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background, aims, methods, findings, conclusion

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full citation of the source, preceding the abstract.

The most important information first.

The same type and style of language found in the original, including technical language.

Key words and phrases that quickly identify the content and focus of the work.

Clear, concise, and powerful language.

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Center the word abstract at the beginning and just write one paragraph

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Writting style: Use the active voice when possible, but note that much of your abstract may require passive sentence constructions. Regardless, write your abstract using concise, but complete, sentences. Get to the point quickly and always use the past tense because you are reporting on a study that has been completed.

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Writting style: Use the active voice when possible, but note that much of your abstract may require passive sentence constructions. Regardless, write your abstract using concise, but complete, sentences. Get to the point quickly and always use the past tense because you are reporting on a study that has been completed.

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always at the beinning of the work
betwean 100 to 500 words
no longer than one page

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The abstract allows you to elaborate upon each major aspect of the paper and helps readers decide whether they want to read the rest of the paper.

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The abstract allows you to elaborate upon each major aspect of the paper and helps readers decide whether they want to read the rest of the paper.

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To keep your abstract short, focus on the four or five essential points or concepts.

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To keep your abstract short, focus on the four or five essential points or concepts.

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The abstract SHOULD NOT contain:

Lengthy background or contextual information,

Redundant phrases, unnecessary adverbs and adjectives, and repetitive information;

Acronyms or abbreviations,

References to other literature [say something like, "current research shows that..." or "studies have indicated..."],

Using ellipticals [i.e., ending with "..."] or incomplete sentences,

Jargon or terms that may be confusing to the reader,

Citations to other works, and

Any sort of image, illustration, figure, or table, or references to them.

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The research focus

The research methods used

The results/findings of the research

The main conclusions and recommendations

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function of an abstract is to describe, not to evaluate or defend, the paper

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includes: 1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated; 2) the basic design of the study; 3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and, 4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.

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includes: 1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated; 2) the basic design of the study; 3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and, 4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions.

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should be written last since it will summarize the contents of the entire paper

# data[].attributes.headline
 purpose, problem, methods, results, and conclusion 

# data[].attributes.subject
 purpose, problem, methods, results, and conclusion 

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200-300 words

# data[].attributes.headline
Statement of what a scholarly or complex written work contains, presented as a summary usually by someone other than the author of the work. An abstract aims to present only the gist of the subject matter, stresses brevity, and makes no attempt to preserve the flavor or style of the original. See also abridgment, digest, outline, précis, summary, and synopsis.Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/abstract.html

# data[].attributes.subject
Statement of what a scholarly or complex written work contains, presented as a summary usually by someone other than the author of the work. An abstract aims to present only the gist of the subject matter, stresses brevity, and makes no attempt to preserve the flavor or style of the original. See also abridgment, digest, outline, précis, summary, and synopsis.Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/abstract.html

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brief summary of a research article, review, often used to help the reader quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.

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always at the beginning of an academic paper

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"An abstract summarizes, usually in one paragraph of 300 words or less, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes: 1) the overall purpose of the study and the research problem(s) you investigated; 2) the basic design of the study; 3) major findings or trends found as a result of your analysis; and, 4) a brief summary of your interpretations and conclusions (Clarion University, 2019)."