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a disease cause by a parasite transmitted from one to another by living organisms such as mosquitoes, specifically female mosquitoes of the Anopheles species

spread by a human-mosquito-human chain

spread through expansion diffusion whereby an infectious disease is spread outwards from the source

most widespread i tropical and subtropical zones

an endemic disease (consistently occurs in an area)

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Definition ; official notices hat inform travellers about the specific risks of travelling to a particular destination. They are issued by government agencies.

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Antiretroviral Therapy is the application of drug treatment of HIV / AIDS . this treatment can control the disease , improve the quality of life of a patient as well as reduce the risk of transmission of the disease . this treatment has had some effectiveness in reducing the number of HIV / AIDS - related deaths

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--Involves the distribution of insecticides by using fog produced by heat
(Successes)
--Kills adult mosquitoes found outdoors.
(Limitations)
-Expensive and must be carried out on a regular basis in order to be effective
--Thick fog also reduces visibility and is traffic hazard.
(Example)
--Thailand

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Expansion Diffusion occurs when an infectious disease is spread outwards from its source.An example of an infectious disease that spreads through expansion diffusion is malaria.

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Endemic diseases  are diseases that consistently occur in an area / community.

The World Malaria Report 2012 reported 65,000 malaria deaths worldwide for 2011 while 90% of the Malaria deaths occurred on the continent of Africa.

Malaria mortality rate is highest in Africa. One reason for this is that many African mosquito species have a relatively long lifespan. These species prefer to bite humans over animals. As a result, a high incidence of malaria cases occurs. This also leads to high death rates.

Asia is recorded second highest proportion if Malaria cases, particularly in India, Indonesia & Myanmar. Malaria is said to be endemic there.

For example, 117 million people in Indonesia  live in areas endemic to Malaria. Cases of Malaria are noted across Indonesia's any islands. Especially concentrated on Papua, Malaku & Nusa Tenggara. Malaria is less widespread on the islands of Bali & Java where 70% of the population lives.

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Occurs when a disease spreads to new areas outside its current geographic range, whilst still being present in the location of origin
- Introduction of disease to a location outside its current geographic range.
- Leaps over great distances and intervening populations
- Like a telephone conversation where phenomenon is spread without friction of distance
- Often occurs when a community migrates from one location to another.

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus ( HIV ) is a virus that attacks the cells of the immune system by destroying white blood cells that are critical to fighting infections. Overtime , the body loses its ability to fight infections , leading to Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ).

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ( AIDS ) is a disease in which there is a severe loss in the body's cellular immunity. As a result , the person dies from complications resulting from other infections.

A person infected with HIV/AIDS is known as 'HIV-positive' and may not have any symptoms at all for the next 9 to 10 years. After this period of time , a person will develop AIDS.

Symptoms ;
Fever , Fatigue , Skin rashes or Bumps , Profuse Night Sweats , Blurred and Distorted Vision , Pneumonia , Swollen Lymph Nodes , Weight Loss , Diarrhoea , Cough and Shortness of Breath

These symptoms can resemble symptoms from other diseases. Therefore , one should not assume a person has or does not have HIV / AIDS simply by the presence or absence of these symptoms. The only reliable way to tell whether a person has HIV/AIDS is through a HIV test from a health care provider. Currently , there is no known cure for AIDS..

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A pandemic (from Greek πᾶν pan "all" and δῆμος demos "people") is an epidemic of infectious disease that has spread through human populations across a large region; for instance multiple continents, or even worldwide. An epidemic that extends beyonds  the boundary of 1 area may become a pandemic.

For example, in 2003, the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 people worldwide. A pandemic is a global disease outbreak. HIV/AIDS is an example of one of the most destructive global pandemics in history.
Another example is Spanish influenza which killed 50 to 100 million people from 1918 to 1919.The influenza is an infectious disease, commonly known as the flu. The outbreak occur during WW1. Army troops that travelled from the usa brought the disease to Europe. It was first rpted in an army training camp in Kansas.

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rapid widespread occurrence of an infectious disease to a large number of people in a community at a particular time within a short time period

a common epidemic is cholera which affects the small intestine causing severe diarrhoea and vomiting

outbreak of diseases

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-Refers to the ratio of the number of hospital beds to a given population.They reflect the amount of investment in health by a country.

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Sanitation refers to facilities for the safe storage, treatment and disposal of waste.They include functioning toilets,urinals,sewage pipes and treatment plants.They also include facilities that help manage, reuse or recycle trash, such as rubbish bins, garbage trucks and landfills.

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Definition ; degeneraive diseases are diseases where the function of affected tissues or organs changes for the worse overtime because of lifestyle choices, eating habits, bodily wear and tear or genetic causes. They are not contagious and include cancer and diabetes.

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Life expectancy (at birth) is the average number of years from the time of birth that a person can expect to live. The pattern of life expectancy across the world is also related to levels of development.

In comparison, LDCs experience lower life expectancy of 60 - 79 years. Some LDCs like Afghanistan, Chad & Zambia have even lower life expectancy of below 50 years. These countries tend to experience lower life expectancy due to lack of nutritious food and lack of proper hygiene and sanitation.

In 1980, Sierra Leone's overall life expectancy for females and males is only at 37.8 %

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The infant mortality rate (IMR) is the number ofdeaths of infants under one year old per 1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an indicator of the level of health in a country. The infant mortality rateof the world is 49.4 according to the United Nations and 42.09 according to the CIA World Factbook. 2. Calculation: (Number of resident infant deaths/Number of resident live births) x 1,000 X 1,000

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The ratio of the number of doctors to given population.

DCs have higher doctor-patient ratio than LDCs

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Vaccination / Immunization  ( Natasha ) 

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Vaccination / Immunization  ( Natasha ) 

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Definition ;
- A medication that protects a person against a disease.
- Increase resistance to diseases and improving their ability to deal with diseases.

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infectious diseases [ Roy ] Page 196 ^.^ 

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infectious diseases [ Roy ] Page 196 ^.^ 

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infectious diseases are diseases that are communicable or contagious , and are transmitted by microorganisms such as bacteria , viruses , parasites and fungi . these diseases can be spread from one person to another through air , food and water blood or physical touch