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We are going to introduce the notions about Spaces and Exchanges related to the Frontier. Now let's start a brainstorming about these two terms (add this in "commentary")
That's our brainstorming for the two notions:
SPACES: territory, country, space, moving line, the Moon, a place, an area, expedition, the frontier, the westward expansion and conflicts.
EXCHANGES: money, culture, social relation, political institution, social programs

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A writer named Andy Weir publish The Martian in 2011 and in 2015 a celabrate movie-maker (Ridley Scott) did a movie about this book, it was a big success...

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Different kinds of frontier :
-Personal frontiers
-Local frontiers
-National frontiers
-Global frontiers
-Interplanetary frontiers

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President Obama will travel to Pittsburgh, PA, on October 13 to host the White House Frontiers Conference, bringing together the Nation's top innovators to discuss how new frontiers in science and technology will help improve lives and shape the future. Today, we're excited to announce more details about the event, which will include voices from five frontiers of innovation-personal, local, national, global, and interplanetary. From developing personalized treatments for diseases like Alzheimer's or cancer, to harnessing the power of artificial intelligence to improve lives, to sending humans to Mars, the conference will explore innovations that hold the potential to address some of the world's most pressing challenges and keep America on the cutting edge.

The White House is co-hosting the Frontiers Conference with the University of Pittsburgh and Carnegie Mellon University (CMU). The event will include topics inspired by the November issue of WIRED, where guest-editor President Obama will explore the theme of "Frontiers" that will shape the coming decades.

President Obama to Participate in a Conversation on the Future of Medicine and Health Care Innovation

As part of the Personal Frontiers dialogue, President Obama will join a conversation with Atul Gawande and innovators in medicine and health care to discuss future health breakthroughs, such as those being driven by the Administration's BRAIN and Precision Medicine Initiatives.

The conference's plenary session will also include a talk by Tim O'Reilly, one of the leading voices in how the online world will continue to evolve; a live podcast with Roman Mars, the host of 99% Invisible, and Raj Chetty, whose work on economic mobility is changing how we think about inequality in America; remarks from Charles Orgbon III who will bring a student's voice to the imperative of addressing our climate challenges; and a discussion on increasing access to space with panelists including NASA Deputy Administrator Dava Newman, Erika Wagner from Blue Origin, and Anousheh Ansari, the first female private space explorer.

The Five Frontiers of Innovation

Personal Frontiers will give participants a window into the next breakthroughs in health care innovation and precision medicine. Speakers will include:

Local Frontiers will explore how we can leverage technology, data, and community engagement to build smarter and more inclusive communities, including through innovative new approaches to transportation challenges, criminal justice reform, leveraging local data, and innovative education. Speakers will include:

National Frontiers will explore how companies and leading thinkers are working to responsibly harness the potential of artificial intelligence, including data science, machine learning, automation, and robotics to engage and benefit all Americans. Speakers will include:

Global Frontiers will discuss strategies to combat the global threat of climate change by accelerating the clean energy revolution and developing advanced climate information, tools, services, and collaborations. Speakers will include:

Interplanetary Frontiers will reach out to the "final frontier" and the next stage of space exploration, including the journey to Mars. Speakers will include:

In the coming days, we will announce additional speakers and information about the event. Check out www.frontiersconference.org in the days ahead for more details on the above participants and updates, and tune in there to watch sessions live on October 13.

In continued celebration of exploration and new frontiers, the Allegheny Observatory at the University of Pittsburgh will also host the White House Frontiers Conference Astronomy Night to close out the conference. Featuring telescopes for stargazing, tours of the historic observatory, and astronomers, the event will bring together conference participants and students to celebrate science, innovation, and the spirit of discovery.

Have a question for one of our speakers? We want to hear from you. Tweet your questions using #WHFrontiers.

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White House Frontiers: Robots, Space Exploration, and the Future of American Innovation

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President Obama will travel to Pittsburgh, PA, on October 13 to host the White House Frontiers Conference, bringing together the Nation's top innovators to discuss how new frontiers in science and technology will help improve lives and shape the future.

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Americans always see further in everything. They like competition, challenges, to conquer, to explore new horizon. With all of these qualities they have a big power in the world. This explain why they are the first economic power in the word and we understand why they have this mindset.

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In the first Kennedy's year (1960's) a soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became the first human being to orbit the earth. So Kennedy challenge The America to be the first nation to sent a man on the Moon. This challenge cost billions of dollars but the May 5, 1951 Alan Shepard became the first American placed in space.

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7- The Newest "space frontier" : Sputnik 

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7- The Newest "space frontier" : Sputnik 

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87In 1957 the Soviet Union launch the first satellite called "Sputnik'" to be placed in orbit.

The "Sputnik" satellite :

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July 20, 1969: "One Giant Leap For Mankind' The President Kennedy's project is finally born at 10:56pm Neil Armstrong became the first man to put a foot on the moon : "That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind".

(In a post-flight press conference, Armstrong calls the flight "a beginning of a new age," while Collins talks about future journeys to Mars.)

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10- Requirements to be a candidate for Mars One

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10- Requirements to be a candidate for Mars One

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To be able to live in space and to be an astronaut on Mars, you have to be resilient, curious, adaptable, trustworthy, trusting, ressourceful. And for the Mars One mission it was an obligation to have above the age of 18 and to have an A2 English level. now you konw if you're ready to pretend at the most amazing journey of mankind!
Here, the link of one of the candidate who was selected:

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11- Importants dates and facts about Mars One and the program

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11- Importants dates and facts about Mars One and the program

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2011: foundation of the mission
2013: astronauts selcetion is lauchned world live
2017: selected candidates enter fulltime training
2022: lauch of Mars bound demonstration mission
2024: lauch of communication satellite
2029: lauch of sail cargo missions
2031: the first crow will start their joung to Mars
2032: the next giant leap for mankind
2033: settlement expands with departure of verecend

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After the expansion of the USA, the country wants to conquier space. In 1969 during mission Apollo 11, Buzz, Aldrin and Armstrong landed on the Moon with one of the most historic sentence :"a small step for a man, a giant leap for mankind" (Armstrong). Now the new challenge is Mars. Colonize this planet, that the project named Mars One. Americans want to send 2 astronauts with one way ticket, to do take samples for scientifics searchs. That's gonna be a big spectacle and a spectaculary journey.

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In 1492, the discovery of America.
In 1607, foundation of Jamestown's colony.
In 1776, the US creation.
In 1789, election of the first president (G. Washington).
In 1804, the Lewis and Clark expedition (The Westward expansion).
In 1830, the trail of tears.
Between 1861 and 1865 there was the civil war.
In 1862, the homestead act.
In 1863, the transcontinental railroad.
In 1865, Lincoln was assassined.
Between 1947 and 1991, it was the Cold War (a conflict between the US ad the USSR, they avoided a nuclear war).
Between 1965 and 1973, the Vietnam War.
In 2001, the Twin Towers were attacted by terrorists.
In 2008, Barack Obama as elected.
In 2013, the terrorist attacks in Boston.

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4- Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier thesis"

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4- Frederick Jackson Turner's "Frontier thesis"

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It's an extract about the american Frontier, where we see similarities with european civilizations : political institutions, social customs and values.
The thesis explain that the Frontier is an enlargement and you have to cross it to define it has a frontier.

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In 1804, the president Thomas Jefferson make in place an expedition to the West, the objective was to find a river that would run to the Pacific Ocean. When he reserved the autorisation he asked to his secretary Lewis and his friend Clark to did the expedition. They travelled about 8,000 miles for 3 years

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In 1776, a former british colonie created a new state : The United States.

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Carte des États-Unis et déclaration de l'indépendance des États-Unis d'Amérique le 17 juillet 1776 (frontispice), anonyme ; Département des Estampes © BNF