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Cytosine Molecule

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Fatty acids are made of long chains of Carbon and Hydrogen atoms with attached Oxygen atoms.

How many bond(s) does each carbon atom have?
4 covalent bonds.

How many bond(s) does each hydrogen atom have?
2 bonds.

What 3 elements make up fatty acids?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.

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Fatty Acids

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A.   Glycerol is one of two molecules that make up a monomer known as
Triglycerides

B.   Besides glycerol, what 3 other molecules make up a triglyceride?
Fatty Acids

C.   Glycerol and other organic compounds with an –ol ending are called
Alcohols

D.   Triglycerides are the monomers for what type of macromolecule?
Lipids

E.   Give 3 types of lipids and give their function.

i. Fats- They protect body organs.
ii. Waxes- They protect against water loss.

iii. Oils- Long term energy storage
iv. Steroids- They are chemical messengers.

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Glycine Molecule

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Glucose Molecule

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A. How many atoms of Carbon are there in Glucose? There are 6.
Hydrogen? There are 12.
Oxygen ? There are 6.

B. What is the chemical formula for glucose?  C6H1206

C. Glucose is a monomer for what macromolecule?  Carbohydrates

D. What other simple sugar(s) has the same chemical formula as glucose?  Fructose and Galactose

E. Simple sugars like glucose are called.   Monosaccharides

F. What is the function of carbohydrates for the body?  Provides energy and structure

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C. Glycine is what type of monomer? (Two words)
Amino Acid
D. Name the 4 things attached to the center carbon in ALL amino acids.
i. Nitrogen
ii. Hydrogen
iii. Carbon
iv. Oxygen

E. How many amino acids exist?
20
F. What element is found in amino acid that isn’t found in simple sugars like glucose or fructose?
Nitrogen
G. Amino acids join together to make what type of macromolecule?
Protein
H. What are some of the functions of proteins in the body? (List several)
Fight disease, Regulate cell process, and structural support

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Glycerol Molecule

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1.    How many valence electrons does each carbon atom have?

4 electrons.

2.    What gives carbon the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length?

The amount of bonding sites on each atom.

3.    Many of the molecules in living cells are so large they are called macromolecules

4.    Dehydration Synthesis is the process that forms large organic molecules.

5.    When two or more molecules join together, a polymer forms.

6.    Create a table in which you compare the components and functions of the following macromolecules: carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins.
7.    What role does water play in the process of building macromolecules? Why is it such an important component of life?
Water molecules play an invaluable role in governing the structure, stability, dynamic, and function of these biomolecules. It's an important component of life because they catalyze and regulate reactions, transport substrates, code and transcribe genetic information.
6. Chart

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A.   Cytosine is an example of a nitrogen base found on nucleic acids.

B.   Name the 2 nucleic acids found in organisms.
DNA & RNA

C.   List the name for the elements making up cytosine.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen

D.   Name the other 3 nitrogen bases found on DNA.
Adenine, Guanine, & Thymine

E.   What nitrogen base is found on RNA but not DNA?
Uracil