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terbaik

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Whooping cough vaccine blocks the disease , but not transmission.

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Whooping cough vaccine blocks the disease , but not transmission.

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Pertussis has reemerged as an important public health concern since current acellular pertussis vaccines (aP) replaced older whole-cell vaccines (wP). In this study, we show nonhuman primates vaccinated with aP were protected from severe symptoms but not infection and readily transmitted Bordetella pertussis to contacts. Vaccination with wP and previous infection induced a more rapid clearance compared with naïve and aP-vaccinated animals. While all groups possessed robust antibody responses, key differences in T-cell memory suggest that aP vaccination induces a suboptimal immune response that is unable to prevent infection. These data provide a plausible explanation for pertussis resurgence and suggest that attaining herd immunity will require the development of improved vaccination strategies that prevent B. pertussis colonization and transmission.

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Parents that misunderstood what is the vaccine.

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Parents that misunderstood what is the vaccine.

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nowadays many parent that not understand what is vaccine itself. They thought that vaccine is harm for their baby as vaccine may have some side effect. So when they did not let the baby have the vaccine, they create more opportunities for whooping cough outbreaks. Even vaccinated people may still be carriers and spread whooping cough without realizing it. So it is very dangerous for baby that have low immune system and do not have the vaccine.

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based on my reading from an article of 12th European Congress of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (Milan, Italy, April 24–27, 2002), Whooping cough (pertussis), a vaccine-preventable disease for a long time regarded as being under control, is now showing signs of re-emergence in the developed world in all age groups.

One theory for the re-emergence of whooping cough is that new antigenic variants of Bordetella pertussis have meant that the strains used in the current vaccines are no longer compatible.
Then,  although vaccination works well for young children there is evidence for waning immunity in the years following vaccination. Von König said that even if the patient was given vaccine for pertussis but after a period of time, the patient may become susceptible again.
therefore, the increase in whooping cough cases highlights the need for an urgent review of vaccination strategy.

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As we know, whooping cough is transmit through air borne when a person who has whooping cough breathes, coughs, or sneezes, so the disease is easily spread to other non-infected person. Almost everyone who is not immune to whooping cough will get sick if exposed to it. That is why the patient who have pertussis need to be placed under droplet precaution due to the highly contagious nature. Besides,  protection from whooping cough vaccines is not long-lasting

Next, the resurgence of whooping cough is also caused by the genetic changes of the bacteria. According to researchers at St. Christopher’s Hospital for Children in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, they found that the pertussis bacteria was no longer producing a cell surface protein called perlactin which is  one of three elements that our body’s immune system uses to identify and fight the disease. That is why the disease still making a comeback because the current pertussis vaccine is not as effective as before as the bacteria is constantly evolve to maintain their survival.

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First of all, there are parents that refuse to get vaccination for their children. this causes their children to be more vulnerable to this air borne infection. this communicable cough can be prevented with the DPT vaccine. but when people are less aware of the infection when the rate of patients from this bacteria drops, they take the issue lightly and not get vaccinated. this will expose their unarmed immune system to the infection
Next, there are researches that show evolution in the Bordetella pertussis species. The variation of the strain can be seen in both the genotype and the phenotype. there is a chance that the virulence factors of this species is upgraded and that is why the vaccine is less effective thus the reemergence of the whooping cough.

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For babies, protection against whooping cough can start before they’re even born. During pregnancy, women should get the Tdap vaccine; a shot combining protection against whooping cough, tetanus, and diphtheria. Antibodies will be passed to the baby, providing protection until they are old enough to receive their first whooping cough vaccine, and the mother will have protection against spreading whooping cough to her newborn.

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Bordetella pertussis is making comeback because TDaP vaccine provide less protection against the disease which fail to give people lifelong immunity to the bacteria . This may because the bacteria that cause whooping have undergone genetic changes and make it resistant to the vaccine . Another reason may because late diagnosis of whooping cough in individual . Early diagnosis must be made early on so that antibiotic can be given to decrease the severity of symptom and prevent transmission of the disease .

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Society are not up-to-date with the vaccines

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Society are not up-to-date with the vaccines

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One of the reasons for the comeback is the baby's family, relatives, daycare staffs or babysitter are not up-to-date with the Tdap vaccine. Tdap vaccine is a shot combining protection against whooping cough, tetanis and diphtheria.  If someone is not up-to-date, he or she should get the whooping cough vaccine at least two weeks before coming in close contact with the new baby to avoid the baby getting infected with whooping cough.
Society nowadays are also not up-to-date or ignorance about this disease. That is why CDC  recommends that all teens and adults who have never gotten the Tdap vaccine receive a dose.

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There are few reason on why this disease still able to make comeback. First,  the one who had been infected with this disease would only had 4-20 years of immunity and it is not a life-long protection thus people could still get infected again as they age if they didn't took any vaccination.
Second, this disease are resistant to the new vaccination. The new vaccine invented was not as effective as the old one because it only provide short term protection in the first year and worn out after three years. This is due to change of genetic level of the Bodatella pertussis, the bacteria responsible in this infection

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The vaccines used nowadays are not last long anymore or Bordetella pertussis are no longer susceptible to the vaccines.

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Share your thoughts as to why the incidences of whooping cough is on the rise using this forum

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Share your thoughts as to why the incidences of whooping cough is on the rise using this forum