argument are essential for identifying the strengths and weaknesses of a line of reasoning and for finding the best explanation for a natural phenomenon.
In engineering, reasoning and argument are essential for finding the best possible solution to a problem.

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6.  Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions

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6.  Constructing Explanations and Designing Solutions

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The goal of science is the construction of theories that can provide explanatory accounts of features of the world.
Engineering design, a systematic process for solving engineering problems, is based on scientific knowledge and models of the material world.

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Questions are the engine that drive science and engineering.

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We consider eight practices to be essential elements of the K-12 science and engineering curriculum:

1. Asking questions (for science) and defining problems (for engineering)

2. Developing and using models

3. Planning and carrying out investigations

4. Analyzing and interpreting data

5. Using mathematics and computational thinking

6. Constructing explanations (for science) and designing solutions (for engineering)

7. Engaging in argument from evidence

8. Obtaining, evaluating, and communicating information

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Science often involves the construction and use of a wide variety of models and simulations to help develop explanations about natural phenomena.
Engineering makes use of models and simulations to analyze existing systems so as to see where flaws might occur or to test possible solutions to a new problem.

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3. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations

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3. Planning and Carrying Out Investigations

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Science: A major practice of scientists is planning and carrying out a systematic investigation, which requires the identification of what is to be recorded and, if applicable, what are to be treated as the dependent and independent variables (control of variables).
Engineers:  Their investigations help them to identify how effective, efficient, and durable their designs may be under a range of conditions.

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Science: Begins with a question about phenomenon and seeks to develop theories that can provide explanatory answers to such questions.
Engineering: begins with a problem, need, or desire that suggests an engineering problem that needs to be solved.