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Everything you need to know about the most important star in our galaxy

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The sun has 6  layers:
1. Core
2.  Radiative Zone
3. Convective Zone
4. Photosphere
5. Chromosphere
6. Corona

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The core is the main region where nuclear fusion occurs. Nuclear reactions consume hydrogen and form helium, this nuclear reaction creates energy that shows up on the surface as heat and light.

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In the radiative zone the energy that is created in the core begins to move through as electromagnetic radiation which is conveyed by photons. The radiative zone extends from the core to about 70% of the suns radius.

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The convective zone is the outer most layer of the interior of the sun. Energy is transported through this area by convection and it turned into light at the surface of this layer.

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The photosphere is a thin but visible layer of gas on the suns surface. It is the lowest layer of the suns atmosphere and this is where things like sunspots occur and energy is released as light.

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A solar flare is a intense variation of brightness caused by a build up of magnetic energy in the solar atmosphere.
Info:https://hesperia.gsfc.nasa.gov/sftheory/flare.htm
Picture: https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/sun-release-x3.1-class-solar-flare-on-oct-24-2014

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The corona is the outermost layer of the suns atmosphere and can be seen in total eclipses as a white crown around the sun. Different features and the shapes of the corona changes depending on the sunspot cycle.

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Sunspots are spots on the suns surface that appear darker because they are cooler. These spots are cooler because they have intense magnetic fields that inhabit the rise of heat from the interior of the sun.
Info: http://www.swpc.noaa.gov/phenomena/sunspotssolar-cycle
Picture: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunspot

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The chromosphere is the second layer in the sun atmosphere. It's an irregular layer that has temperatures that rise from 6000 degree C to 200,000 degrees C. At temperatures this high hydrogen emits light that gives off a reddish color.

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In some cases the sun will send mass amounts of gases, particles, and energy and this is what causes auroras. This happens during solar storms call coronal mass ejection. When the particles reach our atmosphere they mix with some of the gases which cause different colored lights to appear, creating Auroras.
Info and Picture: https://spaceplace.nasa.gov/aurora/en/

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Solar prominence are is a large feature that extends from the suns photosphere and extends outward to the corona. These features are very hot and very bright and is made of a hot gas made of electrically charged hydrogen and helium.
Info and picture: https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/what-is-a-solar-prominence

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Pictures: http://nineplanets.org/sol.html
http://www.thesuntoday.org/solar-facts/powering-the-sun/
https://www.slideshare.net/armialeonardo/sun-53573086
http://sunstructures8.weebly.com/inner-layers-radiative-zone.html
https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/interior.shtml
http://cronodon.com/SpaceTech/Sol.html
https://amazingsky.net/2012/11/13/the-great-australian-eclipse-inner-corona/
Info: http://www.thesuntoday.org/solar-facts/powering-the-sun/
https://www.windows2universe.org/sun/Solar_interior/Sun_layers/radiative_zone.html
https://www.cora.nwra.com/~werne/eos/text/convection_zone.html#main
https://www.space.com/17160-sun-atmosphere.html
https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/chromos.shtml
https://solarscience.msfc.nasa.gov/corona.shtml