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-Places with winter where it is unsuitable for plant growth and food production can only occur during the warm periods.

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-feed farmer and family
-crops grown are staple food
-e.g corn and cassava
-small land area
-labour mainly from family members
-Low capital:
--> simple farm tools
-->seeds from previous harvest
-Less intense food production

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fertile soil are essential for plant growth as they are rich in minerals such as nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

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Steep sloping gradient...

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Protects cattle and poultry from harsh conditions

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•Cattle and poultry may become stressed by extreme hot or cold temperatures.

•When stressed, they are more likely to suffer from infections and diseases, produce less milk or fewer eggs and die.

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Controls temperatures, light and irrigation --> allowing certain crops to be grown throughout the year

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Eg. USA and Canada

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-Enable crops to be grown in places with long winter
-Create optimal conditions for plant growth, particularly useful for countries with long winter.

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-Large farming companies with industries along food supply chain including farming, processing, distributing and retailing.
-Agribusiness are able to withstand impact of damage to crop by pest, floods or drought, however small scale farmer may not be able to continue farming after such setbacks.
-Due to investment in R&D, agribusinesses are producing crops with higher yields.
- e.g research and development--> Commercial farms--> processing and packaging--> distribution-->retail outlets.

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Different crops require different amount of rainfall.
Example: Corn requires more water than soya bean.

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higher altitude, lower temperature, suitable to grow certain crops in mountainous areas such as strawberries.

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Oats only grow well in sandy, saturated soils.

Rice require clayey soil to retain water.

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Can still cultivate some crops without terracing:

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Can still cultivate some crops without terracing:

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- These crops grow well in well-drained soil on sloping land.
- E.g. grapes, tea and coffee

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- Some crops requires soils which allows water to percolate through it reasonably fast (well-drained soil) while some require soils that retain large amounts of water.

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determines the ability of soil to drain off water

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- Daily temperature range between 22 to 33 deg Celsius, and high rainfall of more than 2000 mm
- Enables farmers to grow 2 -3 harvests a year
-Farm output is higher in the tropics

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farming can continue on steep slopes  through terracing:

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farming can continue on steep slopes  through terracing:

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- Terracing is the cutting of steps into hillside to create flat land for cultivation.
- E.g. famous terraces include the Longji Rice Terraces in China and  Sapa in Vietnam.

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- Demand refers to the people's willingness and ability to obtain a particular food crop or product.
--> demand affects the intensity of their production for a certain type of food. Lower demand, less intense food production.

- The amount of capital in the form of money or other assets can also affect whether the demand can be met. More capital, higher ability to meet demand, higher intensity of production.

-Example: China use to be a heavy supplier of corn
-->but due to rapid increase in wealth, demand of meat increased
-->China is now an importer of corn from USA because corn is needed to feed livestock

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For example, large water supply and fertile soils in Mekong Delta of Vietnam and fertile volcanic slope in Indonesia caused very high production of rice

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minerals are found near volcanoes and river mouths

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Rain removes topsoil that is rich in nutrients:

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Rain removes topsoil that is rich in nutrients:

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topsoil is less stable when saturated with water and gets washed down.

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-Production of cash crops for sale purpose
-crops like wheat, tea, coffee, sugar cane and livestock
-large land area
-labour is hired
-High capital:
-->machinery like tractors used
-->Combined harvesters are used
-high crop yield
-higher intensity

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-Crops are more productive if they are grown in correct soils type.

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1. prevent runoff  from eroding topsoil that is rich in nutrients.
2. makes it easier for farming through the use of machinery

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Flat or gentle sloping relief more suited for agriculture

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Flat or gentle sloping relief more suited for agriculture

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--> intensity of production is higher in these areas.

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Slope and altitude of land surface

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FACTORS AFFECTING INTENSIFICATION OF FOOD PRODUCTION

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- Different crops require different amounts of rainfall and temperature.
- Generally higher temperature and rainfall for conducive plant growth.
- Example: Tropical region has a high annual rainfall and temperature.