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“Unlike other museums, you can't just walk through a door to visit Lava River Cave. The entrance is actually a hole in the ground and the floor just inside is covered with large, slippery boulders. Also, conditions throughout the cave are always cold and dark. You will need to DRESS WARMLY, wear STURDY SHOES and bring ADEQUATE LIGHTING in order to make the most of your visit. Lava River Cave probably formed WITHIN A FEW HOURS  after a brief volcanic eruption. In comparison to other geologic events, like the cutting of a canyon or the movement of a glacier, Lava River Cave formed in THE BRIEFEST MOMENTS. Since the cave appears today much as it did shortly after its formation, it is indeed a “FROZEN MOMENT" in geologic time. Lava River Cave is a unique kind of cave known as a “LAVA TUBE". It is the LONGEST  cave of this kind in Arizona. Geologists believe lava River Cave was formed sometime between 650,000 AND 700,000 YEARS AGO when molten lava erupted from a volcano near the present day site of Michelback Ranch. When the lava came to the surface its temperature was hotter than 2,000 DEGREES FARENHEIT!”

“Flow ripples can be observed on most of the floor throughout the last two thirds of the cave. This gives the floor the appearance of A FROZEN RIVER. Actually the floor is a “FROZEN RIVER” of lava, which flowed through the cave shortly after the walls and ceiling hardened. Lavasicles are very small ICICLE—LIKE FORMATIONS, which formed after the walls and ceiling hardened. For some reason a hot blast of gas shot through the tube shortly after it formed and PARTIALLY RE-MELTED THE WALLS AND CEILING. This caused drips of re-melted lava to form and quickly hardened into lavasicles. The lava flow features within Lava River Cave may not seem particularly fragile, but they are HALF A MILLION YEARS OLD and cannot be repaired or replaced. Lava River Cave is an amazingly simple natural ICE BOX. In fact, it could be considered the largest "REFRIGERATOR" in northern Arizona. On the hottest day of summer, when the temperature outside the cave is over 90 DEGREES, just inside the temperature is 35 DEGREES and sometimes there is ICE!”

my source:

1. http://www.fs.usda.gov/detailfull/coconino/learning/nature-science/?cid=stelprdb5275785&width=full

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This breathtaking canyon was formed by the erosion of Navajo Sandstone, due to flash flooding and other subaerial processes. Rainwater runs in the basin above the slot canyon sections, picking up speed and sand.

my source: http://antelopecanyon.az

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The Grand Staircase was formed by rock layers being uplifted, tilted, and eroded constantly. The Grand Staircase is a serious of colorful cliffs stretching between Bryce Canyon (top "step") and the Grand Canyon (bottom "step")