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Thanks to the new force approaches such as  narrative therapy, dialectics, and therapies that incorporate Eastern thought and philosophy have developed. This helps to understand peoples experiences more and help them change their life.

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Clinicians have to understand the individuality of a person. Their gender, religion, age, sexual orientation, etc.

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At the beginning of the 21st century clinicians are now making a holistic effort to understand people as fully as possible, this is the fourth force.

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Carl Rogers did work that emphasized on emotions, sensation, and people taking responsibilty for finding their way in life.   Fritz Perls, Viktor Frankl, and others contributed to this work as well.

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"The research and practice of B. F. Skinner as well as more modern theorists such as Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum led to the emergence of the second force: behavioral and cognitive theories and interventions." (Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 2013)

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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who made a breakthrough in the field of psychotherapy. He was the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

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People who suffered from severe symptoms were forced into institutions and people with mild symptoms did not receive help.

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Before the 19th century people did not have a great sense of understanding about emotional difficulties and mental disorders.