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All schools have admission criteria to decide which children get places. The school or local council usually set these.

Admission criteria are different for each school. For example, schools may give priority to children:

who have a brother or sister at the school already

who live close to the school

from a particular religion (for faith schools)

who do well in an entrance exam (for selective schools, for example grammar schools or stage schools)

who went to a particular primary school (a 'feeder school')

in care or being looked after (all schools must have this as a top priority)

who are eligible for the pupil premium

Your local council can give you a booklet about schools' criteria and how to apply.

Children with special educational needs (SEN)

If your child has SEN their statement or education, health and care plan will recommend a school for them. If you apply there, the school must give your child a place.

Complain about unfair criteria

Contact the Schools Adjudicator if you think a school has unlawful admission criteria.

You must do this by 15 May.

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All schools have admission criteria to decide which children get places. The school or local council usually set these. Admission criteria are different for each school.

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Types of school and how they're run - community schools, academies, free schools, faith schools, state boarding schools

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Who is Karl Marx? Everything You Need to Know

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Karl Marx was a Prussian-German philosopher, revolutionary, historian and socialist whose communist ideologies and works laid the foundation for 'Marxism'. Explore this biography to learn more about his childhood, life achievements, works & timeline.

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(Side note: Wisecrack is great you should watch all their videos.

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What is Marxism?
(Karl Marx + Super Mario Bros.)

Consider, my dear viewers, a world.

A world without money, without class divisions, where everyone gives according to their abilities and takes according to their needs. Sounds pretty sweet, no? To German poet and philosopher Karl Marx, such a Communist utopia was not only possible, it was inevitable- or what he called "the march of history"

Though deeply influenced by Hegel, who proposed that history develops through the abstract concept of "World Spirit", Marx believed that it is not conflict of ideas that propels history, but rather, conflict of our relation to material goods, that will bring history to it's end- specifically, our working conditions. Marx calls this historical process "Dialectical Materialism."

Initially, humanity was concerned only with the most basic acts of our species- producing for personal survival. But as the population multiplied, "economic systems" were established to address the needs of all.

And with economics, an individual's relationship to the products they create changes- for one is no longer producing for their immediate needs. They are producing for others.

Fast forward to the industrial revolution where mankind created mechanisms to fulfill the needs of many with unprecedented efficiency.

These mechanisms, or "capital," are owned by individuals leading to enormous concentrations of wealth. And for the tired worker who must operate these machines, there is no getting ahead. For in order for the capitalist to maximize profit, he must pay the workers little more than is necessary to survive.

To Marx, this economic system of capitalism thrives on exploitation and creates widespread unhappiness through what he calls "alienation".

For starters, I am alienated from the fruits of my own labor. If I create a turnip, it will be sold to another, and in exchange I will be paid a wage and become as much of a commodity as the thing I produce. Thus, I am removed from my work. I do not see MYSELF in my labor.

Capitalism also alienates us from each other. For the workers produce efficiently, the capitalist tells them they are in constant competition for their job, thereby turning our fellow man in to an adversary, rather than an ally.

Furthermore, capitalism alienates us from our very nature. Creating is a great source of satisfaction for our species. But because we are forced to make things that have no personal investment in, our lives become a burden.

As time goes on, and industrial powers become increasingly concentrated among a select elite, the gap between the working class and the capitalists will only become wider. To Marx, this gap will eventually become so pronounced that the workers, in their profound frustration, will rise up and overthrow the oppression of the few and usher in a new society-

a society in which there is no private property, there are no class divisions, Where peoples' labor is held for the common good and where all work according to their ability. And that, my friends, is Communism.

Even today, Marxism is one of the is a Bowser flag. put in a communal
most powerful ideologies in the world. And to some, the ushering in of the Marxist utopia still lies in the not-too-distant future.

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What is Marxism? (Karl Marx + Super Mario Bros.) - 8-Bit Philosophy

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Consider, my dear viewers, a world. A world without money, without class divisions, where everyone gives according to their abilities and takes according to their needs. Sounds pretty sweet, no?

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The new retirement: how an ageing population is transforming Britain. A good read

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Dr David Davies sees more than his fair share of sixtysomethings. His clinic is situated in the west Somerset medieval village of Dunster, which has one of the densest populations of older people anywhere in Britain.

But these days, sexagenarians don't shuffle in looking sorry for themselves. Instead, he says, they are more likely to appear clad in lycra having cycled to their appointment across Exmoor national park.

Retirement timeline

"They come to see me for unspecified aches and pains which, because they are so fit and think of themselves as young, they think must be caused by something really serious," he says. "It generally takes at least three appointments before they can begin to even consider that their bodies might just be ageing - and then their reaction is one of absolute horror.

"People up to their late 60s nowadays really struggle with the fact that the ageing process is starting to affect them. It's partly that people live so long and partly that we've picked up the idea that we can defeat the ageing process more or less entirely, thanks to a combination of medical advances and individual, personal care."

Like some of its rich-world peers, Britain has entered the age of the aged. And, over the next two months, the Guardian will be exploring what that means in a series of weekly articles. The visit to Dr Davies' surgery is the beginning of what is intended to be a collaborative reporting project in which we tackle the issues prompted by the sweeping away of a traditional approach to old age by a generation of vigorous retirees.

By 2040, nearly one in seven Britons will be over 75, according to a report by the Resolution foundation thinktank published today, which also reveals that almost a third of people born today can expect to live to 100. In 2014, the average age in the UK exceeded 40 for the first time.

As the baby boomer generation enter retirement, we also reach a dramatic demographic turning point: 2017 will see the ratio of non-workers to workers start to rise for the first time since the early 1980s.

Our vastly improved life expectancy, which is growing by five hours a day, was one of the great triumphs of the last century. It is now, however, the source of the greatest challenges - and opportunities - of this era.

Ahead of launching this project, the Guardian asked readers to share their experiences of ageing, and tell us about their concerns and hopes. It became clear reading the responses that trying to deal with all the facets of this issue in one series was not going to work: so instead this project is being split in two. Later in the year it will return to discussions about old age - but the focus for this first, nine-part series will be retirement.

Dr David Davies has his surgery in Dunster

With your help, we will be considering what retirement looks like for this generation and future generations, and how we might all afford it. What do those in their 60s to mid-70s, who have pensions and properties and perhaps three decades of life still ahead of them think? But also those in their 50s and 60s, whose pensions have been eroded and benefits whittled away, and who might not be on the housing ladder? What if you're in your 30s and barely able to pay your rent, let alone save for a retirement that may not ever arrive?

Help us understand and analyse the lives, challenges and delights of a period of life that was once referred to as the golden years but is now a more complex picture. Your ideas and comments will help structure and develop this project, and unpack what retirement means for this new generation. If you would like to contribute, you can do so by leaving a comment below or by emailing with your tips, leads and experiences.

In advance of this series Debora Price, the president of the British Society of Gerontology and professor of gerontology at the University of Manchester, where she directs Micra, the Manchester Institute for Collaborative Research on Ageing, highlighted a tendency by the media to lump all older people together.

"We have a tendency to depict people aged 50 to 74 in the press and in public life as rich and successful, even powerful, and it's really important to know that this is only one of a number of different experiences of old age," she said.

"But the inequalities are greater in this age group than in any other: living in poverty, with difficulties maintaining and heating houses, suffering from malnutrition, needing help and care and being unable to find it - these are all also common experiences of this age group."

With that in mind, the Guardian wants to reflect a wide range of experiences of retirement, as well as considering many different responses to it.

In west Somerset, where Dr Davies has his surgery, the average age in the are a is 52 (pdf) - compared with 40 for the UK as a whole. More than one in three of the population are of retirement age and there are fewer people in the 25- to 44-year-old age group than anywhere else in the country.

According to the 2011 census, West Somerset council is also the local authority with the highest percentage - 7.4% - of people working aged over 65.

Many of these older workers, however, have goals more radical and far-reaching than their own career path. Four years ago, 71-year-old David Salter and 69-year-old Roger Hall set up the charity Porlock Futures to try to combat the impact of the area's high concentration of people aged over 65: almost 34% of people in Porlock are over 65 compared with 16.4% in England and Wales.

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Roger Hall from Porlock Futures CIC with the oyster trestles in Porlock Bay. Photograph: Sam Frost for the Guardian

Roger Hall from Porlock Futures CIC with the oyster trestles in Porlock Bay.

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Tess Nixon at Porlock Bay Oysters. Photograph: Sam Frost for the Guardian

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David Salter at Porlock Bay Oysters. Photograph: Sam Frost for the Guardian

Tess Nixon, who works at Porloack Bay Oysters. Right: David Salter set up Porlock Futures with Roger Hall.

"David and I are two of the youngest ones here - it's become an OAP village. We have to encourage young people to move here if we're going to survive," said Hall.

A not inconsiderable benefit of a workforce aged over 65 is the wealth of experience: Porlock Futures' executive committee of six has a

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The new retirement: how an ageing population is transforming Britain

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Dr David Davies sees more than his fair share of sixtysomethings. His clinic is situated in the west Somerset medieval village of Dunster, which has one of the densest populations of older people anywhere in Britain. But these days, sexagenarians don't shuffle in looking sorry for themselves.

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2010 Jan 28 article on divorce rates, loads of stats and comparisons.

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2010 Jan 28 article on divorce rates, loads of stats and comparisons.

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The number of divorces in England and Wales have slightly increased- as shown by the latest figures out today from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) showing a total of 118,140 divorces in 2012 - an increase of 0.5% since 2011.

According to the release in 2012 - the latest year published - there were a total of 118,140 divorces, a slight increase on 2011, when there were 117,558. Of the 2012 total, almost half of these divorces occurred in the first 10 years of marriage, with divorces most likely to occur between the fourth and eighth wedding anniversary. The ONS release also shows that 71% of divorces were for first marriages.

The 2010 divorce figure was one of the first increases in several years and as we previously reported , was up 4.9% on the 2009 total.

In its latest release, the ONS have also included a selection of facts about the 2012 divorce statistics which you can find below:

* There were 13 divorces an hour in England and Wales in 2012
* Women were granted 65% of all divorces
* 9,703 men and 6,026 women aged over 60 got divorced
* One in seven divorces were granted as a result of adultery
* 719 (less than 1%) divorces were granted because of desertion
* The average age at divorce was 45 for men and 42 for women
* 9% of couples divorcing had both been divorced before
* 48% of couples divorcing had at least one child aged under 16 living with the family
* It is expected that 42% of marriages will end in divorce

In 2012, 10.8 people divorced per thousand married population, a decrease of 19% compared with 13.3 in 2002.

The first chart below is where people get the idea of half of all marriages ending in divorce. But what it really shows is that for each year, an equivalent of half the number of people getting married get divorced - rather than half of all the married people in the country.

Divorce rates are better to look at - this is a rate of divorces per 1,000 married people in the country. The chart below shows the divorce rate from 1971-2012.

If you look at where the line goes up there's an interesting - if small - trend: there are peaks in the early 1980s, 1990s, 2000s and the increase in 2010 before the slight drop with the 2011 rate. The common factor of those dates? Recession.

Interesting to compare these to the marriage statistics too - but we won't get the full stats from the ONS until next year.

The data is below - check out the attached spreadsheet for loads more, including details about children and causes. Can you visualise it for us?

Data summary

Download the data

* DATA: download the full datasheet

More open data

World government data
Data journalism and data visualisations from the Guardian
* Search the world's government data with our gateway

Development and aid data

* Search the world's global development data with our gateway

Can you do something with this data?

* Flickr Please post your visualisations and mash-ups on our Flickr group
* Contact us at data@guardian.co.uk

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Divorce rates data, 1858 to now: how has it changed?

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The number of divorces in England and Wales have slightly increased- as shown by the latest figures out today from the Office for National Statistics (ONS) showing a total of 118,140 divorces in 2012 - an increase of 0.5% since 2011.

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Nuclear family is 'on the way out', Government advisor warns

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The traditional nuclear family has broken down and children are increasingly being brought up by grandparents or siblings, a Government advisor claimed last night.

Rising divorce rates and growing pressures in the workplace mean that parents are passing on childcare responsibilities to other relatives, according to the Family and Parenting Institute.

Dr Katherine Rake, the head of the heavily state-financed organisation launched by Labour ten years ago, warned that the traditional family model is no longer 'the norm' and any Government attempts to rescue it are futile.

In her first major speech as chief executive, she predicted the death of the nuclear family and warned of a major change in the role of parents over the next decade as marriage rates fall while the number of divorces and civil partnerships continue to rise

Dr Rake predicts that as mothers play less of a role in their children's lives due to work pressures, 'communal parenting' will become commonplace in many families with siblings, grandparents, aunts and uncles stepping in.

More than two million families in Britain already rely on the older generation for help with childcare while about 200,000 grandparents are now sole carers.

But the trend is set to rise with the 'whole family' set to take on greater responsibility for children, she said.

Dr Rake took over the organisation, which speaks on the behalf of parents and children and was set up in 1999 by Jack Straw when he was Home Secretary, earlier this year.

She said there would be no such thing as a 'typical family' in the next 10 to 20 years.

'People are constantly redefining what it means to be a family,' she told the Daily Telegraph.

'What we are seeing is that family shape is changing all the time, the notion of a traditional nuclear family... certainly isn't the norm now.'

She went on: 'Because people are having children later and because there is more divorce and separation, what is happening is that people draw on resources from right across the family and their families can be more involved.'

Her speech, which will be delivered today, coincides with the publication of a major report by the organisation predicting that 70 per cent of mothers will be working by next year.

It also forecasts a 40 per cent rise in the number of single mothers also in employment since the early 1990s.

At the same time it estimates that about 90 per cent of grandparents now provide some form of financial support for their grandchildren.

But her remarks were criticised by the Tories who said there was no substitute for the traditional family.

David Willetts, the Shadow Cabinet member with responsibility for family policy, said that the traditional two-parent family remains the 'mainstream aspiration' for most young people.

Sam Smethers, chief executive of Grandparents Plus, a support group, said she had noted the same trend toward more communal parenting.

'There is a much more complex structure of family life than there has ever been before,' she told the Telegraph.

'It might be step-siblings, it might be cousins, it might be aunts and uncles providing that role, it is a sign of how families are changing.'

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Nuclear family is 'on the way out', Government advisor warns

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The traditional nuclear family has broken down and children are increasingly being brought up by grandparents or siblings, a Government advisor claimed last night. Rising divorce rates and growing pressures in the workplace mean that parents are passing on childcare responsibilities to other relatives, according to the Family and Parenting Institute.

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How family types are changing, with stats. Very interesting, too

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The traditional nuclear family is in decline in Britain as more people chose to live alone or as couples without children, data suggests.

The number of people living in family homes with children fell from 52% in 1961 to 36% in 2009, the ONS says.

In their Social Trends 40 report, official statisticians say 28% of homes are single person households, while 29% contain childless couples.

This is up from 11% and 26% respectively on 1961.

The proportion of people living in lone parent households has also increased over the past half century, jumping from 3% in 1961 to 12% in 2009.

Free nursery places

The Office for National Statistics said the most common type of household was the couple family household, but that there had been a "decline" in the proportion of households containing a "traditional" family unit.

One of the biggest changes in household composition over the past few decades was the increase in the number of one person households, it said.

It rose from 1.7m in 1961 to more than 7m in 2009.

The report also found that the proportion of Britons living in other households, including multi-family households and those with unrelated adults, halved from 12% to 6% over the same period.

The ONS also said women were having babies later.

The proportion of babies born to women under 25 in England and Wales was 47% in 1971. This had dropped to 25% in 2008.

And fewer people are getting married, with 143,000 first marriages in England and Wales happening in 2007, compared with 340,000 in 1971.

The report also found the proportion of three and four-year-olds enrolled in education in the UK rose from just over a fifth (21%) in 1970-1 to just under two-thirds (63%) in 2008-9.

This is largely a reflection of the Labour government policy of offering children of this age free part-time nursery school places.

Participation in this scheme was highest in north-east England at 80% compared with 42% in both south-west and south-east England.

But the number of schools delivering full-time compulsory education is down to 33,396 in 2008-9, from the peak of 38,500 in 1976-7.

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The traditional nuclear family is in decline in Britain as more people chose to live alone or as couples without children, data suggests. The number of people living in family homes with children fell from 52% in 1961 to 36% in 2009, the ONS says.

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Nature/ nurture

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WTF
OMG

Tarzans of the real world.

There are such things as Classics and such things as " Cult Classics". I'm pretty sure " The Jungle Book" would fall into the latter for many of us. So, while Star Movies was playing the recently made "Jungle Book" the movie under the banner "First Time on TV ", it got me wondering as to what a life it must be to grow up as a child in the jungle surrounded by animals. Not just the bare ferocity or the rugged dangers of the Jungle but also the sheer thrill of it. It got me wondering as to "Has that actually ever happened before?"

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Believe it or not, it has. Quite a lot of times in fact and NO, I'm not talking about George of the Jungle or Tarzan ( Calm Down all of you Disney Fans 😉 ). So I went and compiled a list of the five most famous Feral Children aka The Tarzans of the real world just for the heck of it ( And it's sorta like my job :/ )...

1. Wild Peter - A boy found living in the woods in Northern Germany caught the attention of the then king of England, George I, who had him shipped to his court. It was the early 1700's and the boy, came to be known as Peter is one of the most famous Feral Children in history just because of his liege. Peter was paraded around his court where he would walk on all fours, steal things, kiss the ladies of the court ( Sounds like a pretty fun job eh ? 😉 ) Despite all attempts Peter was never civilized and died an old man, incapable of even speech.

2. The Savage Girl of Champagne - Around the same time as Wild Peter, in the countryside of France, a girl was found in tattered animal skins. The girl was surprisingly strong and if you believe the reports, had claws big enough to skin birds by herself. The girl was finally lured out and to everyone's surprise, she could talk, albeit in the form of squeals and whoops. She was baptized and sent to a covenant. She is also one of the few Feral Children to have learned speech coherently later on. She later revealed that she was a slave who escaped her captors as a child.

3. Victor of Aveyron - In the 1800's, another of these famous Feral Children was found in Aveyron, France. He was naked, could not speak, refused contact with humans and had a lot of violent outbursts. The scars on his body indicated an exposure to the wild not seen before. Interestingly he had selective hearing. He wouldn't react to a pistol fired behind him, but he could hear the cracking of a walnut from very far away, his favorite food incidentally. The boy never could be taught and died at the age of 40.

4. Syrian Gazelle Boy - In 1960 Jean Anger, an anthropologist met a Nomadic Tribe in the Spanish Sahara ( Rio de Oro) who spoke of a wild child nearby. Curious, he set out in search of that boy. He found a small boy moving with a herd of Gazelle, galloping on all fours with them as fast as a human could in his description. The boy ate with the herd and he twitched his nose, ears, scalp like a Gazelle at the slightest sound. He ate desert roots except for the occasional lizard. In 1966, an unsuccessful attempt to catch him was made with a helicopter and a net. He became one of the very few Feral Children to have never been pulled out of the wild upon discovery.

5. Kamala and Amala - They are some of the most famous Wolf Children known. Captured in 1920 near Calcutta by an Anglican missionary after the mother Wolf they roamed with was shot. According to reports, they had an elongated jaw, elongated canines, and eyes that glowed in the dark. Amala, the younger one ( about 2) died the following year whereas Kamala the older one ( About 8) died in 1929. By the time of her death, Kamala had learned to walk and could speak around 50 words.

What do you think?

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Upvotes: 2

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I'm dangerously overloaded with intellectuality. I can make your mind swoon. An iconic global entrepreneur, well almost ;)

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FERAL CHILDREN- Check out these REAL Life TARZANS

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WTF OMG Get the best viral stories straight into your inbox! Believe it or not, it has. Quite a lot of times in fact and NO, I'm not talking about George of the Jungle or Tarzan ( Calm Down all of you Disney Fans 😉 ).

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Few people feel they meet the standards of a traditional family

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Few people feel they meet the standards of a traditional family

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Fewer than a fifth of people think they are part of a traditional family, suggests research by a think tank.

A survey found eight in 10 people thought their families did not conform to the stereotype of two married parents with two or more children.

Half said their family is unrepresented by politicians and the media.

There were interviews with 3,000 people for the inaugural report from The Centre for the Modern Family, launched by insurance firm Scottish Widows.

The report indicates that family structures are becoming increasingly diverse. A quarter of couples are childless and a fifth of the population lives alone.

'Proper' families

The survey suggested that people are increasingly likely to view single-parent, same-sex or unmarried couples as "proper" families.

The 77% believe single parents can be a family and 59% believe same sex couples can be a family.

However a significant minority disagree. Around a third consider unmarried couples and same sex couples not to be "proper" families - and almost a fifth feel that single parents are not a "proper" family.

The report identifies and coins names for a variety of new family types - from the "Born and red" who are very open in their views of what a family should be - to the "Groan ups" who have a more traditional outlook.

Half those surveyed believe society is out of date in its view of the family. A quarter think businesses do not cater for their type of family, more than half think the government fails to take their family set up into account and that their family is not portrayed on television or in advertising.

Professor Tanya Byron, said: "Family is the spine of society... at a time of continued social change and as the financial squeeze on families gets ever tighter, the Centre for the Modern Family aims to improve understanding, and ultimately strengthen families, in all their varied forms, across the country."

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Fewer than a fifth of people think they are part of a traditional family, suggests research by a think tank. A survey found eight in 10 people thought their families did not conform to the stereotype of two married parents with two or more children.

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Is it correct to bring in other sexuality to such an early stage in socialisation?

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Is it correct to bring in other sexuality to such an early stage in socialisation?

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LGB moments in Disney channel's shows

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Gay Characters on Disney Channel and in Disney Movies

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As Cyrus from "Andi Mack" came out as gay yesterday, I decided to compile the history of openly gay characters on Disney Channel and in Disney movies. Full list of names of the TV episodes and movies: 1. Susan & Cheryl from Good Luck Charlie (S04E19) 2.

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Is Cinderella actually that bad of a role model??

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Is Cinderella actually that bad of a role model??

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Or is it showing a sexist society condemning femininity

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Media representation of gender marketing

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Media representation of gender marketing

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A clip from friends where Ross' son plays with a Barbie

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Article states how the UK government is dominated by men.

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David Cameron has pledged to eliminate gender inequality in pay by forcing companies to disclose their gender pay gaps.

But how bad is gender inequality in the UK? In one area the prime minister directly controls - which gender government ministers are - Britain is far behind many of its neighbours.

Big business, too, has poor representation of women at the top. FTSE100 companies are particularly bereft of women.

Perhaps feeding into this gender pay gap:

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David Cameron has pledged to eliminate gender inequality in pay by forcing companies to disclose their gender pay gaps. But how bad is gender inequality in the UK? In one area the prime minister directly controls - which gender government ministers are - Britain is far behind many of its neighbours.

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Gender Identity: a Matter of Nature or Nurture?

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Conclusion: Dr. C.A.P. Kenyon "The Psychology of Gender: Nature or Nurture." "Trans in the Media: Unlearning the Trapped Narrative Taking Ownership of Our Bodies Comments." Nature or Nurture: The Case of the Boy Who Became a Girl Dana Smith Brain Study: (Trans)gender Issues NE Whitehead Is Transsexuality Biologically Determined?

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More than half of women fear their gender will hurt their career

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More than half of female students believe gender may hold them back in their career, a study has found.

Only 42 per cent of women are confident that their gender will have no influence on their pay and their career progression, compared to more than 70 per cent of men, according to the first national Think Future Study from KPMG and the 30% Club, a group of chairs and CEOs committed to better gender balance through voluntary action.

The study launched by Cambridge undergraduate Helena Eccles in November has polled over 20,000 students at 21 universities.

It found that more than 70 per cent of young women are confident in their own abilities but doubtful that a traditional career path will enable them to progress their careers as far as they want.

The findings also highlight the issue of "gendered" sectors, which continues to restrict talent pools in certain industries.

Nearly half of female students felt that a sector's reputation for gender equality would influence their decision about working in it. While only 27 per cent of male students considered gender equality as a requirement for working in an industry.

Financial services was the 4th most popular sector choice for men and only the 12th most popular choice for women, according to Brenda Trenowden, Global Chair of the 30% Club.

Melanie Richards, vice chairman of KPMG UK and a member of the 30% Club Steering Committee, said it is "concerning" that women are considerably less optimistic than men about their future career prospects.

"As business leaders we need to play an active role to promote gender parity, bust these myths and recast the image we are projecting to attract the best talent, regardless of their gender. Within our own firm this includes setting targets to recruit, promote and bring through female talent," Richards said.

"We know better commercial performance comes from the innovation that happens between different people, and we want to recruit graduates from a wider range of backgrounds and disciplines. Having a more diverse workforce gives us a better array of viewpoints on client matters and challenge around our actions," she added.

Finding a job they enjoy, having time to spend with family and friends and being intellectually fulfilled were the top three priorities for job satisfaction when it came to entering the working world for both male and female students, according to the study.

Another recent study by the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) showed that headline progress in achieving a target of 25 per cent of company boards made up of women was "masking" the reality.

Three out of five firms in the FTSE 350 were failing to meet the target and fewer than half increased female board representation in recent years.

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More than half of female students believe gender may hold them back in their career, a study has found. Only 42 per cent of women are confident that their gender will have no influence on their pay and their career progression, compared to more than 70 per cent of men, according to the first national Think Future Study from KPMG and the 30% Club, a group of chairs and CEOs committed to better gender balance through voluntary action.

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LGBT rights have come a long way in recent years. In 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled same-sex marriage bans are unconstitutional and the Republic of Ireland became the first country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage by popular vote following a country-wide referendum.However, while stigma against LGBT communities is certainly lessening in some countries, many states continue to criminalise same-sex sexual contact under the threat of imprisonment or even death.

New research published by the International Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex Association (ILGA) serves as a stark reminder of just how widespread such criminalisation can be. In a total of 74 countries, same-sex sexual contact is a criminal offence.

In 13 countries, being gay or bisexual is punishable by death. These are; Sudan, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Mauritania, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Qatar, UAE, parts of Nigeria, parts of Somalia, parts of Syria and parts of Iraq.

In 17 countries, bans are in place to prohibit 'propaganda' interpreted as promoting LGBT communities or identities. These are; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Nigeria, Somalia, Tunisia, Iraq, Iran, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Lithuania and Russia.

Surprisingly, a total of 40 countries retain a 'gay panic' clause which enables people to use as a defence for committing crimes such as assault or murder that they were provoked because the person was gay, lesbian or bisexual.

While the report focused on gay, lesbian and bisexual rights, it is believed transphobic laws and attitudes are also very common as part of persecution specifically targetted at transgender communities.

The report follows research published last week into lesbian and bisexual women's experiences of persecution for their sexual orientation. The research found 'corrective rape' and forced marriages are common in some countries on the basis that this can 'cure' them.

Many countries only criminalise sex between men due to historic penal codes from British colonial rule which define sex as penile penetration. However, a growing number are criminalising sex between women as they believe doing so strengthens laws against men as the countries can assert the legislation is 'gender neutral' and therefore not discriminatory.

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The 74 countries where it's illegal to be gay

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LGBT rights have come a long way in recent years. In 2015, the US Supreme Court ruled same-sex marriage bans are unconstitutional and the Republic of Ireland became the first country in the world to legalise same-sex marriage by popular vote following a country-wide referendum.However, while stigma against LGBT communities is certainly lessening in some countries, many states continue to criminalise same-sex sexual contact under the threat of imprisonment or even death.

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Beginning Mondays in March, we are bringing you Crash Course Sociology. Host Nicole Sweeney will walk you through questions big and small about how we both shape societies and are shaped by them. We hope you'll join us. *** Crash Course is on Patreon!

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One side of the story - agree with the policy

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Gay rights campaigners have backed an NHS policy demanding that doctors and nurses start asking all patients from the age of 16 about their sexual orientation.

NHS England has issued a new standard requiring staff to "record sexual orientation at every face to face contact with the patient, where no record of this data already exists".

It argues that the data is needed to ensure it meets its obligations under the 2010 Equality Act and will help it better tackle health problems that are more prevalent among lesbian, gay and bisexual people. These include sexually transmitted diseases, mental health problems, alcohol and drug dependency and social isolation in old age.

Patients are not obliged to answer, but Conservative politicians including Jacob Rees-Mogg and the former children and families minister Tim Loughton have attacked the measure respectively as "intrusive and Orwellian" and "political correctness ... gone bonkers".

The policy does not include monitoring gender or gender identity, such as transgender. Instead, GPs, nurses and other health and adult social care staff are being told to ask: "Which of the following options best describes how you think of yourself?"

The options are heterosexual or straight, gay or lesbian, bisexual, other, and don't know or not sure. Other can include asexual or "queer", a term the NHS says defines "a complex set of sexual behaviours and desires, or to make a statement against categories such as lesbian, gay, bisexual or straight". If patients decline to answer that will also be recorded.

The NHS wants all health and social care bodies to be asking the question by April 2019.

Stonewall, the gay rights campaign group, welcomed the new system and said it was "vital sexual orientation is considered in health assessments".

"We have been calling for sexual orientation to be considered as other protected characteristics for over a decade," a spokeswoman said. "This move will also help health services gather evidence on and understand the needs of LGB people. This is something that NHS trusts are keen to implement as health services will be able to identify gaps in provision and areas for improvement, before targeting services to meet these needs."

The veteran gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell said: "The question is voluntary, but it would be useful for the NHS to know the size of the lesbian, gay and bisexual population in order to plan appropriate and tailored services.

"Quite rightly, the NHS keeps records on race and ethnicity to ensure there is not discrimination and better treatment for these minority groups. It seems entirely sensible to extend that principle to LGB."

The libertarian thinker and BBC Radio 4 Moral Maze panellist Claire Fox was among those opposing the move.

"The state has no business in our bedrooms," she told the Sunday Times. "Tell a 16-year-old to define their sexuality and it immediately forces them into a box. The whole point of the sexual revolution was to remove the box."

An NHS England spokesman said: "All health bodies and local authorities with responsibility for adult social care are required under the Equality Act to ensure that no patient is discriminated against.

"This information standard is designed to help NHS bodies be compliant with the law by consistently collecting, only where relevant, personal details of patients such as race, sex and sexual orientation.

"They do not have to do it in every area, people do not have to answer the questions and it will have no impact on the care they receive."

The "sexual orientation monitoring specification" document was published by the NHS earlier this month. It was produced in conjunction with the charity the LGBT Foundation, which said "there is still a huge lack of evidence about LGBT people, our needs and experiences".

The document states that as sexual orientation is one of nine protected characteristics defined by the Equality Act, public sector bodies must "pay due regard to the needs of LGB people in the design and delivery of services and ensure (and be able to demonstrate) that people are not discriminated against based upon their sexual orientation".

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Gay rights activists welcome NHS questioning of patients over sexuality

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Gay rights campaigners have backed an NHS policy demanding that doctors and nurses start asking all patients from the age of 16 about their sexual orientation. NHS England has issued a new standard requiring staff to "record sexual orientation at every face to face contact with the patient, where no record of this data already exists".

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One side of a story - disagree with the policy

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Under new plans, all patients visiting GP could be asked their sexual orientation

NHS England 'evaluating options' on how doctors could ask whether patients are transgender or not

Move has been widely ridiculed

An NHS plan for family doctors to ask patients about whether they are gay, straight or bisexual was branded 'idiotic' yesterday.

The questions are meant to ensure those of minority sexual orientation are treated fairly under recent equalities legislation and were welcomed by gay rights campaigners.

But critics branded the questions - which will come in from April 2019 - as a waste of doctors' valuable time and intrusive. There were also fears that hackers could leak the sensitive information.

Under the 'sex quiz' plan, all patients over 16 visiting their GP or attending a hospital appointment in England could be asked about their sexual orientation.

It emerged last night that NHS England is also 'evaluating options' on how doctors could ask whether patients are transgender or not. It said it was 'working with the Department of Health and other partners on a scoping exercise which is evaluating options for the development of a unified information standard which would include gender identity'.

NHS England said the 'trans community' wants questions about sexual orientation to be kept separate from questions about gender identity.

Under the plan, patients over 16 would be asked if they are: 1) heterosexual or straight; 2) gay or lesbian; 3) bisexual; 4) 'Other sexual orientation not listed'.

Acceptable answers to 'not listed' include asexual - not interested in sex - or 'queer'. Further categories include 'U' - for someone who is not sure. People who refuse to answer will be classed as 'Z'. A final category is for people with disabilities who are unable to answer the question.

NHS England said patients would not be forced to answer, and NHS Trusts could opt out of bringing in the system.

Charity behind the sex question

Based in Manchester's Gay Village, the LGBT Foundation has achieved influence over every NHS patient's life despite its relatively small size.

The charity, which employs 43 staff, has been lobbying the NHS for the past seven years to win support for its controversial plan for all patients to be asked about their sexuality.

The foundation - whose patron is actor Sir Ian McKellen - said yesterday that in addition to a £32,338 grant to prepare the guidelines on questioning patients about their sexuality, NHS England had awarded it another £43,000 to promote the policy over the next two years. Alongside the campaign, it works directly with gay men, lesbians, bisexuals and transgender people.

Its work includes handing out safe-sex packs to men taking part in group sex.

Its staff have also carried out HIV testing in a porn studio and provided health advice for people taking part in 'chemsex', the use of drugs during sex.

According to its annual report, it hands out more than 500,000 condoms a year.

The LGBT Foundation said its claim that the 'vast majority' of the wider population found it acceptable to be questioned about their sexuality was based on work by the Office for National Statistics.

The NHS said research by the LGBT Foundation showed that '90-95 per cent of people' would be comfortable disclosing their sexual orientation, a survey based on responses from 144 people from the gay community. Of the respondents, 117 said they would be happy to disclose their sexuality, 13 said they would not and 14 did not answer.

Philip Davies, MP for Keighley and a member of Parliament's equalities committee, said: 'It's completely idiotic. The best way to treat people equally is to give them good medical care, not prying into their sex lives.

'This is absolute madness and it's all to keep this huge politically correct industry in a job.

'Nobody cares what people's sexual orientation is, they just want doctors to get on and treat people's medical conditions. What's so difficult about that? The NHS is stretched enough without everybody wasting time and money ticking irrelevant boxes like this.'

Dr Peter Swinyard, chairman of the Family Doctor Association, told the BBC that for older patients, sexuality 'doesn't affect health outcomes or care'. He added: 'Given the short amount of time a GP has with a patient, sexuality is not relevant.'

But veteran gay rights campaigner Peter Tatchell said collecting the data could prevent 'negligent and inadvertent discrimination'. He added: 'Many older LGBT people don't have family to support them, they tend to be lonely and isolated. Knowing about their sexuality could help ensure that doctors make sure they get the necessary support and social care.'

NHS England said: 'This information standard is designed to help NHS bodies be compliant with the law by collecting, only where relevant, personal details of patients such as race, sex and sexual orientation. They do not have to do it in every area, people do not have to answer the questions and it will have no impact on the care they receive.'

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MP blasts moves to make doctors ask if you are gay

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Under new plans, all patients visiting GP could be asked their sexual orientation NHS England 'evaluating options' on how doctors could ask whether patients are transgender or not Move has been widely ridiculed An NHS plan for family doctors to ask patients about whether they are gay, straight or bisexual was branded 'idiotic' yesterday.

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Interesting! Hate Crimes  Tied To Income Inequality 

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Interesting! Hate Crimes  Tied To Income Inequality 

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Higher Rates Of Hate Crimes Are Tied To Income Inequality

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In the 10 days after the 2016 election, nearly 900 hate incidents were reported to the Southern Poverty Law Center, averaging out to 90 per day. By comparison, …

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Britain's Most Powerful Elite is 97% White

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Britain's Most Powerful Elite is 97% White

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Barely 3% of Britain's most powerful and influential people are from black and minority ethnic groups, according to a broad new analysis that highlights startling inequality despite decades of legislation to address discrimination.

From a list of just over 1,000 of the UK's top political, financial, judicial, cultural and security figures drawn up by the Guardian in partnership with Operation Black Vote and in consultation with academics, only 36 (3.4%) were from ethnic minorities (BAME). Just seven (0.7%) were BAME women.

The numbers betray a grotesque disconnect with the composition of the UK population, almost 13% of which has a minority background. In some sectors - the police, military, supreme court and security services as well as top consultancies and law firms - there were no non-white supremos at all.

Equality advocates said the new study shone a light on the glass ceilings, subtle discrimination and "affinity bias" that minorities face as a matter of course in their careers. The toll is severe, on individuals, communities, and society as a whole, they said.

"We need to ensure that every young person has a role model they can look up to," said the London mayor, Sadiq Khan, one of the 36. "It's so important to promote the successful figures from Britain's BAME communities. We need to create a sense of optimism, aspiration and hope."

Speaking at a Guardian Live event at the Labour party conference in Brighton on Sunday, Khan also identified confidence as a key factor in holding BAME people back. "Some white people feel confident about applying for jobs even if they are not fully qualified. But BAME people may not have the same confidence even though they are more qualified," he said.

The data analysis looked at the ethnicity of more than 1,000 individuals across 39 categories covering politics and the civil service; policing, defence and the judiciary; FTSE companies and groups representing business; professional services including the heads of law, accountancy, advertising, consulting and publishing firms; arts bodies; media; trade unions; top universities; sporting bodies and NHS trusts.

The results of the exercise call into question the effectiveness of equality legislation such as the 2000 Race Relations Act and the 2010 Equality Act, which have seemingly done little to promote people of minority backgrounds into the highest positions of power.

"Pathways to power are almost non-existent if you're black or Asian," said Simon Woolley, director and co-founder of Operation Black Vote, which helped compile the Colour of Power data along with the recruitment consultant Green Park.

"The white club virtually locks out black talent. The lack of diversity at the top level is deeply troubling, not least because in most sectors there has been little or no progress at all."

Rebecca Hilsenrath, chief executive of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, said the research showed that "inequality and unfairness are still entrenched in our society".

"Without real diversity in leadership positions we will never be truly reflective of society, particularly when it comes to public services and bodies which serve our communities. There is absolutely no reason that BAME people should not be able to reach the top of their chosen profession," she said, calling on the government to put in place a comprehensive and coherent race strategy.

The shadow equalities minister, Dawn Butler, said black people were losing out because contacts and networks trumped talent. "If people do not fulfil their potential in all walks of society then we all lose out: the country loses out, that person loses out, that business loses out.

"As a black woman nothing surprises me when it comes to representation of both people of colour and women ... It's really not because of lack of talent. That's the disappointing thing."

The latest data amplifies a report published earlier this year by the businesswoman Ruby McGregor-Smith, which found that while 14% of the working age population were from a BAME background, they made up only 10% of the workforce and held only 6% of top management positions.

There has been some progress further down the ranks since the 2000 Race Relations Act which, among other things, placed a duty on public bodies to promote racial equality.

BAME representation in the civil service now stands at 11.6%, double the 2000 figure. And 7% of court judges in England and Wales are from minorities, a significant improvement on 2000. The proportion of BAME police officers rose from 2.2% in 2000 to 6.3% in 2017 although diversity among the most senior ranks remains low.

There have also been some advances in politics: 8% of MPs after the 2017 general election are of minority ethnic backgrounds, the highest ever proportion, while the current cabinet has two BAME members compared to the all-white 2001 cabinet under Tony Blair.

But despite this progress, various reports have concluded that inequality remains deep-rooted in society. A recent TUC survey found that more than a third of BAME workers reported bullying, abuse or experience of racial discrimination in the workplace while the recently published Lammy review warned of racial bias in the criminal justice system in England and Wales.

A University of Bath project reported problems of ethnic diversity in higher education while a 2016 report by the Equality and Human Rights Commission found that "entrenched and far-reaching race inequality" remains present in many areas of society.

Dr David Owen of the Warwick Institute for Employment Research in Warwick University, whose research has looked at the changing ethnic makeup of the population and the labour force, said evidence showed workplace barriers were manifold.

"The evidence from analysis of data over many years is that minority ethnic groups are less well represented in higher status occupations than white people," he said.

He said the issue of diversity at the highest levels mattered for a number of reasons, most importantly that people of BAME backgrounds should feel they are able to fulfil their potential without "glass ceilings or other barriers to their ambition". He added that it was also an advantage to organisations to best "understand the population and the society they are serving".

While the project concentrated on BAME diversity, it also showed up a startling gap in gender representation. Women account for less than a quarter of the names on the list (23.6%). Among FTSE 100 chief executives, there are more men called David than women.

Have your opportunities for career advancement been restricted because of your ethnicity? Please share your thoughts with us using the form below:

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Revealed: Britain's most powerful elite is 97% white

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Barely 3% of Britain's most powerful and influential people are from black and minority ethnic groups, according to a broad new analysis that highlights startling inequality despite decades of legislation to address discrimination.

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Racist or religious abuse incidents recorded by police in England and Wales jumped 41% in the month after the UK voted to quit the EU, figures show.

There were 3,886 such crimes logged in July 2015, rising to 5,468 in July this year, according to the Home Office.

It said the sharp increase declined in August but has "remained at a higher level than prior to the EU referendum".

Home Secretary Amber Rudd said the government was "determined to stamp it out".

The number of hate crimes overall in the year 2015-16 was up 19% on the previous year.

Latest figures show that 62,518 offences were recorded by police.

Of these, 79% were motivated by race hate, 12% by sexual orientation, 7% by religion, 6% by disability and 1% were transgender hate crimes.

'Scared to go out on the streets'

Ewa Banaszak and her family have lived in Plymouth for nine years, "this is our home, where we live and work" she said.

The Polish natives had their shed deliberately set alight in July in a racially-motivated attack.

Since the EU referendum, she said racist comments towards her and relatives had "intensified" and the family had received a "hate-filled letter" containing threats.

Despite being told to "go back to your own country", Ms Banaszak said they will not go back to Poland.

'This is our country'

Standing at a bus stop, Brazilian-born Danilo Venticinque, 30, was talking to his Mexican wife in Spanish and a woman asked "you speak English, don't you?"

"Can you understand what I'm saying? This is our country. We are leaving the EU. We will stop having so many people like you over here."

He said people like the woman who approached him are "a minority".

Liberal Democrat home affairs spokesperson Alistair Carmichael said the rise in hate crimes was "down to the nasty, divisive European referendum campaign that pulled apart communities, families and neighbours".

He claimed that the government has treated the post referendum landscape in "the same divisive way".

The National Police Chiefs' Council's (NPCC) lead on hate crime, Assistant Chief Constable Mark Hamilton said: "Numbers of hate crime incidents have fallen from the spike seen after the EU referendum but we still believe that many hate crimes are still not reported to us.

"We are determined to play our part in addressing hate crimes in our society, supported by government and third sector partners".

Analysis: Danny Shaw, BBC home affairs correspondent

These figures confirm what previous data from the National Police Chiefs Council suggested - that there was a spike in hate crime after the 23 June poll.

Part of the increase is undoubtedly due to a greater willingness by the public to report offences and better police methods for logging hate crimes.

But strong anecdotal evidence supports the view that there was also a genuine rise in crimes targeted at ethnic minorities and foreign nationals: the Brexit vote appeared to unleash something in people - they felt they had a licence to attack Polish migrants and insult Muslims.

Separately, one of the most striking features of the annual figures is a 44% rise in hate crimes directed at people with disabilities; the numbers have doubled in four years.

Following the EU referendum, then-Prime Minister David Cameron condemned "despicable" incidents of hate crime.

In July, the government published a hate crime action plan, which Ms Rudd said "sets out how we are further reducing hate crime, increasing reporting and improving support for victims".

She added: "Our hate crime laws are among the best in the world, but we cannot be complacent."

Assistant Chief Constable Hamilton said the NPCC was encouraged by the improved police reporting and support systems that had been put in place.

According to the Home Office, over the last year police forces have made efforts to improve their recording of crime statistics, especially for violence against person offences.

It said the improved records are "likely to be a factor" in the increase in hate crimes recorded by the police this year.

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Racist or religious abuse incidents recorded by police in England and Wales jumped 41% in the month after the UK voted to quit the EU, figures show. There were 3,886 such crimes logged in July 2015, rising to 5,468 in July this year, according to the Home Office.

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Cameron attacks race bias in courts and universities

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Cameron attacks race bias in courts and universities

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English universities will be forced to disclose the proportion of ethnic minority applicants that get places as part of a drive against discrimination.

David Cameron said transparency would force top universities like Oxford to work harder to broaden their intake.

He warned the police, the courts and the armed forces they also had to act.

He has launched a review of apparent racial bias in the English and Welsh justice systems to be headed by Labour MP David Lammy.

Mr Cameron said black people were "more likely to be in a prison cell than studying at a top university".

'Stamp it out'

Writing in the Sunday Times, he said discrimination should "shame our country and jolt us to action".

"I don't care whether it's overt, unconscious or institutional - we've got to stamp it out," he wrote.

The PM rejected what he called "politically correct, contrived and unfair solutions" like quotas, but said forcing English universities to disclose what proportion of black and minority ethnic applicants achieved places should prompt them to broaden their intake.

Mr Cameron said it was "striking" that Oxford University's 2014 intake of more than 2,500 people included only 27 black students.

"I know the reasons are complex, including poor schooling, but I worry that the university I was so proud to attend is not doing enough to attract talent from across our country," he added.

"It's disgraceful that if you're black, it seems you're more likely to be sentenced to custody for a crime than if you're white," Mr Cameron said.

"We should investigate why this is and how we can end this possible discrimination."

'Transparency helps'

He also noted that there are no black generals in the UK armed forces, and "just 4% of chief executives in the FTSE 100 are from ethnic minorities".

"What does this say about modern Britain? Are these just the symptoms of class divisions or a lack of equal opportunity? Or is it something worse - something more ingrained, institutional and insidious?"

He said under-representation in the police and armed forces was a "stubborn problem", and organisations should go the "extra mile" to show they are open to all.

Education chiefs are to hold talks with Business Secretary Sajid Javid on Monday.

He told the BBC's Andrew Marr show "transparency always helps but I think more measures will be required and I want to sit down with universities and discuss what more can be done and then help them achieve that".

He said he was concerned about "unconscious" bias in the education system, adding: "As a young man I remember being called 'Paki' in the playground and being punched because of my colour.

"We have moved on since then but we still need to do more work."

The Russell Group, which represents 24 leading UK universities, said "real progress" had been made in the last five years to increase the number of black and minority ethnic students.

But director general Wendy Piatt said universities "cannot solve this problem alone".

"There are still far too many children from disadvantaged backgrounds underachieving at school and receiving poor advice and guidance," she said.

David Lammy's review of the courts in England and Wales will look at the "over-representation" of black and minority ethnic defendants.

"With over a quarter of the prison population coming from a BAME background, the urgency here is clear," said the Labour MP, whose report will be published in spring 2017.

Downing Street said 61% of black and minority ethnic defendants found guilty in crown courts were given custodial sentences, compared with 56% of white offenders.

Government data published in 2013 suggested that, in each year from 2008 to 2012, black offenders were more likely to have been jailed than white offenders by courts in England and Wales.

Government figures suggest BAME people make up 14% of the population of England and Wales.

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English universities will be forced to disclose the proportion of ethnic minority applicants that get places as part of a drive against discrimination. David Cameron said transparency would force top universities like Oxford to work harder to broaden their intake. He warned the police, the courts and the armed forces they also had to act.

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Racial Inequality in U.K. Is Getting Worse, Report Finds

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Racial Inequality in U.K. Is Getting Worse, Report Finds

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A new report on racial equality in the U.K. found that the level of opportunities for young minorities, especially in the black community, is failing to improve and may have gotten worse.

Human rights watchdog the Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) said in a wide-ranging review that urgent government action is needed to tackle the "very worrying combination" of a post-Brexit rise in hate crime and "deep-rooted" racial inequality faced by Britain's ethnic minorities.

It also found that race (82%) was the most commonly recorded motivation for hate crimes in England and Wales. The findings come after a spike in recorded hate crimes following the June 23 referendum, as British police saw a 57% increase in reported incidents .

"We must redouble our efforts to tackle race inequality urgently or risk the divisions in our society growing and racial tensions increasing" David Isaac, chair of EHRC said in a statement. "If you are black or an ethnic minority in modern Britain, it can often still feel like you're living in a different world."

The public body's report also found that black people are more likely to be victims of crime, be treated harshly in the criminal justice system and are three times more likely to be prosecuted than the white people.

Black university graduates are paid 23.1% less than the average white worker with a degree, the report found. Black, Asian and ethnic minority workers with degrees are also two and a half times more likely to be unemployed than white workers with a university education, while black workers with degrees earned 23% less on average than a white worker with similar qualifications.

Ethnic minorities unemployment rates (12.9%) were twice as high than the white community (6.3%), the report said, and minorities were "hugely underrepresented in positions of power," such as police chiefs and judges. In the U.K., 14% of the population is from an ethnic minority background but only 5.9% of all judges were in England and Wales were from an ethnic community.

Isaac has called for a new race strategy from the British government, including new targets to reduce racial inequality in criminal justice, education and employment, as well as better reporting and research to monitor progress.

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Racial Inequality in U.K. Is Getting Worse, Report Finds

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A new report on racial equality in the U.K. found that the level of opportunities for young minorities, especially in the black community, is failing to improve and may have gotten worse.

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Racial inequality in UK: The appalling reality of how a Briton's ethnicity affects their chances of a good life

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Deep-seated racial inequality in the UK has been laid bare in a new report exposing "entrenched" disparities between different ethnic communities.

Significant differences in the life outcomes of British ethnic minority and white people revealed in the Government's racial disparity audit have prompted Theresa May to urge institutions to help ensure race is never a barrier.

A considerably higher unemployment rate among black, Asian and minority ethnic people than white British adults and lower home ownership among Bangladeshis and black people are among the findings to come out of the report.

British white groups also fall behind in some instances, with white British pupils on school meals less likely to reach the expected standard at Key Stage 2 than any other ethnic group and white teenagers more likely to be smokers than black teenagers.

The audit has been published on a new Ethnicity Facts and Figures website, breaking down how people of different races are treated in areas including health, education, employment and the criminal justice system.

Among the findings are:

Ethnic minorities are under-represented at senior levels across the public sector

Black Caribbean pupils were permanently excluded at three times the rate (0.29 per cent) of white British pupils (0.1 per cent)

The unemployment rate for black, Asian and minority ethnic people (8 per cent) is nearly double that of white British adults (4.6 per cent), with a larger gap in the North (13.6 per cent) than the South (9 per cent)

White people, Indians and Pakistanis are more likely to own their own home than Bangladeshis and black people, and there are disparities in home ownership even after taking account of age, geography, income and socio-economic group

White teenagers are four times more likely to be smokers than black teenagers

Chinese and Asian secondary school pupils perform better than white and black children, particularly those eligible for free school meals, although Pakistani pupils consistently fall behind, and Gypsy, Roma and Traveller children do significantly worse

Among children aged between seven and 11 (Key Stage 2), 71 per cent of Chinese children met the expected standard for reading, writing and maths, compared with 54 per cent of white British pupils and 13% of white Gypsy and Roma pupils

Less than a third (32 per cent) of white British pupils on free school meals reached the expected standard at Key Stage 2 - worse than any other ethnic group

A high percentage of people of all ethnicities feel they "belong to Britain", with little variation between groups (white 85 per cent, Asian 84 per cent, black 81 per cent)

Across primary, special and secondary school education, Irish heritage Traveller children and Gypsy/Roma pupils had the highest rate of permanent exclusions - 0.49 per cent and 0.33 per cent respectively

The report has prompted campaigners to urge ministers to lead the way in tackling the inequalities, but also to acknowledge that society as a whole must change to ensure a level playing field for black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) Britons, as well as white people.

The Equality and Human Rights Commission meanwhile called for a "comprehensive and coherent race equality strategy" from the Government.

Its chairman David Isaac said: "The findings of the race audit do not come as a shock to us. The Prime Minister should be applauded for laying out this information for all to see and we now need to use to the data to set the foundations for real change.

"Only by taking focused action to tackle race inequality can Britain become a fair country in which individuals can reach their potential and our communities can live and work together to create a strong economy and a cohesive society.

"The Government must tackle the significant disparities confirmed by the audit in order to address the entrenched inequality that is so prevalent in our society."

Race equality think tank the Runnymede Trust, whose latest report found that the poorest black and Asian households will experience the biggest drop in average living standards of any group in society, called for "more social mixing" with "neighbours talking to other neighbours" to tackle fear and prejudice.

Director Omar Khan said: "No one can be in any doubt that racial inequalities is a major issue that requires real effort to fix, not just from government but also action by employers, schools, and individuals.

"We have had decades of reports into the problem - many from the Runnymede Trust. The time for talking is now over, we must now move to debating solutions."

Simon Woolley, director of Operation Black Vote, said: "Yes, some findings make uncomfortable reading, but unless these things are laid bare we can't begin to resolve them.

"Over many years the Prime Minister has shown a real desire to grapple with the scourge of racism including confronting high levels of BAME Stop and Search, BAME deaths in police custody and now this."

To launch the new website, thought to be the first official resource of its kind in the world, Mrs May hosted a discussion around the Cabinet table involving "key stakeholders".

She told them the audit will become an "essential resource in the battle to defeat ethnic injustice".

"People who have lived with discrimination don't need a government audit to make them aware of the scale of the challenge," she said.

"But this audit means that for society as a whole - for government, for our public services - there is nowhere to hide. These issues are now out in the open. And the message is very simple: if these disparities cannot be explained then they must be changed.

"Britain has come a long way in my lifetime in spreading equality and opportunity. But the data we are publishing will provide the definitive evidence of how far we must still go in order to truly build a country that works for everyone."

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The appalling reality of how a Briton's ethnicity affects their chances of a good life

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Deep-seated racial inequality in the UK has been laid bare in a new report exposing "entrenched" disparities between different ethnic communities. Significant differences in the life outcomes of British ethnic minority and white people revealed in the Government's racial disparity audit have prompted Theresa May to urge institutions to help ensure race is never a barrier.

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The UK's national equality watchdog has warned that Black and ethnic minority people in Britain still face "entrenched" race inequality in many areas, including employment, housing and health.
The Equality and Human Rights Commission has today published the biggest ever review into race equality in Britain. It looks at several areas including education, pay and living standards, criminal justice and democratic participation. The report paints an "alarming picture" of inequality of opportunity that remains in Britain today.

What are the key findings of the report?

The report warns that failure to tackle deep-rooted race inequality will exacerbate divisions in our society unless the Goverment takes urgent action. The Chair of the Equality and Human Rights Commission, David Isaac CBE, said that the report reveals a " very worrying combination' of a post-Brexit rise in hate crime and long-term systemic unfairness and race inequality".

The report shows:

- Black people are much more likely to be victims of crime and to be treated more harshly in the criminal justice system. You are more than twice as likely to be murdered if you are Black in England and Wales and three times more likely to be prosecuted and sentenced than if you are White.

- Race is the most commonly recorded motivation for hate crime in England and Wales. Hate crime isany crime that is targeted at a person because of hostility or prejudice towards their disability, race or ethnicity, religion or belief, sexual orientation or transgender identity. 82% of hate crimes have race recorded as the motive.

- Black, Asian and ethnic minority workers with degrees are two and a half times more likely to be unemployed than White workers with degrees. Black workers with degrees are paid 23.1% less on average than White workers with degrees.

- The life chances of young people from an ethnic minority have become much worse over the past five years and are at the most challenging for generations. Since 2010, there has been a 49% increase in the number of 16-to-24 year olds across the UK from ethnic minority communities who are long-term unemployed, compared with a fall of 2% for White people.

- In England and Wales, just 6% of MPs are from an ethnic minority, only 5.9% of judges (of those who declared their ethnicity) and 5.5% of police officers.

- White women are more likely to report being a victim of domestic abuse than ethnic minority women (7.4% of White women compared with 4.4% of ethnic minority women). However, Black and ethnic minority women exclusively suffer from female genital mutilation (FGM), honour killings and forced marriage.

There have also been areas of some progress. For example, the 2015 General Election saw an increase in ethnic minority MPs (from 4.2% to 6.3%). Since 2008, all ethnic groups have seen an increase in the proportion with a degree-level qualification. For Indian people there was an increase of 18.1 percentage points to 49.5%, for African/Caribbean/Black people it was a 9.6 percentage point increase to 34.7% and for Pakistani/Bangladeshi people it was a 9.7 percentage point increase to 27.6%. Chinese students and Indian communities are progressing well in many areas of life, including education and employment.

However, the report warns that this is not nearly enough progress and much more needs to be done.

What should we do about it?

The report recommends that the UK Government plans a " comprehensive, coordinated and long-term strategy " with clear and measurable outcomes to achieve race equality. This strategy should be developed and delivered between the UK, Scottish and Welsh Governments, and should come under the responsibility of one secretary of state, with clear accountability across Government.

The Equality and Human Rights Commission also wrote to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) in July 2016, setting out recommendations for the UK Government to tackle race inequality. This submission included recommendations that the UK Government carry out a full-scale review of sentencing for hate crimes in England and Wales and ensure that police stop and search is being used in a lawful and non-discriminatory way.

What does this have to do with human rights?

Freedom from discrimination is a human right. Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (which takes effect in UK law through the Human Rights Act) ensures that no one is treated less favourably in the enjoyment of their rights because of one of the characteristics listed in Article 14, which include race, colour and national origin. Race is also one of 9 ' protected characteristics' under the Equality Act 2010, which applies to employers, education providers, people who provide goods and services to the public and anyone in the public sector. It is unlawful for these organisations to discriminate against anyone because of their race.

Read the full report: Healing a divided Britain here. Click here to read more about race hate crime and here for key statistics on race hate crime.
Learn more about how human rights fight race discrimination with our explainer and our other equality resources.
About the Author

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Ethnic Minorities In Britain Face "Entrenched Race Inequality" - UK's National Equality Body - RightsInfo

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The UK's national equality watchdog has warned that Black and ethnic minority people in Britain still face "entrenched" race inequality in many areas, including employment, housing and health. The Equality and Human Rights Commission has today published the biggest ever review into race equality in Britain.

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Black people are being failed by the UK's mental health services because of "institutional racism", it has been warned. How does this affect those who experience it?

When Eche Egbuonu, who has bipolar disorder, was sectioned under the Mental Health Act, he should have been taken to a safe environment - usually a hospital - for a medical assessment.

Instead, he was taken straight to a police station.

"Being in the police cell was probably the worst thing they could have done to me in the state of mind that I was in," he tells the BBC's Victoria Derbyshire programme.

Under the Mental Health Act, a person can be detained if they are considered to be suffering from a mental disorder and in immediate need of care or control.

Eche was released two days later. But shortly after, following an altercation at his home, his parents called the police.

This time, after he refused to go willingly, one of the officers used a Taser.

Eche says: "I'm in my room, and I'm like, 'I'm not going [with police].' The first time, I was compliant.

"Physically they tried to get me down, that didn't work. So they brought the Taser out, 50,000 volts.

"Before I know it, I'm back in handcuffs.

"It's made me more resistant and distrusting of the system in general because it felt like a prison experience. I feel like a criminal."

'17 times more likely'

The matter of black overrepresentation within the mental health system is a complex one.

Statistics suggest a black man in the UK is 17 times more likely than a white man to be diagnosed with a serious mental health condition such as schizophrenia or bipolar.

Black people are also four times more likely to be sectioned under the Mental Health Act.

Issues such as unemployment and poverty play a part in the inequality, but there are fears that institutional racism also has a role.

Jacqui Dyer - a councillor in Lambeth, London, the borough with the biggest black population in the country - believes this is the case.

She is vice-chair of the government-appointed Mental Health Taskforce for England.

"What we find is that there's a differential experience so these I might describe as structural inequalities, unconscious bias, institutional racism, whatever you're more comfortable with in terms of terminology which means decisions that are made in these structures, sort of biases those communities," she says.

Ms Dyer says there is a belief within some black communities that if you go into mental health services, "it's not that you get recovery, it's that you die [there]".

This, she says, leads to people "presenting later" for treatment, when their case is more severe.

"We have to change the narrative, by actually changing the services," she says.

According to the Reverend Freddie Brown, from Tooting New Testament Assembly, the Church could play a vital role in creating this change.

He is part of the Pastor's Network, set up because of concern about the number of parishioners presenting with mental health problems.

Church leaders in the network have taken accredited family therapy courses to try to improve the situation.

He believes - by working with other mental health services - they can be "indispensable to the solution".

'Feel suicidal'

Lorraine Khan, from the Centre for Mental Health, also believes "institutional racism" is embedded in the system.

A new report from the think tank found when black people tried to access help, they were less likely to receive the support they wanted.

They are now calling on the government to overhaul its approach to mental health to tackle the issue, which she says has been overlooked:

"I think there is a problem with institutional racism in the way we take action and try to improve things. This problem doesn't affect the majority of the country so it becomes a minority issue as far as commissioners are concerned.

"We find there's not the investment in research to improve the programmes that young men and women say they want. It's not considered the priority. The priority is, all the services are geared towards white people."

A Department of Health spokeswoman said: "We want to make sure that everyone, regardless of ethnicity, age or background, gets the mental health treatment they need.

"Work to consider reform of mental health legislation will begin to ensure mental health is prioritised in the NHS in England - and in part reflecting concern about the disproportionate rate of detention of black people under the existing system."

Maitreya, a singer-songwriter, was sectioned for a second time a few weeks ago, following an argument with a family member.

She says she found it difficult to access mental health care from the NHS in the year before she was detained.

"I was actually trying to tell them, 'I feel very much suicidal at the moment.'

"I took myself into a hospital. I took myself into A&E. I've called ambulances."

But Maitreya says she was not taken seriously.

"It's made me lose trust in the mental health service.

"Now I've gone through a whole process of being sectioned - and I need more help to deal with the trauma - I'm scared because I'm like, 'How will the help come now?'"

After being sectioned, Maitreya has now been diagnosed with psychosis, something she disputes.

When she was detained she rejected medication, saying she had developed her own coping mechanisms.

According to some experts, black people are more likely to be medicated while admitted to mental health services.

Donald Masi, a psychiatric doctor, believes this is the result of a wider cultural perception that black people are more dangerous.

"Say there's a petite 50-year-old white lady with a mental illness and a 6ft [1.8m] black guy with the same illness," he says.

"Both may be calm but may have episodes of irritability, frustration or aggression because they're distressed from their mental illness.

"People are more likely to think that the black guy is going to do something and hurt them, because essentially there is a cultural idea of black people being the aggressor."

Dr Masi says, however, that the problem is more of a wider societal issue, rather than one specific to the health service - adding that the NHS was "a lot better than it used to be".

Eche believes in his case "there could have been a subconscious [racial] bias".

He says: "When I think about some of the other people that I saw in the ward, I'm like, 'What that person was doing was definitely more aggressive than me - but they stayed in that open ward, they didn't come into intensive care.'"

Eche says "it was basically all BME [black and minority ethnic]" in the intensive care unit.

And the "whole system needs an overhaul" to deal with the ingrained bias.

"How race impacts your experience in the mental health system, how painful it is, I think something needs to be done," he says.
Watch the Victoria Derbyshire programme on weekdays between 09:00 and 11:00 on BBC Two and the BBC News channel.

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Is there institutional racism in mental health care?

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Black people are being failed by the UK's mental health services because of "institutional racism", it has been warned. How does this affect those who experience it? When Eche Egbuonu, who has bipolar disorder, was sectioned under the Mental Health Act, he should have been taken to a safe environment - usually a hospital - for a medical assessment.

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Huge effect of ethnicity on life chances revealed in official UK figures 

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Huge effect of ethnicity on life chances revealed in official UK figures 

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Ethnic minorities face huge disparities in life experiences and outcomes compared with their white British counterparts, according to a collection of official government statistics being launched on Tuesday.

The ethnicity facts and figures website, a government audit of public services, shows the influence of ethnicity on a range of areas covering health, education, employment and the criminal justice system among 130 topics.

Black people were more than three times as likely to be arrested as their white peers.

Black people were three times as likely to be arrested as white people

In 2015-16 there were 44 arrests per 1,000 population among black people compared with 14 arrests per 1,000 population among white people. People of Asian origin had a slightly higher arrest rate than those from white backgrounds.

Less than two-thirds of people from ethnic minorities are in work, compared with three-quarters of white people. While working age people with an Indian background are nearly as likely to have a job as white people, those of Pakistani and Bangladeshi origin are the least likely to be in employment.

White people are more likely to be in employment than people of other ethnic backgrounds

People from Indian backgrounds and white British people are more likely to own their own home than other ethnic groups.

More than two-thirds of people from these groups are homeowners, compared with fewer than half of people from Black Caribbean, Bangladeshi and mixed backgrounds.

People of white British and Indian backgrounds are more likely than other minorities to be homeowners
May's race disparity audit - our panellists give their verdict | Hugh Muir, Kehinde Andrews, Faiza Shaheen and Dawn Foster
Among poorer children, who are eligible for free school meals, those from minority backgrounds have higher attainment levels for reading, writing and maths than white pupils.

By age 11, about half of those of Bangladeshi and Indian origin reached expected academic standards, compared with fewer than a third of white British children, who fared the worst of any group.

Children of Chinese backgrounds have been excluded from Guardian analysis because so few of them get free school meals.

Among poorer children, those of BME backgrounds have higher attainment levels than white pupils

There were surprising differences between ethnicities when it came to taking up smoking: white 15-year-olds are much more likely to smoke than their BME counterparts, with black teenagers least likely to smoke at this age.

White 15-year-olds are more likely to smoke than their BME peers
Topics

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Huge effect of ethnicity on life chances revealed in official UK figures

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Ethnic minorities face huge disparities in life experiences and outcomes compared with their white British counterparts, according to a collection of official government statistics being launched on Tuesday. The ethnicity facts and figures website, a government audit of public services, shows the influence of ethnicity on a range of areas covering health, education, employment and the criminal justice system among 130 topics.

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Black and ethnic minority people in Britain still face "entrenched" race inequality in many areas, including education and health, a watchdog warns.

A review by the Equality and Human Rights Commission, which also looked at employment, housing, pay, and criminal justice, found an "alarming picture".

Black graduates earn on average 23.1% less than white ones, and more ethnic minorities are unemployed, it found.

The government said it was committed to "delivering real social reform".

'Different world'

David Isaac, the commission's chairman, said the report reveals a "very worrying combination of a post-Brexit rise in hate crime and long-term systemic unfairness and race inequality".

"We must redouble our efforts to tackle race inequality urgently or risk the divisions in our society growing and racial tensions increasing," he warned.

"If you are black or an ethnic minority in modern Britain, it can often still feel like you're living in a different world, never mind being part of a one nation society."

It underlines "just how entrenched and far-reaching race inequality remains", he said.

The commission, which carried out an analysis of existing evidence, said:

Black people in England are more than three times more likely to be a victim of homicide than those who are white

Unemployment rates were "significantly higher" for ethnic minorities

Black workers with degrees earn 23.1% less on average than white employees with the qualifications

Ethnic minority people were more likely to live in poverty than white people

Ethnic minorities are still "hugely under-represented" in positions of power - such as judges and police chiefs

Poorer white communities also face "continuing disadvantage", the report added.

The commission acknowledged there had been progress in some areas, citing an increase in the number of ethnic minority MPs and a rise in the proportion with a degree-level qualification across all ethnic groups.

But Mr Isaac said the government's strategy in recent years has been "piecemeal and stuttering".

He called for the government to introduce a comprehensive race equality plan "to build a fair society in which our origins do not determine our destinies".

'Real progress'

The commission recommended that responsibility for the strategy be brought under one secretary of state.

New targets to improve opportunities and outcomes for ethnic minority communities should be introduced, it added.

The government said "real progress" was being made - with black and ethnic minority employment rates at their highest levels for 15 years.

"But there is clearly more to do, which is why we are delivering a comprehensive race equality programme on employment, university places, apprenticeships, start-up loans and recruitment to the police and armed forces," a spokeswoman added.

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Racial inequality 'entrenched in Britain'

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Black and ethnic minority people in Britain still face "entrenched" race inequality in many areas, including education and health, a watchdog warns. A review by the Equality and Human Rights Commission, which also looked at employment, housing, pay, and criminal justice, found an "alarming picture".

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Norms and values are relative. The importance in socialisation

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Norms and values are relative. The importance in socialisation

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A British man is arrested in Dubai for seemingly 'normal' behaviour however in Dubai his behaviour is labbeled as deviant because of the different norms and values in differ countries (norms and values are relative)

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A Scot facing a three-year jail sentence in Dubai after putting his hand on a man in a bar so he did not "bump and spill drinks" has appeared in court.

The campaign group Detained in Dubai said Jamie Harron, 27, had expected to be arrested at the hearing on Sunday for failing to appear at a previous court date, which the group claimed was moved without notification.

The electrician was not arrested but was told to remain in the city for future court hearings.

His representatives said legal troubles had begun when he was arrested for alleged public indecency and drinking alcohol at the Rock Bottom Bar on 15 July.

He is said to have been moving through the crowded bar holding a drink, with his hand in front of him to avoid spillage, when he "touched a man on his hip to avoid impact".

Detained in Dubai said he was then locked up for five days in al-Barsha prison, before being released after bail with his passport confiscated.

Harron, from Stirling, had been working in Afghanistan and was on a two-day stopover in Dubai when the incident happened.

He is said to have since lost his job and has spent more than £30,000 in expenses and legal fees.

Radha Stirling, chief executive of Detained in Dubai, said: "Jamie is relieved he wasn't arrested [at the latest hearing]. It was expected that he would have to spend some time in prison."

She said a further court date was expected in about two weeks, although no firm date had yet been set, and Harron expected the court process to be "drawn out".

"He's concerned. He's already been there three months. It seems to be never-ending for him and he's frustrated," she added.

The Foreign Office said it was providing consular assistance on the matter.

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Briton appears in court in Dubai for touching man's hip in bar

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A Scot facing a three-year jail sentence in Dubai after putting his hand on a man in a bar so he did not "bump and spill drinks" has appeared in court. The campaign group Detained in Dubai said Jamie Harron, 27, had expected to be arrested at the hearing on Sunday for failing to appear at a previous court date, which the group claimed was moved without notification.

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I /highly/ reccomend getting a GetRevising account if you don't have one. You can find mindmaps, powerpoints, word documents and revsion careds to print out and it's complteley free.

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A Level and IB Sociology - 13,394 A Level and IB Sociology resources

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A Level and IB > > OCR AS Sociology Unit 1 NOTES

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What would feminists say about this?

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A school which is making all new joiners wear trousers is bowing to "gender neutral nonsense", former pupil Piers Morgan says.

Priory School in Lewes said it made the change after concerns were raised over the length of skirts worn by pupils.

The East Sussex school also said the new uniform rules were catering for a handful of transgender pupils.

Commenting on Facebook, Joanne Pearson said: "Gender neutral? What about being proud to be a girl?"

TV presenter Piers Morgan tweeted that he was sad to see his former school "bow to this gender neutral nonsense".

Head teacher Tony Smith said the move addresses "inequality and decency".

He added: "Respecting people's rights are very important. We believe in rights and responsibilities, we believe in equality and we believe in fairness.

"We want to treat everybody the same."

From now, all new pupils at the school will have an identical shirt, tie, jumper and trousers, with an alternative summer uniform following complaints about how unsuitable the previous uniform was during the hotter months.

Parents have been expressing mixed views on girls being made to wear trousers as part of the school uniform.

Fran Hibberd posted on Facebook: "This head needs to learn that treating every body the same is not fairness. It does not meet individual needs. Each should be treated in the way that is best for them and best allows them to fulfil their own hopes and dreams."

Judy Rose posted: "Why not get rid of school uniforms altogether and let them wear what they want... that way no one gets offended."

Rae Kinn said: "How do we as parents encourage our children to be individuals if they are being made to be and look like everyone else. We are creating a world of robots."

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Gender neutral school uniform 'nonsense'

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A school which is making all new joiners wear trousers is bowing to "gender neutral nonsense", former pupil Piers Morgan says. Priory School in Lewes said it made the change after concerns were raised over the length of skirts worn by pupils.

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This webstie is the everyday sexism website, it accounts acts of everyday sexism to both men and women and anyone can upload their experiences. Its really interesting and horrifying to read.

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I was out for a run in my local community. As I ran past a group of builders I heard a comment directed towards. I stopped and asked the person what he said. He immediately held his hands up in defence. Another builder spoke for him and said 'he said good morning'. I replied 'good morning'. As I was running off another said 'he fancies you' and there was a background of jeers.

The point is - did they think a woman out running alone wanted to engage with a group of male builders? No, they were showing off in front of eachother at my expense, intimidating and embarrassing me for their entertainment.

I always stop and challenge men in these situations and I hope other women will do the same. The fact remains that I was worried about running home the same way.

Today I was on a bus home from work. After a few stops an intoxicated and potentially mentally unwell man got onto the bus, he initially sat next to a man on the top deck of the bus. He then moved forward a seat to sit next to a woman, where he moved closer to her and rested his head on her shoulder. I was the only person who moved when this happened, I stood up, waiting to see if she needed help, everyone else on busy top deck looked away, a few of the men and women around her moved to the lower deck. She shoved the man and he fell onto the floor, and sat opposite her, continuing to sing, and stare at her for the following 10 minutes.

I froze, aware the man was both intoxicated and very large, and I feel I should have done something to help her in that situation, but I can't quite believe no one on the bus stepped in.

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I was out for a run in my local community. As I ran past a group of builders I heard a comment directed towards. I stopped and asked the person what he said. He immediately held his hands up in defence. Another builder spoke for him and said 'he said good morning'.

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Would she be let off if she was working class?
Would she be let off if she was a man?

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Everyone seems crystal clear that the judge who decided not to jail Lavinia Woodward - a clever, posh, blonde Oxford student who attacked her boyfriend with a bread knife - has let the side down. Badly. Let's consider the bristling charge sheet against the accused.

Judge Ian Pringle was seduced and bamboozled by the face-of-an-angel's pure appearance and dazzled by her obvious brilliance (she was top of her class and has had work already published in learned medical journals). He admired her ambition to become a top NHS heart surgeon and contribute to society.

Therefore, last week's verdict when it came - that what Miss Woodward did was a 'one-off' and not deserving of a custodial sentence - was outrageous and would deter other male victims of domestic violence from reporting assaults.

Just as Victoria Beckham was too posh to push, so Lavinia Woodward was simply too clever (and pretty) for prison, the judge's many critics concluded. I wish all these armchair experts would consider the impossible - that this judge's considered verdict to hand Miss Woodward a ten-month sentence, suspended for 18 months, was fair and correct.

I wish they would actually study the facts of the case as set out at Oxford Crown Court last Monday. I'm not here to defend Lavinia Woodward for what she did (stab a man in the leg and chuck things at him during a drunken and possibly psychotic episode). The boyfriend attended a medical centre where he required two stitches.

What she did - 'unlawful wounding', but not 'grievous bodily harm' - was uncalled-for and certainly most unpleasant and needed to be punished.

But I am lustily going to defend Judge Pringle, especially after he was investigated by a judicial watchdog following a complaint about his 'personal conduct' in the case (from a quick look at the blogs, it's clear that hell hath no fury like angry men who think that the legal system is skewed in women's favour).

Anyway, someone objected, it appears, to him stating the obvious (he said Miss Woodward was 'an extraordinarily able young lady') and telling the truth: that a prison sentence would damage her aspirations to a high-flying career in medicine.

This is an unusual case of crime and punishment.

It's woman attacks man, as opposed to the other way round (assaults by people on the opposite sex are overwhelmingly male upon female). Yet it is in danger of escalating into a crisis of confidence in the equality of the justice system, with so many people chuntering that had the well-spoken and stunning Lavinia Woodward been a bloke he'd have gone to chokey - ditto if she'd been a tattooed Essex girl from a council estate.

This is simply not correct.

If there is anything damaging to confidence in the legal system, it's this knee-jerk questioning of Judge Pringle's verdict.

The only person in the country who heard all the arguments, who weighed up the aggravating and the mitigating circumstances, and most importantly, read the background private psychological reports on Lavinia Woodward, and had to come to a decision, was Judge Pringle.

Judges do not always get it right. In this case, for my money Mr Pringle did, despite the class, gender, ability and attractiveness of the defendant.

As her lawyer explained in court, Miss Woodward had a personality disorder, an eating disorder, she suffered from drug and alcohol dependency, she'd once been in an abusive relationship, and had been given time in order to prove that she could make a success of her rehabilitation.

She was troubled and unstable but keen and determined to stay on the rails.

How could any judge look her in the eye (no criminal past, a promising future ahead) and send her straight to jail, where two-thirds of women prisoners have serious mental health issues?

The quality of mercy is not strained, while prisons are already overcrowded to bursting.

This isn't a case of toff justice trumping tough love.

Jail should be a last resort - not just for women, but for men, too.

There is only one possible response to the news that we Brits spend ten entire months of our lives - or two hours a week - whining about the weather. Is that really all?

At 16, Kaia needs homework, not the catwalk...

Every time I see gangly, coltish Kaia Gerber, the skinny mini-me model kid of Cindy Crawford, I want to sit her down in front of a tureen of pasta, check her homework, confiscate her iPhone and send her up to bed.

Yet she's stalking the runways of fashion capitals with her supermodel momager.

I know she's being hailed as the latest It Girl, but you're only a bored teenager sulking in secondary education once.

Kaia has only just turned 16. It's about school nights, not the catwalk, Cindy.

You won't catch me doing a 'Dame Nat'

Congratulations to 52-year-old Dame Natalie Massenet on the safe arrival of her baby boy, Jet Everest. Dame N founded the designer website Net-a-Porter, has two gorgeous daughters, and a self-made fortune of £100 million.

She also credits the 'most generous help' of a surrogate for her latest delivery (proving the best things in life are not always free).

Blessings on them all, but all I can think is my youngest turned 21 last week. I am looking forward to long rambles, growing veg... and grandchildren. I wouldn't (and couldn't) have a new baby, not for all the tea in China.

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RACHEL JOHNSON: Setting Oxford student Lavinia free was REAL justice

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Everyone seems crystal clear that the judge who decided not to jail Lavinia Woodward - a clever, posh, blonde Oxford student who attacked her boyfriend with a bread knife - has let the side down. Badly. Let's consider the bristling charge sheet against the accused.

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"I want to tell the fans not to be scared by my gender. Because this is a really exciting time, and Doctor Who represents everything that's exciting about change," Whittaker added. "The fans have lived through so many changes, and this is only a new, different one, not a fearful one."

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On Sunday, the broadcaster announced that Jodie Whittaker, star of the British crime drama "Broadchurch," will become the first female Doctor on "Doctor Who."

She succeeds the current star, Peter Capaldi, who announced in January that he would leave after the 2017 Christmas Special.

Whittaker's casting marks an important moment in "Doctor Who" history.

Though the show has had a host of strong female characters -- from Michelle Gomez's The Master and Alex Kingston's River Song to companions like Amy Pond (Karen Gillan) and Rose (Billie Piper) -- no woman has ever portrayed the title character.

"It feels completely overwhelming; as a feminist, as a woman, as an actor, as a human, as someone who wants to continually push themselves and challenge themselves, and not be boxed in by what you're told you can and can't be," Whittaker said in a BBC-released Q&A. "It feels incredible."

Executive producer Chris Chibnall, who takes over for existing head writer and EP Steven Moffat next season, said in a statement that he always wanted the Thirteenth Doctor to be female and that Whittaker was their "number one choice."

"Her audition for The Doctor simply blew us all away," he said. "Jodie is an in-demand, funny, inspiring, super-smart force of nature and will bring loads of wit, strength and warmth to the role. The Thirteenth Doctor is on her way."

Whittaker is expected to first appear in the Christmas Special and take over the role in the following season.

Capaldi has played the role since 2013, after taking over for Matt Smith.

Whittaker's other credits include "Black Mirror," Sky 1's "The Smoke," and 2008's "Venus."

"I want to tell the fans not to be scared by my gender. Because this is a really exciting time, and Doctor Who represents everything that's exciting about change," Whittaker added. "The fans have lived through so many changes, and this is only a new, different one, not a fearful one."

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'doctor who': jodie whittaker chosen as first female doctor - cnn

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On Sunday, the broadcaster announced that Jodie Whittaker, star of the British crime drama "Broadchurch," will become the first female Doctor on "Doctor Who." She succeeds the current star, Peter Capaldi, who announced in January that he would leave after the 2017 Christmas Special. Whittaker's casting marks an important moment in "Doctor Who" history.

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high, popular, subcultures, cultural diversity, multiculturalism, and consumer and global culture

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high, popular,subcultures, cultural divesity, multicultarlism, and consumer and global culture

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A Level and IB > > high, popular,subcultures, cultural divesity, multicultarlism, and consumer and global culture

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Awesome mindmap on all of feminism topic

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Video on the sociology of DC's Gotham City

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Gotham City - Anthropology and Sociology

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Anthropology Functionalism There are many important institutions that make Gotham City function. Some of these institutions include laws that enforce crime, beliefs on good and evil, and kinship that connects the citizens together. In Gotham City, the institution that enforces law was overruled by the Joker when he started terrorizing the city.

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Representation such as this make everyday sexism and misogyny acceptable because it is shown to be harmless. This is similar to Donald Trump's views and actions. It also shows a lot of toxic masculinity. Coupled with the lack of women in the media, this is a dangerous thing

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The Adorkable Misogyny of The Big Bang Theory

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This links strongly with Donald Trump and gender representation in media

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An argument between Piers Morgan and a model over socialisation leading to sexism, racism and homophobia

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An argument between Piers Morgan and a model over socialisation leading to sexism, racism and homophobia

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Transgender Model Defends Her Comments Claiming 'All White People' Are Racist | Good Morning Britain

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Subscribe now for more! http://bit.ly/1NbomQa Munroe Bergdorf defends her comments made on social media that resulted in her being dropped by L'Oréal. Broadcast on 04/09/2017 Like, follow and subscribe to Good Morning Britain! The Good Morning Britain YouTube channel delivers you the news that you're waking up to in the morning.

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Gender representation in Film an article by the Guardian

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Gender representation in Film an article by the Guardian

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In the century or so since the birth of British cinema, moviegoers have enjoyed the advent of sound, colour, 3D, and pick'n'mix. But according to an exhaustive new survey of film history, the industry's historically lopsided gender balance has barely changed.

In "depressing" statistics released as part of the BFI's Filmography of British film on Wednesday, 31% of actors cast in films produced in 1913 were women; in 2017 the proportion is actually lower despite increased public attention, at 30%.

The filmography, which analyses more than 10,000 films and 250,000 cast and crew members, reveals that less than 1% of films made between 1913 and 2017 had a majority female crew and only 7% since 2000; only 4.5% of all films have been directed by a woman; and the most popular word in British film titles is "man", appearing 211 times. "Woman" appears 71 times.

Kate Dickie, revealed in the filmography as the most credited female actor of the current decade, said she was floored by the figures. ""I thought things were getting better and this is horrifically depressing," she said. "Why is it such a battle? It is not getting better quick enough."

When it comes to character, stereotypes persist. No woman ever has been cast as an unnamed police sergeant or police inspector in a British film - but women make up 94% of unnamed prostitutes, a statistic that rings particular bells for Dickie.

"I had to phone my agent and tell her: 'I don't have any more prostitutes in me,'" she said. "I had done every version of a sex worker and I just thought ... I don't have any more in me! Drug addicts and sex workers, I can't say yes to these any more unless they were an amazing character."

Gurinder Chadha is revealed as the most prolific working female film director, a fact she admitted being "faintly amused and saddened" by given how much of a struggle each film had been to get made.

"The tragedy of what we are talking about is that our stories aren't there and that is a great loss to us as a nation and to us as an industry. The whole point about film is that it reflects who we are," she said.

The filmography reveals many different insights into more than a century of British film since the release of the first production, Rob Roy, in 1911. Just looking at subjects and titles will be fascinating for many.

More British films have been made about war (582) than any other subject. In total 146 films are primarily about sex and while the French may have Jules et Jim and Betty Blue, said the BFI creative director, Heather Stewart, the British have Adventures of a Plumber's Mate, Confessions of a Driving Instructor and Keep it Up Downstairs. "We like titillating, giggly and smutty," she said.

There are many pub quiz facts. Michael Caine is the most prolific working actor while Judi Dench is the most prolific working female actor. Both have no chance of beating the record holders: Wally Patch at 195 films, and Marianne Stone at 162.

Queen Victoria (25 films) has pipped Sherlock Holmes (24) to the title of most featured character, thanks, fittingly, to Dench's latest film, Victoria & Abdul. There are more films about Europe (527) than there are Great Britain (431).

The data also shows the highs and lows of film production with the 80s being the least productive, when Margaret Thatcher was prime minister.

People would find the gender data "sobering", said the BFI's head of data, Stephen McConnachie. But he said he hoped the filmography would be fun for film fans, too, drawing them into a data rabbit hole.

For example, people interested in horror films might look up The Shining. That might take them to its director, Stanley Kubrick, and an overview of his career showing that he was involved in the photography of a film he did not produce, direct or write.

The film was the 1977 Bond movie The Spy Who Loved Me. The filmography does not say why, but a Google search reveals Kubrick, on condition no one knew, agreed to help his friend Ken Adam light the enormous tanker that was the villain's lair.

"These are the kind of tangents the website can help take you on - data-driven journeys through British film history," said McConnachie.

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British cinema's gender imbalance worse in 2017 than 1913, says BFI study

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In the century or so since the birth of British cinema, moviegoers have enjoyed the advent of sound, colour, 3D, and pick'n'mix. But according to an exhaustive new survey of film history, the industry's historically lopsided gender balance has barely changed.

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An video essay of why Donald Trump gets away with sexist remarks

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Help me make more videos! https://www.patreon.com/popdetective Why wasn't Donald Trump's blatant and unashamed misogyny a deal breaker for voters? I argue it has a lot to do with the ways pop culture, especially television sitcoms, work to normalizes sexist behavior. A full text transcript coming soon.

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Everyday sexism article. Lots of statistics. 

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Everyday sexism article. Lots of statistics. 

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Half of women in UK have been sexually harassed at work, study finds

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Polling of 1,553 women found 52% experienced unwanted behaviour at work including groping, sexual advances and inappropriate jokes