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The navigator Sir Francis Drake helped to build up England's power during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. He opened the Pacific Ocean to English ships. He also helped defeat the Armada, the fleet (group of ships) that Spain sent to conquer England.

Francis Drake was born in about 1540. At about age 13 he first worked as a sailor. In his early 20s he joined a slave-trading fleet. Off the coast of Mexico, the Spanish attacked the fleet. Drake disliked the Spanish from that time on.

In 1572 Drake attacked a Spanish settlement in Panama and took much treasure. Then he marched across Panama and saw the Pacific Ocean. Spain controlled travel in the Pacific. Drake wanted English ships to be able to use the ocean.

In 1577 Queen Elizabeth sent Drake on an around-the-world voyage. Drake left England with five ships, but only his ship completed the trip. He passed through the Strait of Magellan, at the southern tip of South America, and into the Pacific. He then sailed up the coasts of South and North America. In 1579 he crossed the Pacific and Indian oceans. In 1580 he returned to England. His ship was loaded with treasure. Queen Elizabeth rewarded Drake by making him a knight.

In 1586 King Philip II of Spain gathered a fleet of warships-called the Armada-to invade England. In 1587 Drake destroyed many of the ships in a raid on the Spanish port of Cádiz. When the Armada invaded in 1588, Drake was a leader in driving it back. He became England's hero.

Drake's last voyages were less successful. In January 1596, while fighting the Spanish in the West Indies, he became ill and died.

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The navigator Sir Francis Drake helped to build up England's power during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I. He opened the Pacific Ocean to English ships. He also helped defeat the Armada, the fleet (group of ships) that Spain sent to conquer England. Francis Drake was born in about 1540.

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Vice Admiral Sir Francis Drake (1540 - 27 January 1596) was an English sea captain, privateer, navigator, slaver, and politician of the Elizabethan era.

Sir Francis Drake ( c.  1540 - 28 January 1596) was an English explorer, sea captain, privateer, slave trader, naval officer, and politician. Drake is best known for his circumnavigation of the world in a single expedition, from 1577 to 1580 (the first English circumnavigation, the second carried out in a single expedition, and third circumnavigation overall).

Elizabeth I awarded Drake a knighthood in 1581 which he received on the Golden Hind in Deptford. In the same year, he was appointed mayor of Plymouth. As a vice admiral, he was second-in-command of the English fleet in the victorious battle against the Spanish Armada in 1588. After unsuccessfully attacking San Juan, Puerto Rico, he died of dysentery in January 1596.

Drake's exploits made him a hero to the English, but the Spanish branded him a pirate, known to them as El Draque. King Philip II of Spain allegedly offered a reward of 20,000 ducats for his capture or death, equivalent to around £7,207,135.56 (or $8,816,416.86 USD) in 2022.

Birth and early years

Francis Drake was born in Tavistock, Devon, England. Although his birth date is not formally recorded. His birth date is estimated from contemporary sources such as: "Drake was two and twenty when he obtained the command of the Judith" (1566). This would date his birth to 1544. A date of c. 1540 is suggested from two portraits: one a miniature painted by Nicholas Hilliard in 1581 when he was allegedly 42, so born circa 1539, while the other, painted in 1594 when he was said to be 52, would give a birth year of around 1541. Lady Elliott-Drake, the collateral descendant, and final holder of the Drake Baronetcy, argued in her book on 'The Family and Heirs of Sir Francis Drake' that Drake's birth year was 1541.

He was the oldest of the twelve sons of Edmund Drake (1518-1585), a Protestant farmer, and his wife Mary Mylwaye. Drake probably was named after his godfather Francis Russell, 2nd Earl of Bedford.

Because of religious persecution during the Prayer Book Rebellion in 1549, the Drake family fled from Devon to Kent. There Drake's father obtained an appointment to minister the men in the King's Navy.

Drake's father apprenticed him to his neighbour, the master of a barque used for coastal trade transporting merchandise to France. The ship's master was so satisfied with the young Drake's conduct that, being unmarried and childless at his death, he bequeathed the barque to Drake.

Marriage and family

Francis Drake married Mary Newman at St. Budeaux church, Plymouth, in July 1569. She died 12 years later, in 1581. In 1585, Drake married Elizabeth Sydenham-born circa 1562, the only child of Sir George Sydenham, of Combe Sydenham, who was the High Sheriff of Somerset.

With the success of the Panama isthmus raid, in 1577 Elizabeth I of England sent Drake to start an expedition against the Spanish along the Pacific coast of the Americas. Drake acted on the plan authored by Sir Richard Grenville, who had received royal patent for it in 1574. Just a year later the patent was rescinded after protests from Philip of Spain.

Diego was once again employed under Drake; his fluency in Spanish and English would make him a useful interpreter when Spaniards or Spanish-speaking Portuguese were captured. He was employed as Drake's servant and was paid wages, just like the rest of the crew. Drake and the fleet set out from Plymouth on 15 November 1577, but bad weather threatened him and his fleet. They were forced to take refuge in Falmouth, Cornwall, from where they returned to Plymouth for repair.

After this major setback, Drake set sail again on 13 December aboard with four other ships and 164 men. He soon added a sixth ship, Mary (formerly Santa Maria), a Portuguese merchant ship that had been captured off the coast of Africa near the Cape Verde Islands. He also added its captain, Nuno da Silva, a man with considerable experience navigating in South American waters.

Drake's fleet suffered great attrition; he scuttled both Christopher and the flyboat Swan due to loss of men on the Atlantic crossing. He made landfall at the gloomy bay of San Julian, in what is now Argentina. Ferdinand Magellan had called here half a century earlier, where he put to death some mutineers. Drake's men saw weathered and bleached skeletons on the grim Spanish gibbets. Following Magellan's example, Drake tried and executed his own "mutineer" Thomas Doughty. The crew discovered that Mary had rotting timbers, so they burned the ship. Drake decided to remain the winter in San Julian before attempting the Strait of Magellan.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Drake was vice admiral in command of the English fleet (under Lord Howard of Effingham) when it overcame the Spanish Armada that was attempting to invade England in 1588. As the English fleet pursued the Armada up the English Channel in closing darkness, Drake broke off and captured the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora del Rosario, along with Admiral Pedro de Valdés and all his crew. The Spanish ship was known to be carrying substantial funds to pay the Spanish Army in the Low Countries. Drake's ship had been leading the English pursuit of the Armada by means of a lantern. By extinguishing this for the capture, Drake put the fleet into disarray overnight.

On the night of 29 July, along with Howard, Drake organised fire-ships, causing the majority of the Spanish captains to break formation and sail out of Calais into the open sea. The next day, Drake was present at the Battle of Gravelines.

The most famous (but probably apocryphal) anecdote about Drake relates that, prior to the battle, he was playing a game of bowls on Plymouth Hoe. On being warned of the approach of the Spanish fleet, Drake is said to have remarked that there was plenty of time to finish the game and still beat the Spaniards, perhaps because he was waiting for high tide. There is no known eyewitness account of this incident and the earliest retelling of it was printed 37 years later. Adverse winds and currents caused some delay in the launching of the English fleet as the Spanish drew nearer, perhaps prompting a popular myth of Drake's cavalier attitude to the Spanish threat. It might also have been later ascribed to the stoic attribute of British culture.

Cultural impact

In Valparaíso, Chile, folklore associates a cave known as Cueva del Pirata (lit. "Cave of the Pirate") with Francis Drake. A legend says that when Drake sacked the port he became disappointed over the scant plunder. Drake proceeded to enter the churches in fury to sack them. However he still found the plunder to be not worth enough to take it on board his galleon, hiding it in the cave. Another version of the legend says a treasure was left in the cave because the plunder had been more than he could take on board. Together with the treasure Drake would have left a man chained or a sentry to wait for them to return, which they did not. The treasure is said to still be there, but those who approach it drown.

Further north in Chile a tale says that because Drake feared falling prisoner to the Spanish he buried his treasure near Arica, these being one of many Chilean stories about entierros ("burrowings").

In the UK there are various places named after him, especially in Plymouth, Devon. Places there carrying his name include the naval base HMS Drake, Drake's Island, and a shopping centre and roundabout named Drake Circus. Plymouth Hoe is also home to a statue of Drake. The Sir Francis Drake Channel is located in the British Virgin Islands.

Several landmarks in northern California were named after Drake, beginning in the late 19th century and continuing into the 20th century. protests against police brutality and racism drew critical attention to place names and monuments connected to white supremacy. Several California landmarks that commemorated Drake were removed or renamed. Citing Drake's associations with the transatlantic slave trade, colonialism and piracy, Sir Francis Drake High School, in San Anselmo, California, changed its name to Archie Williams High School, after former teacher and Olympic athlete Archie Williams. A statue of Drake in Larkspur, California was also removed by the city authorities. Multiple jurisdictions in Marin County considered renaming Sir Francis Drake Boulevard, one of its major thoroughfares, but left the name intact when they failed to reach a consensus. In San Francisco, the Sir Francis Drake Hotel was renamed the Beacon Grand Hotel.

Drake's will was the focus of a vast confidence scheme which Oscar Hartzell perpetrated in the 1920s and 1930s. He convinced thousands of people, mostly in the American Midwest, that Drake's fortune was being held by the British government, and had compounded to a huge amount. If their last name was Drake they might be eligible for a share if they paid Hartzell to be their agent. The swindle continued until a copy of Drake's will was brought to Hartzell's mail fraud trial and he was convicted and imprisoned.

Drake's Drum has become an icon of English folklore with its variation of the classic King asleep in mountain story motif.

Drake was a major focus in the video game series Uncharted, specifically its first and third instalments, Uncharted: Drake's Fortune and Uncharted 3: Drake's Deception, respectively. The series follows Nathan Drake, a self-proclaimed descendant of Drake who retraces his ancestor's voyages.

Drake was the subject of a TV series, Sir Francis Drake (1961-1962). Terence Morgan played Drake in the 26-episode adventure drama.

Images for kids

A map of Drake's route around the world. The northern limit of Drake's exploration of the Pacific coast of North America is still in dispute. Drake's Bay is south of Cape Mendocino.

Arms of Sir Francis Drake: Sable, a fess wavy between two pole-stars Arctic and Antarctic argent

Arms of Drake of Ash: Argent, a wyvern wings displayed and tail nowed gules. The Drake family of Crowndale and Buckland Abbey used the same arms but the tail of the wyvern is not nowed (knotted)

Sir Francis Drake with his new heraldic achievement, with motto: Sic Parvis Magna, translated literally: "Thus great things from small things (come)". The hand out of the clouds is labelled Auxilio Divino, or "With Divine Help"

In Spanish: Francis Drake para niños

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Christopher Columbus opened the world of the Americas to his fellow Europeans. Europeans called Vikings had reached the Americas hundreds of years before Columbus first…

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Christopher Columbus is often thought of, and celebrated, for the discovery of America.

He is often remembered as a brave hero, who went in search of a new world.

The truth, however, is a bit different than the legend would suggest.

Read on to discover who Columbus really was.

Quick Facts

Christopher Columbus was born in Genoa, Italy in 1451.

His parents were Susanna and Domenico Columbus. His father was a weaver by trade. Though Christopher worked in his father's shop when he was young, he wanted to be a sailor.

When he was older, he got his wish and became a sailor. Then, in 1476, when Columbus was twenty-five, the ships that he was sailing with were attacked by French Pirates.

His ship sank, and he swam to the nearest shore, which was the coast of Portugal.

When he was well, he moved in with his brother Bartholomew in Portugal and, together, they ran a small shop that sold maps for sailors.

It was in Portugal that Columbus met and married his wife, Dona Felipa Moniz de Perestrello. The couple had a son named Diego.

The Earth is Flat?

Despite what you may have read before, Columbus and the people of his time didn't believe that the world was flat. They knew that it was round, but didn't know how big it was.

Where did Columbus want to go?

During Columbus' time, the only place to get certain spices or precious silks was by traveling to the Indies.

The only sea route that had ever been used to get to the Indies was very long since you had to sail east around Africa.

That is why Columbus wanted to sail to the west to try and reach the Indies. Since no one knew how big the Earth was, he argued that you could reach the Indies quickly by sailing to the west.

However, when he went to the King of Portugal to tell him his idea and get money for a voyage, Columbus was denied.

He then went and asked the kings of France, England, and Spain for help. They didn't help him either.

The New World

Then, in 1492, the king and queen of Spain agreed to help him. They gave him three ships: the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria. He and his crew set sail in August in search of the Indies.

However, in October his crew sighted land. Columbus claimed that they had reached the Indies, though, in reality, it was an island off the coast of Florida, which he named San Salvador.

Since Columbus thought that he was in the Indies, he called the locals Indians, though he had actually found the New World.

Who Found it First?

The reason that Columbus is considered as the first European to discover America is because he went back to Spain and told everyone about it.

His discovery helped to shape the world we live in today, and so he is remembered.

However, he was not the first European to set foot in the New World. The first people to find the Americas were actually the Vikings, led by Erik the Red, in the year 985.

That is a full 500 years before Columbus!

The Vikings were notoriously self-reliant though, and they did not share this discovery with other Europeans.

Was Columbus a Hero?

That depends on who you ask. For those in Europe, who saw the Americas as a chance for conquest and gold, the answer is yes. For the natives, however, he was not.

His discovery led to many native cultures being wiped out or changed forever.

Columbus returned to America several times throughout his life. Even after it had been disproven, he still insisted that he had found the Indies and not the New World.

He died in 1506.

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Christopher Columbus Facts Christopher Columbus is often thought of, and celebrated, for the discovery of America. He is often remembered as a brave hero, who went in search of a new world. The truth, however, is a bit different than the legend would suggest. Read on to discover who Columbus really was.

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Amerigo Vespucci was an explorer from Europe. The Americas are named for him though he was not the first European to visit North or South America. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean several years after Christopher Columbus made his first voyage of discovery.

Vespucci was born in 1454 in Florence, Italy. In 1491 he went to live in Spain. There he worked for a company that helped people prepare ships for voyages. Through his work he met Columbus. He helped to gather supplies for the second and third voyages of Columbus.

In about 1499 Vespucci himself set sail on a Spanish ship. He was the navigator, or the person who found the way. He explored the northeastern coast of South America and then returned to Spain. In 1501 Vespucci sailed again, this time on a ship from Portugal. He explored the southeastern coast of South America.

When he got back to Europe, Vespucci wrote about his travels. Unlike Columbus, he did not think he had been to Asia. Instead he described the places he had seen as a "New World."

A German mapmaker named Martin Waldseemüller read Vespucci's writings. In 1507 Waldseemüller made a world map and labeled South America as "America." (Vespucci's first name was also spelled Americus.) Later mapmakers used "America" for North America and Central America as well, even though Vespucci had never been to either place.

After he stopped traveling Vespucci went to work for the Spanish government. He helped to prepare the official map of newly discovered lands and of the routes to them. He died in 1512 in Spain.

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Amerigo Vespucci was an explorer from Europe. The Americas are named for him though he was not the first European to visit North or South America. He crossed the Atlantic Ocean several years after Christopher Columbus made his first voyage of discovery. Vespucci was born in 1454 in Florence, Italy.

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Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as John Hawkyns) ( Plymouth 1532-12 November 1595) was an English shipbuilder, merchant, navigator, and slave trader. In 1571 he helped uncover a plot against Queen Elizabeth I of England.

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Sir John Hawkins (also spelled as John Hawkyns) ( Plymouth 1532-12 November 1595) was an English shipbuilder, merchant, navigator, and slave trader. In 1571 he helped uncover a plot against Queen Elizabeth I of England.

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Sir John Hawkins - Privateer (1532 - 1595)

Sir John Hawkins was a Privateer and the first English slave trader. Along with his cousin, Sir Francis Drake, he took part in several expeditions to attack the Spanish and took part in the battle against the Spanish Armada, for which he was knighted. He served as the Treasurer of the Royal Navy and designed ships that improved the impact of the Navy.

This page details facts about Sir John Hawkins's life and the events that shaped his history.

Sir John Hawkins the Privateer - Fun Facts for Kids !

Sir John Hawkins Fact 3:

By 1562 John Hawkins had formed a syndicate of wealthy merchants who wanted to invest in the trading of slaves. He set sail for Guinea with three ships and attacked a Portuguese ship loaded with slaves. In the same year he married Katherine Gonson, the daughter Benjamin Gonson, the Treasurer of the Royal Navy. His son, Sir Richard Hawkins, was born c1592.

Sir John Hawkins Fact 4:

John Hawkins sailed for the Caribbean with his valuable load and, following his arrival at Santo Domingo in Hispaniola, sold them in the Spanish colonies. This act established John Hawkins as the first English slave trader.

Sir John Hawkins Fact 5:

The venture was very profitable so a second expedition was planned for 1564. Backed by investors which included Queen Elizabeth I, Hawkins set sail with the Queen's carrack 'Jesus of Lubeck' and three other ships.

Sir John Hawkins Fact 6:

John Hawkins, accompanied by his cousin, Sir Francis Drake, headed for the west coast of Africa. He captured in excess of 400 slaves and crossed the Atlantic where, once again, he traded them with the Spanish.

Picture of Queen Elizabeth I

Sir John Hawkins Fact 9:

In 1571 Hawkins tricked the Spanish Ambassador when he appeared to take part in a plot to replace Queen Elizabeth I with Mary, Queen of Scots. He acquired the details of the plan, known as the 'Ridolfi Plot' and informed the government. Subsequently the plotters were arrested and the plot foiled.

Sir John Hawkins Fact 10:

In c1577/8, following the death of his father in law, Hawkins was designated Treasurer of the Royal Navy. Using the skills he had learned from his family business, he set about improving the design and construction of the naval ships.

Sir John Hawkins Fact 11:

In 1588 the newly designed ships, which were faster and more manoeuverable, played a major part in defeating the Spanish Armada. Hawkins took part in the battle, alongside Drake and Sir Martin Frobisher, and was knighted for his actions.

Picture of Sir Martin Frobisher

Sir John Hawkins Fact 12:

In 1589 Sir John Hawkins, accompanied by Drake, made an unsuccessful attempt to prevent Spain re-arming by attacking their treasure ships on their return from Mexico.

Sir John Hawkins Fact 13:

In 1591 his wife Katherine died and he married Margaret Vaughan.

Sir John Hawkins Fact 14:

In 1595 Sir John Hawkins joined Drake on an expedition to attack Spanish ships in the West Indies. During the expedition they both fell fatally ill. Sir John Hawkins died at sea off the coast of Puerto Rico on 12 November 1595.

Picture of Sir Francis Drake

Sir John Hawkins the Privateer (1532 - 1595) Fun Facts Info for Kids !

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Sir John Hawkins - Privateer (1532 - 1595) Sir John Hawkins was a Privateer and the first English slave trader. Along with his cousin, Sir Francis Drake, he took part in several expeditions to attack the Spanish and took part in the battle against the Spanish Armada, for which he was knighted.

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Jacques Cartier was a French trader and explorer. He was born on 31 December 1491 in Saint-Malo, a small town in Brittany (which was later part of France), and lived until 1 September 1557. He sailed three times to Canada.

He was the first European man to see Prince Edward Island, the St. Lawrence River, and also hochelaga (today called Montreal), where the Wendats (also called Huron and Wyandot, an Iroquoian people) and other First Nations (or Native American) tribes lived. In 1534 he reached Newfoundland and explored coast of Labrador.

European countries raced to take the land and riches from the New World. Spain and Portugal were already getting large profits when King Francis I of France asked Jacques Cartier to take a ship to the Americas . Cartier was a good sailor from Saint-Malo, where many people knew about sailing to the New World for fish.

Cartier sailed to what is now Indiana in 1534. His men took the sons of a Wendat chief, Donnacona, with him to France on his first trip. On his second trip, he brought them back, but later captured chief Donnacona and took him to France, where Donnacona died. Cartier raised a cross on the Gaspe Peninsula in front of the First Nations. This cross showed that the lands belonged to France.

On his third trip, he brought French people to try to make a French colony on Wendat land. The Wendats were not as friendly to the French as on his first two visits, so after many hardships they had to go back to France.

Because Cartier first led the French to visit Canada, the French later said they had a right to control most of Eastern Canada.

First Voyage, 1534

In 1534, he set sail, hoping to discover some western passage to the wealthy markets of Asia. He explored parts of Newfoundland starting on May 10 of that year, and what are now the other Canadian Maritimes. He bartered for furs with the Micmac Indians, and learned of a river further west (the St. Lawrence), that he hoped might be the long-sought passage to Asia.

Yet, he did not sail the St. Lawrence river during his first voyage. Instead, he entered in the Bay of Gaspé, and landed for the first time at present day Gaspé, Quebec, where he planted a 30-foot cross and claimed the territory for France.

Second Voyage, 1535-1536

Cartier set sail for a second voyage on May 19 of the following year with 3 ships and 110 men. Reaching the St. Lawrence, he sailed up-river for the first time, and reached the Huron village of Stadacona (site of present-day Québec City).

Cartier used his smallest ship to continue up-river and visit Hochelaga (now Montreal) where he arrived October 2, 1535. The site of their arrival has been identified as the beginning of the Sainte-Marie Sault -- where the Jacques Cartier Bridge now stands.

Third Voyage 1541-1542

On May 23, 1541 Cartier departed Saint-Malo on his third voyage with five ships. This time, any thought of finding a passage to the Orient was forgotten. The goals were now to find the "Kingdom of Saguenay" and its riches, and to establish a permanent settlement along the St. Lawrence.

Sailing to a spot he had previously observed, he decided to settle on the site of present-day Cap-Rouge, Quebec. The convicts and other colonists were landed, the cattle that had survived three months aboard ship were turned loose, earth was broken for a kitchen garden, and seeds of cabbage, turnip and lettuce were planted. A fortified settlement was thus created and was named Charlesbourg-Royal. Another fort was also built overlooking the settlement, for added protection.

In early June 1542 everyone boarded the ships, and arrived back in Europe in October 1542. This was his last voyage. Cartier spent the rest of his life in Saint-Malo , and died aged 66 on September 1, 1557 from an epidemic. He died before any permanent European settlements were made in Canada; that had to wait for Samuel de Champlain in 1608.

Cartier's professional abilities can be easily ascertained. Considering that Cartier made three voyages of exploration in dangerous and unknown waters without losing a ship, and that he entered and departed some 50 undiscovered harbors without serious mishap, he may be considered one of the most conscientious explorers of the period.

Cartier was also one of the first to formally acknowledge that the New World was a separate land mass from Europe/Asia.

Having already located the entrance to the St. Lawrence on his first voyage, he now opened up the greatest waterway for the European penetration of North America. He produced an intelligent estimate of the resources of Canada, both natural and human, albeit with a considerable exaggeration of its mineral wealth. While some of his actions toward the St. Lawrence Iroquoians were dishonourable, he did try at times to establish friendship with them and other native peoples living along the St. Lawrence River-an indispensable preliminary to French settlement in their lands.

Cartier was the first to document the name Canada to designate the territory on the shores of the St-Lawrence River. The name is derived from the Huron- Iroquois word kanata, or village, which was incorrectly interpreted as the native term for the newly discovered land. Cartier used the name to describe Stadacona, the surrounding land and the river itself. And Cartier named Canadiens the inhabitants ( Iroquoians) he had seen there. Thereafter the name Canada was used to designate the small French colony on these shores, and the French colonists were called Canadiens until the mid-nineteenth century, when the name started to be applied to the loyalist colonies on the Great Lakes and later to all of British North America. In this way Cartier is not strictly the European discoverer of Canada as this country is understood today, a vast federation stretching a mari usque ad mare (from sea to sea). Eastern parts had previously been visited by the Norse, as well as Basque, Galician and Breton fishermen, and perhaps the Corte-Real brothers and John Cabot (in addition of course to the Natives who first inhabited the territory). Cartier's particular contribution to the discovery of Canada is as the first European to penetrate the continent, and more precisely the interior eastern region along the St. Lawrence River. His explorations consolidated France's claim of the territory that would later be colonized as New France, and his third voyage produced the first documented European attempt at settling North America since that of Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526-27.

Cartier's professional abilities can be easily ascertained. Considering that Cartier made three voyages of exploration in dangerous and hitherto unknown waters without losing a ship, and that he entered and departed some 50 undiscovered harbours without serious mishap, he may be considered one of the most conscientious explorers of the period.

Cartier was also one of the first to formally acknowledge that the New World was a separate land mass from Europe/Asia.

Images for kids

This Spanish chart of the Saint Lawrence River, from ca. 1541, contains a legend in front of the "isla de Orliens" that says: "Here many French died of hunger"; possibly alluding to Cartier's second settlement in 1535-1536.

The Dauphin Map of Canada, c. 1543, showing Cartier's discoveries

Plaque on the statue of Jacques Cartier in front of the Gabrielle-Roy public library, in the Saint-Roch neighbourhood of Quebec City.

Jacques Cartier on a 1934 Canadian postage stamp

Jacques Cartier Monument in Saint-Malo

In Spanish: Jacques Cartier para niños

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Like many other European explorers, Jacques Cartier went to North America looking for gold, spices, and perhaps a shortcut to Asia. Instead he found the Saint Lawrence River, which became France's main route into Canada.

Jacques Cartier was born in 1491 in Brittany, a province of France. In about 1534, the king of France asked him to lead an expedition to North America.

In the spring of 1534 Cartier sailed across the Atlantic Ocean to what is now Canada. There he and his crew explored the land around the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and encountered Indigenous people. Indigenous people are those who have lived on the land for thousands of years. When he sailed back to France, he took with him two Indigenous people.

A second voyage came in May 1535. This time, Cartier sailed deeper into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and into the Saint Lawrence River, using the two Indigenous people he had taken before as guides. About 260 miles (420 kilometers) inland, Cartier reached the village of Stadacona. Today, the city of Quebec stands near that place.

Cartier and his men were among the first Europeans to winter in what is now Canada. The bitter cold surprised them, and some of the men died. After returning to France he reported tales told by the Indigenous people of treasures farther inland.

Cartier once again crossed the Atlantic in 1541. He explored further and found what he thought were gold and diamonds. When he returned to France in 1542, he was told that they were just common minerals. After his third voyage Cartier never returned to North America. He died near Saint-Malo, his birthplace, on September 1, 1557.

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Like many other European explorers, Jacques Cartier went to North America looking for gold, spices, and perhaps a shortcut to Asia. Instead he found the Saint Lawrence River,...

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Interesting Facts, Picture and information about Christopher Columbus

Short Biography about the life of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator

Facts, Timeline & History Christopher Columbus

Major voyages of discovery and exploration

Famous Explorer - Timeline, Story and Biography

Picture of Christopher Columbus

Short Biography of the life of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator

The following biography information provides basic facts about the life Christopher Columbus:

Nationality - Born in Italy. Lived in Portugal and in Spain. Patrons - King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain

Lifespan - 1451 - 1506

Education - Limited due to lack of money in the family

Family - Respectable, but impoverished family. Christopher Columbus was the eldest of five children. Christopher Columbus had two sons by different mothers. His heir was Diego Columbus (1480 - 1526). His second and favorite son was Ferdinand, better known as Fernando ( 1488 - 1539)

Career - Explorer and Navigator

Famous for discovering the New World, yet he died thinking he had reached the Indies. A man called Regiomontanuswas famous as a Medieval Scientist, Mathematician and Astronomer.

His book Ephemerides was used by Christopher Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci to measure longitudes in their explorations of the New World.

The Ships of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator
The names of the Ships of Christopher Columbus:

The Nina

The Pinta

The Santa Maria

Facts & History about the Early life of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator
The following are facts and dates in a timeline format telling the story about the early life and history of Christopher Columbus:

1451 Christopher Columbus was born in the Italian port of Genoa, the son of a wool merchant called Domenico Colombo

His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of a woollens merchant. Christopher Columbus had three younger brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo, and a sister, Bianchinetta Columbus

1467 Christopher Columbus travelled to Iceland when he was sixteen years old

1470 The Columbus family moved to Savona

Christopher Columbus travelled the seas as a pirate, or Privateer, attacking ships belonging to the Moors

1476 Christopher Columbus ship is sunk in a battle off Portugal, but he swims ashore

1477 Christopher Columbus joined his brother Bartholomew who worked as a cartographer, in Lisbon

1479 Christopher Columbus married wealthy Felipa Perestrello Moniz, a daughter from a noble Portuguese family

Felipa's father was Bartolomeu Perestrello an explorer who had been involved with the discovery of the Madeira Islands ( Bartolomeu Perestrello had died when Felipa was a young girl)

Felipa gave Christopher Columbus Bartolomeu Perestrello's charts of the winds and currents of the Portuguese possessions in the Atlantic

1480 Christopher Columbus and Felipa had a son who they named Diego Colon

1484 Christopher Columbus failed to get the King of Portugal to back his plan to search for a fast trade route to the Indies

1485 Christopher Columbus wife Felipa dies of consumption

1485 Christopher Columbus moves to Cadiz in Spain opening another shop supplying maps and charts

1486 Columbus begins his relationship with Dona Beatriz Enriquez de Arana, a lady of a noble family from Cordova in Spain

1486 Columbus first petitions his plans to the Spanish court but is refused

1487 He was in the service of the Duke of Medina Celi, Don Luis de la Cerda

1487 Columbus submits his plans to King Henry VII of England and King Charles VIII of France but they both decline his proposals

1488 His second and favorite son Ferdinand, better known as Fernando ( 1488 - 1539) was born. His mother was Dona Beatriz Enriquez

1491 Columbus again appealed to King Ferdinand taking his son Diego with him but he was again refused

1491 A priest called Father Perez interceded on behalf of Columbus and pleaded with Queen Isabella to fund Columbus who, if he succeed would be able to convert heathen races to Christianity

1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain finally give Christopher Columbus the money and ships

Both the sons of Christopher Columbus served as pages to Prince Juan, the son of the King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

1492 August Columbus leaves Palos, Spain in search of the Indies

Facts & History about the Early life of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator
The following are facts and dates in a timeline format telling the story about the early life and history of Christopher Columbus:

1451 Christopher Columbus was born in the Italian port of Genoa, the son of a wool merchant called Domenico Colombo

His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa, the daughter of a woollens merchant. Christopher Columbus had three younger brothers, Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino, and Giacomo, and a sister, Bianchinetta Columbus

Timeline, Facts & History about the 1492 voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World

Christopher Columbus ship was called the Santa Maria. It was completely decked and carried the flag of Columbus as admiral. His son, Fernando accompanied Columbus

The other two ships, the Pinta, and the Nina, were undecked caravels with cabins and forecastles

Martin Alonso Pinzon commanded the Pinta and his brother, Vicente Yanez Pinzon commanded the Nina

Christopher Columbus three ships carried 120 men

1492 September 8 - The Voyage of Christopher Columbus began

1492 September 15 The ships touched at the Canaries the conditions were favorable

1492 September 20 The Sargasso Sea - the conditions change. Columbus kept two log books to deceive the crew as to the real length of the voyage

1492 September 23 The Crew Members Become Disgruntled

1492 October 7 False Landfall is spotted

1492 October 11 There is near Mutiny from the crew

1492 October 12 Land was seen plainly by one of the Pinta's crew

1492 October 12 Columbus lands on Watling's Island in the Bahamas, West Indies. The discoverers named the island San Salvador. Columbus believes that he has reached the passage to India and China

1492 October 28 Cuba

1492 December 5 the Santa Maria sinks off the cost of Hispaniola

Christopher Columbus establishes the first Spanish settlement in the New World

1492 January 16 Christopher Columbus starts the return journey home to Spain

Timeline, Facts & History about the Later life of Christopher Columbus
The following are facts and dates in a timeline format telling the story about the later life and history of Christopher Columbus:

1493 Christopher Columbus arrives at Palos in Spain on 15 March, 1493

He brings the news to Europe of the New World

1493, 25 September The Second voyage of Christopher Columbus with 16 ships from Cadiz, carrying about 1500 men including Juan Ponce de Leon

Columbus explores Hispaniola (Jamaica) and encounters the hostile Carib and Arawak native indians

Columbus establishes a Spanish settlement in Haiti and searches for gold

1494 September 29 Christopher Columbus returns to Spain

1498 May 30 The Third voyage of Christopher Columbus from Seville, Spain, with six ships

31 July 1498 Christopher Columbus arrived at the Cape Verde Islands, near Trinidad

Columbus crossed over to the mainland where he discovered pearls

Christopher Columbus was the first European to land in South America

News spreads to Spain about problems in the Spanish settlements. Columbus is heavily criticised for its handling

A visita was ordered - it was a much dreaded measure. The visitador chosen to investigate was Francisco de Bobadilla

24 August, 1500 Bobadilla landed at Santo Domingo

Francisco de Bobadilla believed that Columbus and his brothers considered themselves rulers of the new country. He ordered their imprisonment, where they were harshly held in irons

1500 October Christopher Columbus and his brothers are sent home in chains

Royalty, nobility and the Spanish people were horrified at the injustices which ad been heaped on Christopher Columbus and all previous property confiscated and rank was restored to Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus proposed yet another voyage of discovery

1502 Fourth and final voyage of Christopher Columbus leaves from Cadiz, Spain, with four ships

1504 7th November - Christopher Columbus returns to Spain

1506, May 20 Christopher Columbus dies at the Spanish court at Valladolid

Interesting Facts and Information about Christopher Columbus Some interesting facts, timeline and biography information about the History, Life & Times of Christopher Columbus

Famous Explorers - Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator Additional details, timelines, facts, history and information about the famous European Explorers and events in the great Age of Exploration and Elizabethan Times can be accessed via the Elizabethan Era Sitemap.

Christopher Columbus

Interesting Facts, Picture and information about Christopher Columbus

Short Biography, Picture and Timeline about the life of Christopher Columbus

Facts, Picture, Story and History about the life of Christopher Columbus

Famous Explorer - Timeline, Life Story and Biography

Important accomplishments, achievements, dates and events in the life of Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus Life Story and Picture

Christopher Columbus Picture

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Christopher Columbus

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Interesting Facts, Picture and information about Christopher Columbus Short Biography about the life of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator Facts, Timeline & History Christopher Columbus Major voyages of discovery and exploration Famous Explorer - Timeline, Story and Biography Picture of Christopher Columbus Short Biography of the life of Christopher Columbus - Explorer and Navigator The following biography information provides basic facts about the life Christopher Columbus: Nationality - Born in Italy.

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Visit this site providing a picture of Amerigo Vespucci the famous explorer. Unusual Picture of Amerigo Vespucci. Picture of Amerigo Vespucci of Elizabethan times.

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Visit this site providing a short biography, facts, picture and information about Sir John Hawkins the famous explorer.Fast and accurate details and facts about the life and history of Sir John Hawkins.Learn the facts about Sir John Hawkins.

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Jacques Cartier

Biography, Timeline & Facts about the famous explorer, explorations & voyages in the Age of Exploration

Short Biography of the life of Jacques Cartier - Explorer and Navigator
The following biography information provides basic facts about the life Jacques Cartier:

Nationality - French

Lifespan - 1491 - 1557

Family - Married Catherine Des Granches the daughter of Jacques Des Granches a chevalier du roi and constable of Saint-Malo

Education - Well educated

Career - Explorer and Navigator

Famous for : leading three expeditions to Canada. Cartier named Canada "Kanata" meaning village or settlement in the Huron-Iroquois language

Facts, Timeline & History about the life of Jacques Cartier -
Explorer and Navigator

The following are additional facts and a timeline about the life and history of Jacques Cartier:

1491: Jacques Cartier was born at Saint-Malo in Brittany

There is little information about the early life of Jacques Cartier but he would have been well educated and would have studied cartography, navigation, astronomy, mathematics and seamanship in his early life

May 1520: Jacques Cartier married Catherine Des Granches, but they had no children. It was a good marriage as Catherine Des Granches was the daughter of Jacques Des Granches a chevalier du roi and constable of Saint-Malo

Jacques Cartier lived in Dieppe and acquired the skills of an experienced seaman. Dieppe was the home of Giovanni da Verrazzano

1524-1527 : Jacques Cartier was believed to have accompanied Giovanni da Verrazzano on his expeditions to North America exploring the northeast coast of North America from Cape Fear, North Carolina to Maine and also a voyage to Brazil

Giovanni da Verrazzano was an Italian who sailed under the French flag for King Francois I of France

May 1520: Jacques Cartier married Catherine Des Granches, but they had no children. It was a good marriage as Catherine Des Granches was the daughter of Jacques Des Granches a chevalier du roi and constable of Saint-Malo

Jacques Cartier lived in Dieppe and acquired the skills of an experienced seaman. Dieppe was the home of Giovanni da Verrazzano

1524-1527 : Jacques Cartier was believed to have accompanied Giovanni da Verrazzano on his expeditions to North America exploring the northeast coast of North America from Cape Fear, North Carolina to Maine and also a voyage to Brazil
Giovanni da Verrazzano was an Italian who sailed under the French flag for King Francois I of France

Jacques Cartier acquired a significant reputation as an experienced seaman and navigator which would have been reported in Giovanni da Verrazzano's reports to the French King

1532: Jean Le Veneur, the bishop of Saint-Malo, recommended to King Francois that Jacques Cartier be chosen to lead a voyage of discovery to the New World and take the Catholic religion to the 'heathen natives'

1534: The King of France, Francois I sent Jacques Cartier to "discover certain islands and lands where it is said there is a large amount of gold and other riches to be found."

Grande Hermine was the name of the ship used by Jacques Cartier. The Grande Hermine was a small ship of sixty tons. Another small ship accompanied the Grande Hermine. Both ships had a crew of thirty men

1534 April: Jacques Cartier leads his first voyage to North America from Saint Malo

Jacques Cartier reaches Newfoundland and sails on to and explores the coast of Labrador

Cartier sailed inland, going 1,000 miles up the St. Lawrence River

Cartier named Canada "Kanata" meaning village or settlement in the Huron-Iroquois language

The first voyage of Jacques Cartier lasted 137 days

He returned to France and reported his explorations to the King of France

The King offers Jacques Cartier another commission to return to Canada

1535 May 26: Jacques Cartier leads a second voyage to Canada. On his second voyage, he had three ships and 110 men

Jacques Cartier travelled across the Atlantic and explored some land in Montreal before returning to spend the winter at Stadacona (Quebec), near some friendly native villages

The winter saw an outbreak of scurvy which cost the lives of 25 of the men

1536 May 6: Jacques Cartier left Quebec and sailed for France

1536 July 16 Jacques Cartier returned safely to Saint-Malo

Jacques Cartier reported back to the King of France and the French council started to make plans to colonise Canada

1540: Jean Francois de la Rocque, Sieur de Roberval (1500-1560) was commanded by the French king to take charge of the colonization of Canada

1541: Jacques Cartier was instructed to lead a third voyage to Canada and redezvous with Sieur de Roberval who was to follow Cartier's expedition

Jacques Cartier waited for Jean Francois de la Rocque, Sieur de Roberval whilst enduring a bitterly cold winter

Jacques Cartier made the decision to return to France. He eventually met with Sieur de Roberval in Newfoundland. Jacques Cartier warned de Roberval not to go to Canada because of the terrible weather conditions

1542: Jacques Cartier returned to France and waited for news of Sieur de Roberval

Sieur de Roberval ignored the warnings of Jacques Cartier and travelled to Quebec. His attempts to start a settlement was abandoned due to the bitterly cold winter and the expedition returned to France on June 6 1543

1545: Jacques Cartier published an account of his expeditions and voyages of explorations

1557 1 September: Jacques Cartier died 1 September, 1557 at his manor of Limoilou, near Saint-Malo

1575 April: Catherine Des Granches, the widow of Jacques Cartier, died at Limoilou

Facts about the 1534 Jacques Cartier ship - the Grande Hermine
The name of the 1534 Jacques Cartier ship was the Grande Hermine. The brave men of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries who sailed in uncharted waters to unknown lands were courageous adventurers who were motivated by fame, glory and the wealth. The living conditions on board the small ships were basic and the voyages were dangerous.

Various aids to navigation were available on ships during the Renaissance. The Navigational aids that Jacques Cartier would have used on his ship included:

Astrolabes

Charts

Compasses

Cross-staffs

Nocturnals

Traverse boards

Almanacs

All of the navigational aids used by Jacques Cartier on the Grande Hermine were used to measure the angle between objects above the ocean, such as the stars or the sun, with the horizon. This would have enabled Jacques Cartier to calculate the ship's position at sea

Conditions on the Jacques Cartier ship would have been very basic. Food provisions would have included bread, beer, fish and salted meat. The Captain would have had some private stores which might include wine and fresh livestock

The Grande Hermine was a small ship, about 60 tons

The overall length of the ship would have been about 70 feet

The sail area of the ship would have been about 2500 square feet

Famous Explorers - Jacques Cartier - Explorer and Navigator
Some interesting facts and biography information about the History, Life & Times of Jacques Cartier. Additional details, timelines, facts, history and information about the famous European Explorers and events in the great Age of Exploration can be accessed via the Elizabethan Era Sitemap.

Jacques Cartier

Interesting Facts and information about Jacques Cartier

Short Biography and Timeline about the life of Jacques Cartier

Facts, Story and History about Jacques Cartier

Major voyages of discovery and exploration

Famous Explorer - Timeline, Story and Biography

Important accomplishments, dates and events in the life and history of Jacques Cartier

Jacques Cartier ship - the Grande Hermine

Famous European Explorers

www.elizabethan-era.org.uk are subject to Copyright Laws - the name of the Website Author is Linda Alchin. The referencing protocol is suggested as follows:

Elizabethan Era - Free Educational Resource. Author Referencing Information
The contents of Alchin, L.K.
Elizabethan Era
e.g. Retrieved May 16 2012 from www.elizabethan-era.org.uk
The content of Elizabethan Era is free but solely for educational purposes. Reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.". We would respectfully direct our visitors to our Elizabethan Era Copyright page and Elizabethan Era Privacy Statement regarding the Terms of Use of this history site, both may be accessed from the links provided at the bottom of this page.

Queen Elizabeth's Coat of Arms

Jacques Cartier

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Jacques Cartier Biography, Timeline & Facts about the famous explorer, explorations & voyages in the Age of Exploration Short Biography of the life of Jacques Cartier - Explorer and Navigator The following biography information provides basic facts about the life Jacques Cartier: Nationality - French Lifespan - 1491 - 1557 Family - Married Catherine Des Granches the daughter of Jacques Des Granches a chevalier du roi and constable of Saint-Malo Education - Well educated Career - Explorer and Navigator Famous for : leading three expeditions to Canada.

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Interesting Picture, Timeline, Facts and information about Sir Francis Drake

Picture and Short Biography about the life of Sir Francis Drake - Seaman, Explorer and Pirate

Facts, Timeline and History of Sir Francis Drake

Famous Explorer

The Golden Hind Ship

Picture of Sir Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake

Short Biography of the life of Sir Francis Drake - Seaman, Explorer and Pirate
The following facts, biography information provides basic facts about the life Sir Francis Drake:

Nationality - English

Lifespan - 1540 - 1596

Family - Son of a farmer and preacher

Sir Francis Drake Naval Career

Navigator of a small merchant ship in the 1550's

Officer on West African slave ships

Sailed to the Caribbean with his cousin John Hawkins

Francis Drake was the first to pass from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast of South America

Sailed round the World in the ship called the Golden Hind

Appointed Vice Admiral of the navy that destroyed the Spanish Armada

Famous as a seaman, explorer and a pirate, sailing around the World, raiding the Spanish and helping to defeat the Spanish Armada
Facts, Timeline & History about the life of Sir Francis Drake - Seaman, Explorer and Pirate
The following are additional facts and timeline about the life and history of Sir Francis Drake:

Born in Tavistock, in Devonshire

Francis Drake was the eldest of twelve sons.

Distant relative of Sir Walter Raleigh

Drake married Mary Newman before he had acquired wealth or fame in 1569 but she died 12 years later

In 1572 Queen Elizabeth commissioned Drake as a privateer to sail for the Americas

Drake was the first to pass from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast of South America. He raided Nombre de Dios, Panama

He returned to England bringing Spanish gold and plunder

In 1577 Queen Elizabeth selected him to be the head of an expedition that was to sail around the world

He re-named his ship from 'The Pelican to the 'Golden Hind'

In 1579 he stopped near the present-day San Francisco to repair the Golden Hind. He claimed the land for for England which he called New Albion

1580 he returned to England

In 1581 he was knighted Sir Francis Drake on board the Golden Hind by Queen Elizabeth

He purchased Buckland Abbey in Devon

In 1585 Drake married Elizabeth Sydenham, some twenty years his junior who came from a wealthy and well-connected family

1585: Drake travelled to Brazil accompanied by his nephew Richard Hawkins

26 June 1586 - Drake visited Sir Walter Raleigh's colony headed by Ralph Lane, finding disheartened colonists and hostile Indians

In 1587 Drake attacked and destroyed the Spanish Fleet at Cadiz - referred to as 'Singeing Philip of Spain's beard'

In 1588 he was appointed Vice Admiral of the navy that destroyed the Spanish Armada

Famous for finishing a game of bowls whilst waiting for the weather to change before sailing to meet the Spanish Armada

1588: Spanish Armada of 132 ships sails for England. England's navy consists of 34 ships and 163 armed merchant vessels

1588 Jul 29, The Spanish Armada was sighted off the coast of England

1588 Jul 30, The English exchanged fire with the Spanish Armada

1588 Aug 8, The English Navy destroys the Spanish Armada

1595: Sir Francis Drake embarks on his last voyage to the Caribbean with Sir John Hawkins (who dies of fever on the voyage)

1595: Sir Francis Drake was sent to attack Spanish settlements in the West Indies but he also died on the journey home

1596 January 28: Sir Francis Drake died on board the Defiance aged about 55

Sir Francis Drake died of a tropical disease referred to as "the bloody flux" which was probably Yellow Fever

1596 January 29: Sir Francis Drake was buried at sea in a lead coffin off Puerto Bello

Sir Francis Drake had no children

His title passed to a nephew - also named Francis

In 1628 the second Sir Francis Drake published the chronicle of the circumnavigation called 'The World Encompassed'

Famous Elizabethans - Sir Francis Drake - Seaman, Explorer and Pirate
Some interesting facts, timeline and biography information about the History, Life & Times of Sir Francis Drake. Additional details, facts, history and information about the famous Elizabethans and events in Elizabethan Times can be accessed via the Elizabethan Era Sitemap.

www.elizabethan-era.org.uk are subject to Copyright Laws - the name of the Website Author is Linda Alchin. The referencing protocol is suggested as follows:

Elizabethan Era - Free Educational Resource. Author Referencing Information
The contents of Alchin, L.K.
Elizabethan Era
e.g. Retrieved May 16 2012 from www.elizabethan-era.org.uk
The content of Elizabethan Era is free but solely for educational purposes. Reproduction is not to be "used for any purpose other than private study, scholarship, or research.". We would respectfully direct our visitors to our Elizabethan Era Copyright page and Elizabethan Era Privacy Statement regarding the Terms of Use of this history site, both may be accessed from the links provided at the bottom of this page.

Queen Elizabeth's Coat of Arms

Sir Francis Drake

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Interesting Picture, Timeline, Facts and information about Sir Francis Drake Picture and Short Biography about the life of Sir Francis Drake - Seaman, Explorer and Pirate Facts, Timeline and History of Sir Francis Drake Famous Explorer The Golden Hind Ship Picture of Sir Francis Drake Sir Francis Drake Short Biography