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Communities across the country kept non-whites from living within its limits. From 1890 and continuing into the 1960s, African Americans settled across the country especially after the Great Migration. Towns would begin to drive out Black populations and post "sundown signs" and laws barring Blacks after dark or prohibiting them from owning or renting property. Many were harassed and murdered for violating the custom across the country. Other towns would expand the prohibition to Jews, Asians, Mexicans, and Native Americans. In a 1970 census, 71% of Illinois towns with over 1000 people had been all-white. All-white suburbs would also limit Blacks from home ownership and segregate them to rundown industrial neighborhoods in cities. The passage of the Federal Housing Administration program in 1930s did bring about easier ways for home ownership, but eligibility for loans were tied to race leaving Blacks from receiving them. Residential segregation unfortunately continues today and has direct ties to quality of education, access to healthcare, and opportunity.

Source: https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-haunting-history-of-sundown-towns/id1525778417?i=1000489324045

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This supreme court case allowed segregation laws to be constitutional. Created the idea of "separate but equal." The Supreme Court rules at separate facilities were constitutional as long as the conditions were the same. The case originated after laws were put into place to separate rail cars in New Orleans. Plessy refused to leave a whites-only car so he was arrested.

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A carefully planned effort among white supremacists' to violently suppress black voters and elected officials that occurred in Wilmington, NC on November 10, 1898. Lead to the overthrowing of the current integrated government and the killing of dozens of black citizens in the streets. This event was the end of the reconstruction era and the beginning of the Jim Crow era in the North Carolina. The current government was replaced with leaders of the white democratic party and racial segregation grew. 126,000 black voters in NC in 1896 and by 1902 only 6,100 were left.

Source: Wilmington Lies by David Zucchino

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3 Booker T. Washington & Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute

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3 Booker T. Washington & Tuskegee Normal & Industrial Institute

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Washington's principles of providing practical training for African Americans and helping them develop economic self-reliance through the mastery of manual trades and agricultural skills. Booker T. Washington was born into slavery and rose to become a leading African American intellectual of the 19 century, founding Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute in 1881

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Tuskegee University founded

*Tuskegee University opened on this date in 1881. Located in Tuskegee, Alabama, it is one of over 100 Historical Black Colleges and Universities in America ( HBCU).

The school was founded as a school for Black students by Black educator Booker T. Washington. At that time it was called the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute. It was renamed Tuskegee Institute in 1937 and adopted its current name in 1985. Tuskegee University awards bachelor's, master's, and professional degrees in a variety of fields.

Programs of study are offered through the College of Arts and Sciences and the schools of business, agriculture and home economics. Other areas of study are education, engineering and architecture, nursing and allied health, and veterinary medicine.

Black scientist George Washington Carver taught and conducted important agricultural experiments at Tuskegee in the late 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. The university houses the George Washington Carver Museum, which contains memorabilia and historical collections. Tuskegee's Daniel "Chappie" James Memorial Hall houses the Black Wings aviation exhibit, which focuses on the Tuskegee Airmen. The Tuskegee Archives, devoted to Black history, was established in 1904.

Reference:
Black American Colleges and Universities:
Profiles of Two-Year, Four-Year, & Professional Schools
by Levirn Hill, Pub., Gale Group, 1994
ISBN: 0-02-864984-2

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Tuskegee University founded - African American Registry

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Tuskegee University was founded on this date in 1881. Located in Tuskegee, Alabama, it is one of over 100 Historical Black Colleges and Universities in America. The school was founded as a school for Black students by American educator Booker T. Washington. At that time it was called the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute.

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The Souls of Black Folk was a work of American literature written in 1903 by W.E.B Dubois containing multiple essays about race, specifically about his experience as a black man in American society. DuBois wrote in his forethought that the book was intended to show "the strange meaning of being black here at the dawning of the Twentieth Century." Within his work, he goes into more about the meaning of emancipation, the effects of it and his views on leaders roles of his race. In his treatise, he also goes on to criticize Booker T. Washington about his ways of leading the African American community because of the way he accommodates with the Jim Crow laws and how he is respected by the white people of the North and South.

Book:
gutenberg.org/files/408/408-h/408-h.htm

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This movement was created by W.E.B Dubois, in an effort to create social and political change for African Americans. Founded in 1905, this group of civil rights activists was named after where they had their first meeting - Niagara Falls. It was organized to oppose racial segregation and disenfranchisement.

The The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was also another organization meant to advance justice for African Americans. It was let by W.E.B. Dubois, Mary White Ovington, Moorfield Storey and Ida B. Wells. There was an urgent need for an effective civil rights organization in the U.S. when lynchings were at an all-time high. Today, its mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate race-based discrimination.

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The movie Birth of a Nation is based on African American lives in the 1860s. African Americans were portrayed lazy, brutish, and degenerate. The movie follows two families - one from the north and one from the south. The two families meet on this civil war epic. The major theme in the movie is the posed dangers black men face to white women. The movie was based on The Clansmen a book wrote by Thomas Dixon.

Birth of a Nation was premiered for the first time in the White House during Woodrow Wilson's presidency.

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The Universal Negro Improvement Association was created by Marcus Garvey in order to promote black nationalism and pan-Africanism (the belief that black people should return to their rightful homeland in Africa). Garvey strived to give black Americans a sense of pride in their race. The UNIA mostly failed because of its black separtist philosophies.
Marcus started a shipping company in 1919 to promote trade and transport passengers to Africa. He believed that it could also serve as an important and tangible sign of black success. However, the company failed due to expensive repairs, mismanagement, and corruption.

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the movement of 6 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the urban Northeast, Midwest and West that occurred between 1916 and 1970. African Americans had to build a new place for themselves, overcoming racial, social, and economical challenges. Now that they were able to leave freely, they decided to escape segregation and lack of economic opportunities.

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The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross
Special | 1m 44s

Learn about the Great Migration, when African-Americans left the South in large numbers for the North and West. This video is an excerpt from Episode Four, Making a Way Out of No Way, from the series The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

Aired: 11/12/13

Rating: NR

Problems Playing Video? Report a Problem |

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The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross | Classroom | The Great Migration

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The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross Special | 1m 44s Learn about the Great Migration, when African-Americans left the South in large numbers for the North and West. This video is an excerpt from Episode Four, Making a Way Out of No Way, from the series The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross with Henry Louis Gates, Jr.

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Red Summer is the period from late winter through early autumn of 1919 during which white supremacist terrorism and racial riots took place in more than three dozen cities across the United States.
The “Red Summer” of 1919 marked the culmination of steadily growing tensions surrounding the great migration of African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North that took place during World War 1
On July 27, 1919, an African American teenager drowned in Lake Michigan after violating the unofficial segregation of Chicago’s beaches and being stoned by a group of white youths. The police did not arrest the man who caused it and this eventually lead to a week of rioting.
In the summer of 1919, race riots would break out in Washington, D.C.; Knoxville, Tennessee; Longview, Texas; Phillips County, Arkansas; Omaha, Nebraska and–most dramatically–Chicago. From  1909 to 1919 the cities African American population grew from 40,000 to over 100,000.

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Harlem Renaissance was the period of development in New York City as a black cultural mecca in the early 20th century and the subsequent social and artistic explosion that resulted. Lasting roughly from the 1910s through the mid-1930s, the period is considered a golden age in African American culture, manifesting in literature, music, stage performance and art.

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This movement was popularized during the Harlem Renaissance.  It was a movement for African Americans not to submit to the Jim Crow Laws and segregation. This movement encouraged African Americans to be more out spoken about the treatment they are receiving. This movement was started in 1916 by Hubert Harrison. In 1917 he established the first organization, the Liberty League. The Liberty League demanded political equality and to put an end to segregation and lynching.

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The Tulsa Massacre took place in May and June of 1921. Many white residents attacked black residents and businesses in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The even began when Dick Rowland entered an elevator in a work building in the area and was said to have assaulted a girl on the elevator. He was then arrested and many white mobs demanded they have him returned to them, only making them more angry. Later on, shots were fired and chaos broke out. Over 1,000 houses were burned and there were 36 confirmed dead. This event was known as one of the deadliest events and least well known.

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In January 1923, in the town of Rosewood Florida, a large mob of angry white men approached Rosewood Florida in an attempt to find an escaped convict named Jesse Hunter, who was rumored to have sexually assaulted a white woman. In response, the mob burned down every building in Rosewood, and lynched every black person they could find. Survivors hid out in the swamp for days, before escaping by train or car. The official report states that 6 black people, and 2 white people were killed but eyewitnesses report far more, around 27-150 deaths instead. The story was never told by both survivors or perpetrators, nor was anyone prosecuted for the event, and it went forgotten in the public eye until 1982, when journalists uncovered the event. Since then, the state of Florida has labeled it a Florida Heritage Landmark.

https://www.tampabay.com/data/2018/06/06/from-the-archives-the-original-story-of-the-rosewood-massacre/

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14 Ku Klux Klan Parade on Washington 1926

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14 Ku Klux Klan Parade on Washington 1926

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On September 13, 1926, 50,000 Klansmen marched through the streets of Washington DC. The KKK was at the height of it's popularity during this time, particularly because of the film "Birth of a Nation". They carried banners that said "Keep Kongress Klean". City officials debated whether or not to allow the KKK to march through DC, but eventually allowed them to. Many of these members were actually public figures, like senators, state representatives, or congressmen.