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... a place outside of exam stress and university demands to read texts that unsettle old habits and inspire new ideas. It is inspired by the many beautiful and eye-opening experiences we have had with texts both from inside and outside academia. We will be dropping a text a week in this space, slowly growing a library of readings. The library is open, so anyone, student or teacher, can contribute. We focus on texts, but it could be anything – videos, podcasts, etc.

It is a place to remember that we do not learn only for instrumental reasons, but also for existential purposes. Let us learn to become the people we need to be, in the society we want to see.

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We're starting off with something as unmodern as theology. Paul Tillich was one of the great American protestant theologians of the 20th century, and this clear and concise text, written in the 1950s, is a beautiful reminder that we exist not only as instruments of development, but as beings in our own right. Tillich's insistence on the need to center existential rather than instrumental questions is a good anti-dote for whenever you've gotten fed up with hearing about "competences", "skills", and "employability." Tillich touches on the essence of why we even study humanities in the first place. [The text is in Danish]

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We follow up with Paul Kingsnorth and Dougald Hine's manifesto from their Dark Mountain Project. At once a cultural movement, a journal and a network of creatives, the Dark Mountain Project gives dynamic and engaged voice to why stories matter, how they have created limiting ideas and devastating  approaches to our planet. At the center of this conversation is the radical thought that artists, readers and humanists not only can, but should challenge status quo, as they are the ones who can examine the stories we are told and who tells them. Kingsnorth and Hine's manifesto is a call-to-arms for current times to tell other, better, gentler, more upbuilding stories that hold infinite and profound power to rethink our structures and connect us to each other and the earth we live on.

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In continuation of the Dark Mountain Manifesto, this week we bring to you: Capitalist Realism! Aka the story of the world in which we live. Capitalist realism is a term coined by cultural theorist Mark Fisher denoting "the widespread sense that not only is capitalism the only viable political and economic system, but also that it is now impossible even to imagine a coherent alternative to it." We have uploaded the first chapter (only 7 pages) of his very short and snappy book on the subject. When reading, keep in mind that Fisher is a) obviously an anti-capitalist, or at least a critic, and b) writing in the aftermath of the 2008/2009 financial crisis, before the mainstreaming of Bernie Sanders, AOC, and Jeremy Corbyn were even remotely politically possible. However, were Fisher alive today, he would probably argue the same thing. Enjoy Fisher's on-point observations, and his excellent use of popular culture as a vehicle for social analysis.

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This week we have a snappy, barely 3-page essay coming at you from Audre Lorde, feminist, poet, activist, and, in her own self-identified words: "black, lesbian, mother, warrior, poet". In "Poetry Is Not a luxury", Lorde dismantles some of the paradigms we might attribute to poetry - for one, the idea that it is a luxury, a privilege, a space for those who have the time and ressources to think deeply and write poetically. Instead, Lorde succinctly argues that poetry is not only necessary, but also what gives us insight into what needs action and attention in ourselves and in the world. Thereby, poetic space becomes: 1. activist space, 2. that which gives us courage to go into the world, and, 3. the light with which we illuminate our lives.

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Difficult times like these may call for theory and politics, but they also call for art and reflection. So if you are stuck at home, like everyone else, and tired of everything Netflix has to offer, we bring  you: The New Yorker's Fiction Podcast. In which great author's read the work of other great authors and discuss it with the New Yorker's amazingly soft-spoken fiction editor Deborah Treisman. All episodes are great, but we can recommend David Sedaris reading Miranda July (for those into the wonderfully weird and quirky), Ben Lerner reading John Berger (for those into being intellectual, and for anyone wishing to learn the art of speaking in essay form), and Karl Ove Knausgaard reading V.S Naipaul (for those into heavy Norwegian accents and really long-winded descriptions of the English country-side.) Enjoy! And take care of yourselves.

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A monthly reading and conversation with The New Yorker's fiction editor, Deborah Treisman.

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The Century of the Self is a four-part documentary by filmmaker Adam Curtis detailing the rise of psychoanalysis as a powerful means of persuasion for both governments and corporations. The film is an incredible compilation of found footage and interviews, and a masterpiece in historical framing and storytelling. Unless you are already an expert on the history of psychoanalysis and its influence, this film will give you a whole new perspective on the history of the last century and how we got where we are today. This first link is to the first part of the film, and the rest of the parts are also on youtube. Enjoy!

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The Century of the Self - Part 1: "Happiness Machines"

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Please enjoy this On Being Podcast with the late, great Mary Oliver. Mary Oliver reminds us to listen to the world, and that when listening (poetically), the world offers itself up to us and tells us in a million beautiful ways that we belong to it. Her biography and take on what poetry means are sources of inspiration that yield comfort and joy in challenging times. In conversation with another amazing lady, Krista Tippet, Oliver describes how she found the entire world in poetry, that poetry was also what saved her from what was difficult in her life, and, surprisingly, that poetry is community.

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Krista Tippett, host: Mary Oliver died this week. She's been one of our greatest poets, beloved and often quoted by people across ages and backgrounds. And so this hour, we're revisiting the rare interview she granted us in 2015 - on the world and poetry and the life behind her writing.

[ music: "Seven League Boots" by Zoe Keating]

Mary Oliver: "Whoever you are, no matter how lonely, / the world offers itself to your imagination, / calls to you like the wild geese, harsh and exciting - / over and over announcing your place / in the family of things."
Lord knows when I started writing poetry, it was rotten.

Ms. Tippett: The poetry was rotten?

Ms. Oliver: Sure. I was 10, 11, 12 years old, but I kept at it - with my pencil I've traveled to the moon and back. Probably a few times.

Ms. Tippett: I'm Krista Tippett, and this is On Being.

Mary Oliver was born in 1935 and grew up in a small town in Ohio. She won the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award, among her many honors - and published numerous collections of poetry and also some wonderful prose. She lived and wrote for five decades in Provincetown, Massachusetts on Cape Cod, and her poetry is vivid with a sense of place. After an illness and the death of her longtime partner, the photographer Molly Malone Cook, Mary Oliver moved to southern Florida. That's where I visited her.

Ms. Tippett: The question I always start with, whether I'm interviewing a physicist or a poet is - I'd like to hear whether there was a spiritual background to your early life, to your childhood. However you would define that now.

Ms. Oliver: Well, I would define it now very differently from when I was a child. I was sent to Sunday school, as many kids are. And then I had trouble with the resurrection. So I would not join the church. But I was still probably more interested than many of the kids who did enter the church. It's been one of the most important interests of my life and continues to be. And it doesn't have to be Christianity. I'm very much taken with the poet Rumi, who is Muslim, a Sufi poet - and read him every day, and have no answers but have some suggestions. I know that a life is much richer with a spiritual part to it. And I also think nothing is more interesting. So I cling to it.

Ms. Tippett: Right. And then you talk about growing up in a sad, depressed place, a difficult place. You don't belabor this, I mean, and in other places - there's a place you talk about you were one of many thousands who've had insufficient childhoods. But that you spent a lot of your time walking around the woods in Ohio.

Ms. Oliver: Yes, I did, and I think it saved my life. To this day, I don't care for the enclosure of buildings. It was a very bad childhood for everybody, every member of the household, not just myself, I think. And I escaped it, barely, with years of trouble. But I did find the entire world in looking for something. But I got saved by poetry. And I got saved by the beauty of the world.

Ms. Tippett: Yeah. And there's such a convergence of those things then, it seems, all the way through in your life as a poet.

Ms. Oliver: Yes, it is a convergence. And I have a little difficulty now having lived for fifty years in a small town in the North. I'm trying very hard to love the mangroves. [ laughs] It takes a while.

Ms. Tippett: Well, I know. And I have to say, you and your poetry, for me, are so closely identified with Provincetown and that part of the world and that kind of dramatic weather - that kind of shore. And so when I had this amazing opportunity to come visit you - and I said, "Oh great, we're going to Cape Cod!... No, we're going to Florida." [ laughs]

Ms. Oliver: Yes, I just sold my condo to a very dear friend this summer. And I bought a little house down here, which needs very serious reconstruction. So, I'm not in it yet. But sometimes it's time for the change.

Ms. Tippett: Yeah, though, for all those years, for decades of your writing, this picture was there of you. This pleasure of walking and writing and, I don't know, standing with your notebook and actually writing while you're walking. [ laughs]

Ms. Oliver: Yes. That's how I did it.

Ms. Tippett: And it is. And it seems like such a gift that you found that way to be a writer and to have that daily - have a ritual of writing.

Ms. Oliver: Well, as I say, I don't like buildings. The only record I broke in school was truancy. I went to the woods a lot with books. Whitman in the knapsack. But I also liked motion. So I just began with these little notebooks and scribbled things as they came to me and then worked them into poems later. And always I wanted the "I." Many of the poems are "I did this. I did this. I saw this." I wanted the "I" to be the possible reader, rather than about myself. It was about an experience that happened to be mine but could well have been anybody else's. That was my feeling about the "I." I have been criticized by one editor who felt that "I" would be felt as ego. And I thought, no, well, I'm going to risk it and see. And I think it worked. It enjoined the reader into the experience of the poem. I became the kind of person who did the walking and the scribbling but shared it if they wanted it.

Ms. Tippett: And you also use this word - there's this place where you're talking about writing while walking, you know, listening deeply. And I love this, "listening convivially."

Ms. Oliver: [ laughs] Yes. Yeah.

Ms. Tippett: And listening, really, to the world.

Ms. Oliver: Listening to the world. Well, I did that and I still do it.

Ms. Tippett: I was going to ask you if you thought you could have been a poet in an age when you probably would have grown up writing on computers.

Ms. Oliver: Oh, now? I very much advise writers not to use a computer.

Ms. Tippett: But it seems to me that more than the computer being the problem, the sitting at a desk would be a problem.

Ms. Oliver: That's a problem. Lots of things are problems. As I talk about it in The Poetry Handbook, discipline is very important. The habit - I think we're creative all day long. And we have to have an appointment to have that work out on the page. Because the creative part of us gets tired of waiting or just gets tired. It's helped a lot of students, young poets doing that, to have that meeting with that part of oneself because there are, of course, other parts of life. I used to say I gave my - when I had jobs, which wasn't that often, but I'd say I give my very best second, second class labor to...

Ms. Tippett: ...to the job.

Ms. Oliver: ...because I'd get up at five, and by nine I'd already had my say.

Ms. Tippett: Yeah. And also when you write about that - the discipline that creates space for something quite mysterious to happen. You talk about that "wild, silky part of ourselves." You talk about the "part of the psyche that works in concert with consciousness and supplies a necessary part of the poem - a heart of the star as opposed to the shape of the star, let us say - exists in a mysterious, unmapped zone: not unconscious, not subconscious, but cautious."

Ms. Oliver: What is that from?

Ms. Tippett: That's from The Poetry Handbook. [ laughs]

Ms. Oliver: [ laughs] It's been awhile.

Ms. Tippett: It's great. But you say - you promise - it learns quickly what sort of courtship it's going to be. You're saying that the writer has to be kind of in courtship with this essential, but elusive, cautious, as you say, cautious part. And that if you turn up every day, it will learn to trust you.

Ms. Oliver: Yes, yes, yes. I remember that.

Ms. Tippett: This is a very practical way about talking about something that's quite...

Ms. Oliver: That trust is very important.

Ms. Tippett: Yes, and that's the creative process.

Ms. Oliver: That is the creative process. It's also true that I believe poetry - it is a convivial and kind of - it's very old. It's very sacred. It wishes for a community. It's a community ritual, certainly. And that's why, when you write a poem, you write it for anybody and everybody. And you have to be ready to do that out of your single self. It's a giving. It's always - it's a gift. It's a gift to yourself but it's a gift to anybody who has a hunger for it.

Ms. Tippett: Right. And I wonder if it's something about this process you describe where you've applied the will, but also the discipline, to reach and also make room for something that's very deep in us. Right? I love this language, "this wild, silky part of ourselves." I don't know, maybe the soul.

Ms. Oliver: It's become a nasty word lately.

Ms. Tippett: I know it has.

Ms. Oliver: Because it's used - it's become a lazy word. It's too bad.

Ms. Tippett: It's cliched. The silky part, let's just call it that. But I mean, so if you - when you offer that, poetry does create a way to offer that in a condensed form, vivid form.

Ms. Oliver: And very often it - it was Blake who said, "I take dictation." With that discipline and with that willingness and wish to communicate, very often things very slippery do come in that you weren't planning on receiving them. But they do happen. I have very rarely, maybe four or five times in my life, I've written a poem that I never changed. And I don't know where it came from. But it does happen. It happens among hundreds of poems that you've struggled over.

Ms. Tippett: Yeah. Do you know which - do you know what some of those are? Do you know what they are still?

Ms. Oliver: Well, the Percy one was one. "The First Time Percy Came Back." I never changed a word of that. And there are others. I can't remember, but there are a few. Of course, there are also poems that I just write out and then I throw them out. Lots of those. [ laughs]

Ms. Tippett: And also, when you talk about this life of waking up in the morning and being outside in this wild landscape with your notebook in your hand and walking. It's so enviable, right? But then I know, when you're in The Poetry Handbook, there's the discipline of being there, but there's also the hard work of rewriting. And, as you say, some things have to be thrown out.

Ms. Oliver: Oh many, many, many have to be thrown out. For sure.

Ms. Tippett: There's an un-romantic part to the process as well.

Ms. Oliver: That's an interesting word. Somebody once wrote about me and said I must have a private grant or something, that all I seem to do is walk around the woods and write poems. But I was very, very poor. And I ate a lot of fish. I ate a lot of clams.

Ms. Tippett: Right. And I realized that you actually - you weren't just walking around the woods, you were gathering food in those early years: mussels and clams and mushrooms and berries. Although you gave voice to this kind of really lavish, even ornate beauty that you lived in that was your daily - that was really your mundane world.

Ms. Oliver: That's how I saw it. Yes, that's true.

Ms. Tippett: So there's a question that you pose in many different ways, overtly and implicitly, you know, "How shall I live?" In Long Life you wrote, "What does it mean that the earth is so beautiful? And what shall I do about it? What is the gift that I should bring to the world? What is the life that I should live?" Which really is a question of moral imagination. And it's the ancient essential question. But I wonder how you think about how that question emerges and is addressed distinctively in poetry and through poetry. What does poetry do with a question like that, that other forms of language don't?

Ms. Oliver: I think I would disagree that other forms of language don't. But poetry has a different kind of attraction.

Ms. Tippett: Yeah. So what is that attraction in poetry?

Ms. Oliver: I think it's the way it's written. It's the fact that it has been communal for years and years and years, and we've missed it. But I do think poetry has enticements of sound that are different from literature. Literature certainly has it too, or some literature, the best literature. And it's easier for people to remember. People are more apt to remember a poem and therefore feel they own it and can speak it to themselves as you might a prayer - than they can remember a chapter and quote it. That's very important because then it belongs to you. You have it when you need it. Poetry is certainly closer to singing than prose. And singing is something that we all love to do or wish we could do. [ laughs]

Ms. Tippett: And it goes all the way through you.

Ms. Oliver: Yes. It does indeed.

[ music: "The Best Paper Airplane Ever" by Lullatone]

Ms. Tippett: I'm Krista Tippett, and this is On Being. Today, revisiting my rare conversation with the poet Mary Oliver, who died this week.

Ms. Tippett: I just love - I just want to read these. This is from Long Life also. "The world is: fun, and familiar, and healthful, and unbelievably refreshing, and lovely. And it is the theater of the spiritual; it is the multiform utterly obedient to a mystery."

Ms. Oliver: Yeah. Well, you know, and it is. We all wonder, "Who is God? What's going to happen when we die?" All that stuff. And I don't think it's - maybe it's never nothing. I'm very fond of Lucretius.

Ms. Tippett: Say some more.

Ms. Oliver: Lucretius says just everything's a little energy. You go back, and you're these little bits of energy, and pretty soon you're something else. Now that's a continuance. It's not the one we think of when we're talking about the golden streets and the angels with how many wings and whatever, the hierarchy of angels. Even angels have a hierarchy. But it's something quite wonderful.

The world is pretty much - everything is mortal. It dies. But its parts don't die. Its parts become something else. We know that when we bury a dog in the garden and with a rose bush on top of it. We know that there is replenishment. And that's pretty amazing. What more there might be, I don't know. But I'm pretty confident of that one.

Ms. Tippett: And again, do you think spending your life as a poet and working with words and responding to the world in the way you have as a poet gives you tools to work with? Because putting words around God, or what God is, or who God is, or, I don't know, heaven - it's always insufficient.

Ms. Oliver: It's always insufficient, but the question and the wonder is not unsatisfying. It's never totally satisfying. But it's intriguing. And also what one does end up believing, even if it shifts, has an effect upon life that you live, the life that you choose to live or try to live. So it's an endless, unanswerable quest. I find it endlessly fascinating. And I think also religion is very helpful in people not thinking that they themselves are sufficient, that there is something that has to do with all of us that is more than all of us are.

Ms. Tippett: That is what you do because of the particular vision that you have, what you pay attention to, what you attend to, which is that grandeur, that largeness of the natural world, which - a couple of years ago when I was writing, I picked up your book A Thousand Mornings. And here's the first one,

"I Go Down to the Shore":

"I go down to the shore in the morning / and depending on the hour the waves / are rolling in or moving out, / and I say, oh, I am miserable, / what shall - / what should I do? And the sea says / in its lovely voice: / Excuse me, I have work to do."

Ms. Oliver: I love that.

Ms. Tippett: I love that. And I have to say also, to me, it was just - it's so perfect. It kind of was like, what's the point of bringing 50,000 new words into the world? This says it all.

Ms. Oliver: I have had a rash, which seems to be continuing, of writing shorter poems.

Ms. Tippett: I noticed that in your more recent poems.

Ms. Oliver: It probably is an influence from Rumi, whose poems are - many of them are quite short. But if you can say it in a few lines, you're just decorating for the rest of it. Unless you could - intent makes something more intense, but if you said what you want to say, you're not going to make it more intense. You're just going to repeat yourself. So I've got a poem that will start the next book. I think it goes like this: "Things take the time they take. Don't / worry. / How many roads did St. Augustine follow / before he became St. Augustine?" Same kind of thing. What else is there to say?

Ms. Tippett: [ laughs] That's right.

Ms. Oliver: That's four lines, and that's not a day's work. But the poem is done.

Ms. Tippett: And it speaks so completely perfectly to the "I" who's reading the poem. Even though it's about St Augustine, but it's about all of us. Right?

Ms. Oliver: Yeah, and people do worry that they're not wherever they want to go. And St. Augustine, I just read a biography of him. He was all over the map before he settled down.

Ms. Tippett: I'd like to talk about attention, which is another real theme that runs through your work, both the word and the practice. I know people associate you with that word. But I was interested to read that you began to learn that attention without feeling is only a report. That there is more to attention than for it to matter in the way you want it to matter. Say something about that learning.

Ms. Oliver: You need empathy with it rather than just reporting. Reporting is for field guides. And they're great. They're helpful. But that's what they are. They're not thought provokers. They don't go anywhere. And I say somewhere that attention is the beginning of devotion, which I do believe. But that's it. A lot of these things are said but can't be explained.

Ms. Tippett: I think that your poem "A Summer Day" is, maybe, one of the best known.

Ms. Oliver: Yes it is. I would say that's true.

Ms. Tippett: Yeah. So, my daughter, who is now 21 and all grown up, but who then was about 12 was assigned to memorize "A Summer Day."

Ms. Oliver: "The Summer Day."

Ms. Tippett: "The Summer Day" - in sixth grade. And so she came home reciting this poem and I felt really embodying it. And we actually played it in the show. Anyway, I brought it because I wanted you to hear it. So remember, she's not reading it. She'd learned it.

Aly Tippett: "The Summer Day":

"Who made the world? / Who made the swan, and the black bear? / Who made the grasshopper? / This grasshopper, I mean - / the one who has flung herself out of the grass, / the one who is eating sugar out of my hand, / who is moving her jaws back and forth instead of up and down - / who is gazing around with her enormous and complicated eyes. / Now she lifts her pale forearms and thoroughly washes her face. / Now she snaps her wings open, and floats away. / I don't know exactly what a prayer is. / I do know how to pay attention, how to fall down / into the grass, how to kneel down in the grass, / how to be idle and blessed, how to stroll through the fields, / which is what I have been doing all day. / Tell me, what else should I have done? / Doesn't everything die at last, and too soon? / Tell me, what is it you plan to do / with your one wild and precious life?"

Ms. Oliver: That's a beautiful reading.

Ms. Tippett: Is that fun for you to hear?

Ms. Oliver: Yeah. How old was she then?

Ms. Tippett: She was about 12.

Ms. Oliver: Beautiful.

Ms. Tippett: But so many young people - young and old - have learned that poem by heart, and it's become part of them.

Ms. Oliver: One thing about that poem, which I think is important, is that the grasshopper actually existed. And yet I was able to fit him into that poem. And the sugar he was eating was part of frosting from a Portuguese lady's birthday cake, which wasn't important to the poem. But even seeing that little creature come to my plate and say, I'd like a little helping of that. It somehow fascinates me that - that's just personal for me that it was Mrs. Segura, probably her 90th birthday cake or something.

Ms. Tippett: Did she ever read the poem? Did she ever know?

Ms. Oliver: No. She was past that. Her daughters may have, but I never advertised myself as a poet. And there was that wonderful thing about the town. And that is, I was taken as somebody who worked like anybody else. And I'd go - there was one fellow who was the plumber. And we'd maybe meet in the hardware store in the morning.

Ms. Tippett: You mean in Provincetown?

Ms. Oliver: And he'd say, "Oh, Hi Mary. How's your work going?" And I'd say, "Pretty good. How was yours?" And it was the same thing. There was no sense of eliteness or difference, and that was very nice. In fact, it is a funny story. When the Pulitzer Prize was announced, which I didn't even know they'd turned the book in for, I was, at that time, as the whole town was doing, going out to the dump most mornings, which was a mess - that was before they cleaned up - to buy shingles. I was shingling the house or some kind of thing. And a friend of mine came by - a woman who's a painter. She said, "Ha, what are you doing? Looking for your old manuscripts?" [ laughs] It was very funny.

Ms. Tippett: And you didn't know? She'd heard the news?

Ms. Oliver: I knew. But my job in the morning was to go find some shingles. [ laughs]

[ music: "Causeway" by Ryan Teague]

Ms. Tippett: After a short break, more conversation with the late Mary Oliver. You can always listen again, and hear the unedited version of every conversation I have on the On Being podcast feed. Now with special occasional bite-sized extras - wherever podcasts are found.

I'm Krista Tippett, and this is On Being. Today, remembering the great poet Mary Oliver who died this week. We're revisiting the rare interview she granted us in 2015 on the world and poetry and the life behind her writing. She won the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize among her many honors, and her poetry is beloved by people across ages and backgrounds. Later in life, she moved from Cape Cod to Florida to be close to friends, and that's where we visited her.

Ms. Tippett: I wanted to also name the fact that as you said before, you're not somebody who belabors what is dark, what has been hard. I think it's important and maybe helpful for people, because there's so much beauty and light in your poetry, also that you let in the fact that it's not all sweetness and light. And you did that a lot in the Dream Work book. And those poems are notably harder.

Ms. Oliver: I did. And a lot of - you know, I didn't know at that time what I was writing about. I really had no understanding.

Ms. Tippett: You mean, you didn't realize that they were so hard, or you literally didn't know what you were...

Ms. Oliver: No - there's a poem called "Rage."

Ms. Tippett: Yes.

Ms. Oliver: And I - it's a she. And that's perfect biography, unfortunately - or autobiography. But I couldn't handle that material except in the three or four poems that I've done - just couldn't.

Ms. Tippett: Yeah, I mean, there's a line in "Rage": "in your dreams you have sullied and murdered, / and your dreams do not lie."

Ms. Oliver: That's how I felt, but I didn't know I was - certainly, I didn't know I was talking about my father. Children forget. They don't forget, but they forget the details. They just don't know why they have nightmares all the time. It's very difficult.

Ms. Tippett: Isn't it incredible that we carry those things all our lives, decades and decades and decades?

Ms. Oliver: Well, we do carry it. But it is very helpful to figure out, as best you can, what happened and why these people were the way they were. It was a very dark and broken house that I came from.

Ms. Tippett: There's another - there's that poem in there, "A Visitor," which mentions your father. And there's just, to me, this heartbreaking line, which also - I have my own story. We all do. "I saw what love might have done / had we loved in time."

Ms. Oliver: "...had we loved in time." Yeah, well, he never got any love out of me - or deserved it. But mostly what makes you angry is the loss of the years of your life, because it does leave damage. But there you are. You do what you can do.

Ms. Tippett: You have such a capacity for joy, especially in the outdoors. Right? You transmit that. And it's that joy - if you're capable of that, how much more of it would there have been?

Ms. Oliver: Well, I saved my own life by finding a place that wasn't in that house. That was my strength, but I wasn't all strength. It would have been a very different life. Whether I would have written poetry or not, who knows? Poetry is a pretty lonely pursuit. And, in many cases I used to think, I don't do it anymore - but that I'm talking to myself. There was nobody else that in that house I was going to talk to. It was a very difficult time and a long time. And I don't understand some people's behavior.

Ms. Tippett: I guess what I'm saying, I think, is that it's a gift that you give to your readers to let that be clear. That this, you know - that your ability to love your wild, your "one wild and precious life" is hard won. And I feel like you also - for all the glorious language about God and around God that goes all the way through your poetry, you also acknowledge this perplexing thing. This was in Long Life: "What can we do about God, who makes and then breaks every god-forsaken, beautiful day?"

Ms. Oliver: [ laughs] Well, we can go back and read Lucretius.

Ms. Tippett: What does Lucretius do then?

Ms. Oliver: Lucretius just presents this marvelous and important idea that what we are made of will make something else, which to me is very important. There is no nothingness - with these little atoms that run around too little for us to see. But, put together, they make something. And that to me is a miracle. Where it came from, I don't know. But it's a miracle, and I think it's enough to keep a person afloat.

Ms. Tippett: [ laughs] Let's talk about your last couple of books, which also are an insight into you at this stage in your life. And then I'd love for you to read some poems. You have said that you were so captivated. That you were - I don't know if you've said this that way, but it seems to me you've kind of written about being so captivated by the world of nature that you were less open to the world of humans - and that as you've grown older, as you've gone through life, what did you say, you've entered more fully into the human world and embraced it. Is that a good...?

Ms. Oliver: True. It's absolutely true.

Ms. Tippett: And was it passage of time?

Ms. Oliver: It was a passage of time. It was a passage of understanding what happened to me and why I behaved in certain ways and didn't in other ways. So it was clarity.

Ms. Tippett: You wrote really beautifully about the death of Molly, who you shared so much of your life with. You wrote, I don't know, I'm finding my notes, "The end of life has its own nature, also worth our attention." I liked that line. In some ways, it feels to me when I read your poetry of the last couple of years that that's really this territory you're on, or at least part of it.

Ms. Oliver: Well, I should be.

Ms. Tippett: And I don't mean you're at the end of life, but just paying attention to...

Ms. Oliver: Well, I've been better. [ laughs]

Ms. Tippett: But it's a different chapter.

Ms. Oliver: Well, it is. I mean, I had cancer a couple years ago. Lung cancer. And it feels that death has left his calling card. I'm fine. I get scanned, as they do. I'm lucky. I'm very lucky. But all the same, you're kind of shocked. This doctor, that doctor. I'm a bad smoker ...

Ms. Tippett: And you're still smoking.

Ms. Oliver: Yeah. And last time the doctor said, "Your lungs are good." You get good fortune, take it. And you keep smoking.

Ms. Tippett: There's that poem "The Fourth Sign of the Zodiac" in the new book.

Ms. Oliver: Yeah. How does that start? Which one is that? Oh - that's one of the poems about cancer.

Ms. Tippett: Well, right. And you haven't, I don't think - have you spoken much about your cancer? People know that you were ill...

Ms. Oliver: No. People knew I was ill, and they didn't know...

Ms. Tippett: ...they didn't know what it was. In that poem, there's a very passing reference to it.

Ms. Oliver: Oh, yes there is. There are four poems. One is about the hunter in the woods that makes no sound. All the hunters.

Ms. Tippett: It's a little bit long, but do you want to read it?

Ms. Oliver: Sure. Oh, where'd I put my glasses? There they are. Yeah. The fourth sign of the zodiac is, of course, cancer. Oh, that's what I meant.

"Why should I have been surprised? / Hunters walk the forest / without a sound. / The hunter, strapped to his rifle, / the fox on his feet of silk, / the serpent on his empire of muscles - / all move in a stillness, / hungry, careful, intent. / Just as the cancer / entered the forest of my body, / without a sound."
These four poems are about the cancer episode, shall we say? The cancer visit? Did you want me to go on to these others?

Ms. Tippett: Yeah. You want to go on? Is it too much?

Ms. Oliver: No. This is the second poem of these four:

"The question is, / what will it be like / after the last day? / Will I float / into the sky / or will I fray / within the earth or a river - / remembering nothing? / How desperate I would be / if I couldn't remember / the sun rising, if I couldn't / remember trees, rivers; if I couldn't / even remember, beloved, / your beloved name.

"3. / I know, you never intended to be in this world. / But you're in it all the same. // So why not get started immediately. // I mean, belonging to it. / There is so much to admire, to weep over. // And to write music or poems about. // Bless the feet that take you to and fro. / Bless the eyes and the listening ears. / Bless the tongue, the marvel of taste. / Bless touching. / You could live a hundred years, it's happened. / Or not. / I am speaking from the fortunate platform / of many years, / none of which, I think, I ever wasted. / Do you need a prod? / Do you need a little darkness to get you going? / Let me be as urgent as a knife, then, / and remind you of Keats, / so single of purpose and thinking, for a while, / he had a lifetime.

"4. / Late yesterday afternoon, in the heat, / all the fragile blue flowers in bloom / in the shrubs in the yard next door had / tumbled from the shrubs and lay / wrinkled and faded on the grass. But / this morning the shrubs were full of / the blue flowers again. There wasn't / a single one on the grass. How, I / wondered, did they roll or crawl back to / the shrubs and then back up to / the branches, that fiercely wanting, / as we all do, just a little more of / life?"

[ music: "Breaking Down" by Clem Leek]

Ms. Tippett: I'm Krista Tippett, and this is On Being. Today, revisiting my rare conversation with the poet Mary Oliver, who died this week.

Ms. Tippett: There are some of your poems, and I think "The Summer Day" is one and "Wild Geese" is another, that have just entered the lexicon.

Ms. Oliver: Yes, three: "The Summer Day," "Wild Geese," there's one other. I can't remember, but I would say is the third one. But I don't remember it.

Ms. Tippett: If you think of it, tell me. So "Wild Geese" is in Dream Work, and I've heard people talk about that, "Wild Geese," as a poem that has saved lives. And I wonder if when you write something like that - I mean, when you wrote that poem or when you published this book, would you have known that that was the poem that would speak so deeply to people?

Ms. Oliver: This is the magic of it. That poem was written as an exercise in end-stopped lines.

Ms. Tippett: As an exercise in what?

Ms. Oliver: End-stopped lines. Period at the end of the line. I was working with a poet. I had her in a class.

Ms. Tippett: So it was an exercise in technique. [ laughs]

Ms. Oliver: Yes, and not every line is that way. I was trying to show the variation. But my mind was completely on that. At the same time, I will say that I heard the wild geese. I just started out to do this for this friend and show her the effect of the line end is - you've said something definite. It's very different from enjambment. I love all that difference. And that's what I was doing.

Ms. Tippett: To your point that the mystery is in that combination of discipline and the convivial listening.

Ms. Oliver: Yeah, I was trying to do a certain kind of construction. Nevertheless, once I started writing the poem, it was the poem. I knew the construction well enough that I didn't have to think about, just if I need an end-stopped line here or... It just worked itself out the way I wanted for the exercise.

Ms. Tippett: Would you read that one?

Ms. Oliver: Sure. That's kind of a secret. But it's the truth. "Wild Geese." I actually thought it was - oh no, there it is. 14, you're right.

"Wild Geese" - "You do not have to be good. / You do not have to walk on your knees / for a hundred miles through the desert, repenting. / You only have to let the soft animal of your body / love what it loves. / Tell me about despair, yours, and I will tell you mine. / Meanwhile the world goes on. / Meanwhile the sun and the clear pebbles of the rain / are moving across the landscapes, / over the prairies and the deep trees, / the mountains and the rivers. / Meanwhile the wild geese, high in the clean blue air, / are heading home again. / Whoever you are, no matter how lonely, / the world offers itself to your imagination, / calls to you like the wild geese, harsh and exciting - / over and over announcing your place / in the family of things."
Well, it's a subject I knew well, a lot about.

Ms. Tippett: It was just there in you. It was there in you to come out.

Ms. Oliver: It was there in me. Yes. Once I heard those geese and said that line about anguish - and where that came from, I don't know. I'd say that's one of the poems that...

Ms. Tippett: ...that just came.

Ms. Oliver: Yeah. It wasn't dictated, but - that's what Blake used to say. And that's just a way of saying you don't know where it comes from. But if you've done it lot - and lord knows when I started writing poetry, it was rotten.

Ms. Tippett: The poetry was rotten?

Ms. Oliver: Sure. I was 10, 11, 12 years old, but I kept at it, kept at it, kept at it. I used to say, with my pencil I've traveled to the moon and back. Probably a few times. I kept at it every day. And finally you learn things.

Ms. Tippett: I'm conscious that I want to move towards a close. I'd like to hear a little bit more - you've mentioned Rumi a few times. In A Thousand Mornings, you say, "If I were a Sufi for sure I would be one of the spinning kind." And that's clear. Actually, it makes so much sense from how you were always on the move even as a teenager.

How do you think your spiritual sensibility - and here we are again with that tricky word. But how is your spiritual - I don't want to say how is your spiritual life. I mean, you've said somewhere you've become more spiritual as you've grown older. What do you mean when you say that? What's the content of that?

Ms. Oliver: I've become kinder, more people-oriented, more willing to grow old. I always was investigative in terms of everlasting life, but a little more interested now, a little more content with my answers.

Ms. Tippett: There's this poem, the second poem in A Thousand Mornings, which is your 2013 book, which also to me just kind of says it all. What's the point of the - "I Happen to Be Standing." Would you read that one?

Ms. Oliver: Oh, yeah.

"I don't know where prayers go, / or what they do. / Do cats pray, while they sleep / half-asleep in the sun? / Does the opossum pray as it / crosses the street? / The sunflowers? The old black oak / growing older every year? / I know I can walk through the world, / along the shore or under the trees, / with my mind filled with things / of little importance, in full / self-attendance. A condition I can't really / call being alive. / Is a prayer a gift, or a petition, / or does it matter? / The sunflowers blaze, maybe that's their way. / Maybe the cats are sound asleep. Maybe not. / While I was thinking this I happened to be standing / just outside my door, with my notebook open, / which is the way I begin every morning. / Then a wren in the privet began to sing. / He was positively drenched in enthusiasm, / I don't know why. And yet, why not. / I wouldn't persuade you from whatever you believe / or whatever you don't. That's your business. / But I thought, of the wren's singing, what could this be / if it isn't a prayer? / So I just listened, my pen in the air."
Well, the poems keep coming.

Ms. Tippett: [ laughs] In A Poetry Handbook you wrote, "Poetry is a life-cherishing force. And it requires a vision - a faith, to use an old-fashioned term. Yes, indeed. For poems are not words, after all, but fires for the cold, ropes let down to the lost, something as necessary as bread in the pockets of the hungry. Yes, indeed." And I just wanted to read that back to you because I feel like you've given that to so many people. You've demonstrated that. And you also write in poetry about thinking of Schubert scribbling on a cafe napkin, "Thank you. Thank you." And I feel like so many people when they read - when they imagine you standing outdoors with your notebook and pen in hand, you know, "Thank you, thank you."

Ms. Oliver: You're welcome.

Ms. Tippett: It's been a beautiful conversation.

Ms. Oliver: You're much welcome. I'm free. I'm free. [ laughs]

Ms. Tippett: [ laughs] Yes you are!

[ music: "Morrison County" by Craig D"Andrea]

Ms. Tippett: Mary Oliver died this week. Her many honors included the National Book Award and the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry. She published over 25 books of poetry and prose including Dream Work, A Thousand Mornings and The Poetry Handbook.

You may know that we usually post the unedited interview behind each week's episode. The 90 minutes we originally recorded with Mary Oliver contains so many lovely moments, including more of her ruminations on her move from the landscape of Cape Cod to that of Florida and on her love for the dogs in her life.

Ms. Tippett: Have your dogs and your love of your dogs and life with dogs infused your theology? Or is that too lofty a question?

Ms. Oliver: Well, Rilke wrote a poem - some friend of mine did a painting of it, of just a picture of a dog. And the quote is "the soul for which there is no heaven." Well, no thank you. I mean, there are going to be trees in paradise, as we're going to have fun imagining it, whether it exists or not. Dogs are certainly going to be there. Poor little burros and donkeys, after all the work they've done in the world? Good heavens, yes.

[ music: "Cirrus" by Bonobo]

Staff: On Being is Chris Heagle, Lily Percy, Mariah Helgeson, Maia Tarrell, Marie Sambilay, Erinn Farrell, Laurén Dørdal, Tony Liu, Bethany Iverson, Erin Colasacco, Kristin Lin, Profit Idowu, Casper ter Kuile, Angie Thurston, Sue Phillips, Eddie Gonzalez, Lilian Vo, Lucas Johnson, Damon Lee, Suzette Burley, Katie Gordon, Zack Rose, and Serri Graslie.

Ms. Tippett: Special thanks this week to Ann Godoff and Liz Calamari at Penguin Press and to Regula Noetzli at the Charlotte Sheedy Literary Agency.
Our lovely theme music is provided and composed by Zoë Keating. And the last voice that you hear singing our final credits in each show is hip-hop artist Lizzo.

On Being was created at American Public Media. Our funding partners include:

The Fetzer Institute, helping to build the spiritual foundation for a loving world. Find them at .

Kalliopeia Foundation, working to create a future where universal spiritual values form the foundation of how we care for our common home.

Humanity United, advancing human dignity at home and around the world. Find out more at humanityunited.org , part of the Omidyar Group.

The Henry Luce Foundation, in support of Public Theology Reimagined.

The Osprey Foundation - a catalyst for empowered, healthy, and fulfilled lives.

And the Lilly Endowment, an Indianapolis-based, private family foundation dedicated to its founders' interests in religion, community development, and education.

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Krista Tippett, host: Mary Oliver died this week. She's been one of our greatest poets, beloved and often quoted by people across ages and backgrounds. And so this hour, we're revisiting the rare interview she granted us in 2015 - on the world and poetry and the life behind her writing.

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Rebecca Solnit on the Pandemic and on why we should be hopeful

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Rebecca Solnit on the Pandemic and on why we should be hopeful

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Rebecca Solnit is one of our time's most prolific writers and thinkers. Solnit's authorship delves into deep issues of our time, undertaking topics ranging from feminism and popular power, wandering and getting lost, indigenous history, the writing process, trauma and disaster -- and, hope - not as a blind, happy-go-lucky optimism, but rather a deliberate, resourceful and resilient choice that gives meaning and mooring to life. Grounding many of her reflections also in questions of storytelling, reading and what this means for being human - together and apart, here she is:

1. On the pandemic and on living with and in uncertainty - in a hopeful way:
https://lithub.com/rebecca-solnit-life-inside-this-strange-new-fairytale-doesnt-have-to-be-lonely/?fbclid=IwAR2GWBpM6KWX7cza4K7fKnMBJwMvKRNamYSIa9b64SjoGYg9yFjMPBbE8n0

2. In conversation with the wonderful Emma Watson (Levio-SAH):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdNHZDq7XHQ&fbclid=IwAR20BmHM-zttU-ggff-wKoUZ1FDpiqbpuF-Yktf9neoYj8atRsaE-PHQ_nw

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Black History Month Library for a world in protest

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Black History Month Library for a world in protest

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In this time of urgent and important turmoil, as there are protests the world over attacking systemic racism and police violence against Black people in the US and the killing of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor - countries and individuals alike are adjured to address their place in all of this. For this reason, we wanted to, gently and kindly, draw your attention to this beautiful and rich corner of the internet. Whoever you are and however you are placed within these pressing questions and realities, this library is an impressive gathering of some of the most influential Black thinkers, writers, activists and creatives. We encourage you to dive deep, ask questions, and, most importantly, to talk to each other about what you find.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/0Bz011IF2Pu9TUWIxVWxybGJ1Ync?fbclid=IwAR0xKJz5jguJtd2dDqfA_eHrCwQsEfV9k0tjBMjx7YxDJS_9D2-_3xQcNdg