# data[].attributes.body
a subclass or other division of bony fishes

# data[].attributes.body
a class comprising cartilaginous fishes with well-developed jaws and including the sharks, skates, rays, chimeras, and extinct related forms.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
2 Reproduction in Cartilaginous Fishes (Chondrichthyes) - ScienceDirect

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
This chapter discusses the reproduction in cartilaginous fishes (chondrichthyes). The cartilaginous fishes are phylogenetically the oldest of the jawed vertebrates and therefore of special interest to comparative reproductive physiologists. All elasmobranchs studied except possibly the basking shark, have yolky eggs, but nothing is known about vitellogenesis except in S.

# data[].attributes.body
any of a group of higher fungi that have septate hyphae and spores borne on a basidium, that include rusts, smuts, mushrooms, and puffballs .

# data[].attributes.body
the formation and differentiation of blood vessels

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from the existing vasculature. It occurs throughout life in both health and disease, beginning in utero and continuing on through old age. No metabolically active tissue in the body is more than a few hundred micrometers from a blood capillary, which is formed by the process of angiogenesis. Capillaries are needed in all tissues for diffusion exchange of nutrients and metabolites. Changes in metabolic activity lead to proportional changes in angiogenesis and, hence, proportional changes in capillarity. Oxygen plays a pivotal role in this regulation. Hemodynamic factors are critical for survival of vascular networks and for structural adaptations of vessel walls.

Recognition that control of angiogenesis could have therapeutic value has stimulated great interest during the past 40 years. Stimulation of angiogenesis can be therapeutic in ischemic heart disease, peripheral arterial disease, and wound healing. Decreasing or inhibiting angiogenesis can be therapeutic in cancer, ophthalmic conditions, rheumatoid arthritis, and other diseases. Capillaries grow and regress in healthy tissues according to functional demands. Exercise stimulates angiogenesis in skeletal muscle and heart. A lack of exercise leads to capillary regression. Capillaries grow in adipose tissue during weight gain and regress during weight loss. Clearly, angiogenesis occurs throughout life.

1.1. HISTORY

The Scottish anatomist and surgeon John Hunter provided the first recorded scientific insights into the field of angiogenesis. His observations suggested that proportionality between vascularity and metabolic requirements occurs in both health and disease. This belief is summarized in his Treatise published in 1794 [ 1] as follows: "In short, whenever Nature has considerable operations going on, and those are rapid, then we find the vascular system in a proportionable degree enlarged." Although the term angiogenesis does not appear in his writings [ 1, 2], Hunter was the first to recognize that overall regulation of angiogenesis follows a basic law of nature founded by Aristotle [ 3], which in essence is " form follows function." The modern history of angiogenesis began with the work of Judah Folkman, who hypothesized (and published in 1971) that tumor growth is angiogenesis-dependent [ 4]. Recognition that control of angiogenesis could lead to cancer therapies stimulated intensive research in the field, e.g., only two manuscripts dealing with angiogenesis were published in 1970 and over 5200 articles were published in 2009. For detailed histories of angiogenesis, see Refs. [ 5- 11].

1.3. THE ANGIOGENIC PROCESS

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Angiogenesis is the growth of blood vessels from the existing vasculature. It occurs throughout life in both health and disease, beginning in utero and continuing on through old age. No metabolically active tissue in the body is more than a few hundred micrometers from a blood capillary, which is formed by the process of angiogenesis.

# data[].attributes.body
cell self-destruction