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The Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, functions as a factory in which proteins received from the ER are further processed and sorted for transport to their eventual destinations: lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. In addition, as noted earlier, glycolipids and sphingomyelin are synthesized within the Golgi.

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The Golgi apparatus, also called Golgi complex or Golgi body, is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells (cells with clearly defined nuclei) that is made up of a series of flattened stacked pouches called cisternae. It is located in the cytoplasm next to the endoplasmic reticulum and near the cell nucleus.

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The cell wall surrounds the plasma membrane of plant cells and provides tensile strength and protection against mechanical and osmotic stress. It also allows cells to develop turgor pressure, which is the pressure of the cell contents against the cell wall.

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The smooth endoplasmic reticulum functions in many metabolic processes. It synthesizes lipids, phospholipids as in plasma membranes, and steroids. Cells that secrete these products, such as cells of the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands, have an excess of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), series of connected flattened sacs, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins. The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) is so named for the appearance of its outer surface, which is studded with protein-synthesizing particles known as ribosomes. This feature distinguishes it superficially and functionally from the other major type of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), which lacks ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis and storage of lipids. RER occurs in both animal and plant cells

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The cell wall is an outer protective membrane in many cells including plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria. The cell wall in plants is composed mainly of cellulose and contains three layers in many plants. The three layers are the middle lamella, primary cell wall, and secondary cell wall.

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The plasma membrane is composed of a bilayer of phospholipids, with their hydrophobic, fatty acid tails in contact with each other. The phosphate head is facing the outside of the cell because it is hydrophilic and stops water entering the cell. The hydrophobic tails face the inside of the cell as it's hydrophobic.

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Vacuoles have a simple structure: they are surrounded by a thin membrane and filled with fluid and any molecules they take in. They look similar to vesicles, another organelle, because both are membrane-bound sacs, but vacuoles are significantly larger than vesicles and are formed when multiple vesicles fuse together.

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1. It controls the heredity characteristics of an organism.

2. It maintaines cellular metabolism through controlling synthesis of particular enzymes.

3. It is responsible for protein synthesis, cell division, growth and differentiation.

4. Stores heredity material in the form of deoxy-ribonucleic acid (DNA) strands. Also stores proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA) in the nucleolus.

5. It is a site for transcription process in which messenger RNA (mRNA) are produced for protein synthesis.

6. It helps in exchange of DNA and RNA (heredity materials) between the nucleus and the rest of the cell.

7. Nucleolus produces ribosomes and are known as protein factories.

8. It also regulates the integrity of genes and gene expression.

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER),

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a large, dynamic structure consisting of tubules and sheets near the nuclear envelope.
These tubules or tubes sometimes branch forming a network that is reticular in appearance.

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Provides protection for the cell, it also provides a fixed environment inside the cell. It also regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cells. Allows different sections within the cell

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Mitochondria have an inner and outer membrane, with an intermembrane space between them. The outer membrane contains proteins known as porins, which allow movement of ions into and out of the mitochondrion. Enzymes involved in the elongation of fatty acids and the oxidation of adrenaline can also be found on the outer membrane.

The space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion is known as the matrix, which contains the enzymes of the Krebs (TCA) and fatty acid cycles, alongside DNA, RNA, ribosomes and calcium granules.

The inner membrane contains a variety of enzymes. It contains ATP synthase which generates ATP in the matrix, and transport proteins that regulate the movement of metabolites into and out of the matrix.

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Mitochondria are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion, singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

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The vacuole plays an important role in the homeostasis of the plant cell. It is involved in the control of cell volume and cell turgor; the regulation of cytoplasmic ions and pH; the storage of amino acids, sugars, and CO₂; and the sequestration of toxic ions and xenobiotics.

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The nuclear membrane is a double-layered structure that encloses the contents of the nucleus.
This envelope helps to maintain the shape of the nucleus and assists in regulating the flow of molecules into and out of the nucleus through nuclear pores.
Nucleoplasm is the gelatinous substance within the nuclear envelope which helps to maintain shape.
Contained within the nucleus is a dense, membrane-less structure composed of RNA and proteins called the nucleolus.
The nucleus is the organelle that houses chromosomes.

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), series of connected flattened sacs, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins.

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Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), series of connected flattened sacs, part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins.

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Chloroplasts are oval-shaped and have two membranes: an outer membrane and an inner membrane. Between the outer and inner membrane is the intermembrane space approximately 10-20 nm wide. The space within the inner membrane is the stroma, the dense fluid within the chloroplast. This is the site at where the conversion from carbon dioxide to carbohydrates takes place.

Other chloroplast structures include:

Thylakoid System: internal membrane system consisting of flattened sac-like membrane structures called thylakoids where light energy is converted into chemical energy. Thylakoids contain the light-harvesting complex, including the electron transport chains used in photosynthesis and pigments like chlorophyll and carotenoids.

Granum: densely layered stacks of thylakoids (10 to 20) that are the sites of conversion of light energy to chemical energy.

Chlorophyll: a green photosynthetic pigment sitting on the surface of thylakoids that absorbs light energy.

DNA Ring: the circular DNA that is distinct from the nuclear DNA.

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Plasmodesmata (PD) are intercellular channels that span the plant cell wall and serve as cytoplasmic bridges to facilitate efficient exchange of signaling molecules between neighboring cells.

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Chloroplasts are plant cell organelles that convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via the photosynthetic process. By doing so, they sustain life on Earth.

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The plasmodesmata is structured in an entirely different configuration than the animal cell gap junction because of the thick cell wall. ... A majority of plasmodesmata also contain a narrow tube-like structure called the desmotubule, which is derived from the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the connected cells.