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Napoleon sent a third of his forces to pursue the Prussians, who had withdrawn parallel to Wellington. ... The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French, and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile.

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Congress of Vienna, assembly in 1814–15 that reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. It began in September 1814, five months after Napoleon I’s first abdication and completed its “Final Act” in June 1815, shortly before the Waterloo campaign and the final defeat of Napoleon. The settlement was the most-comprehensive treaty that Europe had ever seen.

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By 1812 Napoleon felt he must invade Russia. When Russia abandoned the continental system it was just a matter of time before war. Napoleon was determined to get there first and so led a huge army of 600,000 into Russia.

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Napoleonic Wars. The Napoleonic Wars (1803–1815) were a series of major conflicts pitting the French Empire and its allies, led by Napoleon I, against a fluctuating array of European powers formed into various coalitions, financed and usually led by the United Kingdom.

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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), also known as Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor who conquered much of Europe in the early 19th century. Born on the island of Corsica, Napoleon rapidly rose through the ranks of the military during the French Revolution (1789-1799). After seizing political power in France in a 1799 coup d’état, he crowned himself emperor in 1804.

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Execution of the King and Queen/ Beginning of the Reign of Men 

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Execution of the King and Queen/ Beginning of the Reign of Men 

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After the death of Louis XVI in 1793, the Reign of Terror began. The first victim was Marie Antoinette. She had been imprisoned with her children after she was separated from Louis. First they took her son Louis Charles from her (often called the lost dauphin, or Louis XVII). He disappeared under suspicious circumstances. Then she led off a parade of prominent and not-so-prominent citizens to their deaths.

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The U.S. Constitution established America's national government and fundamental laws, and guaranteed certain basic rights for its citizens. It was signed on September 17, 1787, by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, presided over by George Washington.

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The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (French: Déclaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen), passed by France's National Constituent Assembly in August 1789, is an important document of the French Revolution and in the history of human and civil rights.

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On 14 July 1789, when the Bastille in Paris, France was stormed it only housed seven old prisoners, none of which were politically important. There were even plans to close down the prison because it was so costly to maintain, for such a small purpose. The regular garrison that was posted there consisted of a bunch of “invalided,” veteran soldiers who were no longer seen as fit for battle. The King didn’t even know about this event until the next day and while 90 attackers died in the battle, only one defender died before the surrender. So why is the Storming of the Bastille then seen as such an important event that it has become the most important French national day?

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The First Estate was the clergy, the Second Estate the nobility, and the Third Estate effectively the rest of French society. On May 5, 1789, Louis XVI convened the Estates-General. ... As a result, though the Third Estate was vastly larger than the clergy and nobility, each estate had the same representation—one vote.

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The First Estate was the clergy, the Second Estate the nobility, and the Third Estate effectively the rest of French society. On May 5, 1789, Louis XVI convened the Estates-General. ... As a result, though the Third Estate was vastly larger than the clergy and nobility, each estate had the same representation—one vote.

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The first national assembly of representatives of the three estates met at Not-re-Dame in Paris on April 10, 1302, to discuss the conflict between Philip IV (the Fair) and Pope Boniface VIII. The assembly stood firmly by the king, and the meeting was followed by a nationwide survey of public opinion. In 1308 the three estates were assembled in Tours to consider the suppression of the Templars, and they were convened repeatedly over subsequent years, notably after Louis X’s death in 1316, when the royal succession and fiscal matters dominated the agenda