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If enough people are vaccinated, vaccinations can also stop pathogens infecting whole populations. This is called herd immunity. This means that when the majority of people are vaccinated, vaccinated people are protected because the pathogen can not successfully move from person to person, thus stopping the spread.

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If enough people are vaccinated, vaccinations can also stop pathogens infecting whole populations. This is called herd immunity. This means that when the majority of people are vaccinated, vaccinated people are protected because the pathogen can not successfully move from person to person, thus stopping the spread.

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e.g. smallpox
The WHO led a vaccination program staring from the 1960s, which was extremely successful, and the WHO has declared it eradicated in 1979.

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It is always cheaper to prevent a disease than to treat it. Every dollar spent on childhood immunizations saves $18.40 on potential treatment

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As the programs generally only last for childhood (0-15), it is up to the parents to ensure the child is vaccinated. This is problematic as children have under developed immune systems that increases their chance of infection.

If the parents do not do this or fail to finish the program once the child is an adult they will have to pay for the vaccinations.

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The Vaccination Programs only protect against certain diseases

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The Vaccination Programs only protect against certain diseases

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We do vaccinate for: hepatitis, diptheria, chicken pox, polio etc. There are many diseases that we do not vaccinate for as the vaccines are not available and new diseases develop e.g. Ebola, Zika

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Able to prevent untreatable diseases therefore reduces death or disability

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Able to prevent untreatable diseases therefore reduces death or disability

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e.g. Polio

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Vaccines can prevent severe infection by pathogens that cannot be treated, resulting in death or disability. Viral diseases are often vaccinated for as they can not be treated using antibiotics.

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On very rare occasions, a severe allergic reaction may happen within a few minutes of the vaccination. This is called an anaphylactic reaction. It can lead to breathing difficulties and, in some cases, collapse.

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On very rare occasions, a severe allergic reaction may happen within a few minutes of the vaccination. This is called an anaphylactic reaction. It can lead to breathing difficulties and, in some cases, collapse.

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e.g. Hep B 1 in 1 million chance of severe reaction

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Vaccination programs have resulted in eradication of some diseases such as smallpox in 1979 (no known cases worldwide since this date).

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Vaccination programs have resulted in eradication of some diseases such as smallpox in 1979 (no known cases worldwide since this date).

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Prevents the development of antibiotic resistance (some antibiotics could remain effective) and enables a solution for diseases that are untreatable

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Prevents the development of antibiotic resistance (some antibiotics could remain effective) and enables a solution for diseases that are untreatable

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Vaccination prevents infection from viral diseases which are otherwise untreatable.

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Aims to eradicate polio by 2018. Currently, polio cases at a historical low and this is a rare opportunity to eradicate polio completely. Eradication and Endgame Strategic Plan 2013-2018 plans to deliver a polio-free world by 2018.

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- Polio is a disease that causes severe nerve damage and paralysis to 50% of sufferers and death to 5%. It once affected
thousands of people, particularly children, each year. Since the widespread introduction of immunisation in 1954 the
infection rate has dropped dramatically – there have been no notified cases of polio in Australia for many years
- However polio still occurs in other countries so immunisation is important. For effective immunity six inoculations are given
through the first 20 years of life

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- Smallpox was a highly infectious disease that killed many thousands of people each year. It has been eradicated through
vaccination programs – there are no smallpox infections anywhere in the world (last reported case in 1979)
- Immunisation against the disease is no longer needed because there is no risk of catching the disease
- Some smallpox is kept for research purposes and there is concern that is could be used as a biological weapon

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- Diphtheria was a serious disease affecting many thousands of people. It had a death rate of almost 35% overall and up to
90% for some forms of infection – it was the main cause of death for children under 14
- Immunisation began in the 1920s. In Australia immunisation programs were gradually introduced in the 1930s and 1940s
which led to a rapid drop in the incidence of the disease – the last notified case in Australia was in 1992
- The disease still occurs in some countries so immunisation remains important. Adults can be at risk because immunity
tends to decrease with age. For immunity to be effective, six inoculations are spread through the first 20 years of life and
booster shots should be given every 10 years

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- 3 in every 10,000 children who receive the MMR vaccine develop a fever high enough to cause short-lived seizures.
BUT, the risk of such a fever is more than 100 in 10,000 in children who contract measles.

- 1 in every million children receiving the MMR vaccine may develop inflammation of the brain (encephalitis). Encephalitis can result in permanent brain damage or death.
BUT 2000 in every million children who contract measles may develop encephalitis. 10–15% of those children will die and a further 25% will be left with permanent neurological damage.

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For some vaccines you need boosters as the immune coverage is not for life e.g. Rubella and Whooping Cough

Some people may be unaware that they need the booster and as an adult they are no longer immune increasing their risk of infection