# data[].attributes.body
Gallenstein, N. L. (2005). Engaging Young Children in Science and Mathematics. Journal of Elementary Science Education, 17(2), 27–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43156150

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The purpose of this article is to present various techniques that will engage young children, ages 3-8, in learning science and mathematics. Children actively engage in acquiring basic science and mathematics concepts as they explore their environment. The methods presented are intended to meet the developmental levels of young learners as they make connections with science and mathematics. Also included is a review of science and mathematics content and process skills appropriate for early childhood age learners.

Publisher Information

Springer is one of the leading international scientific publishing companies, publishing over 1,200 journals and more than 3,000 new books annually, covering a wide range of subjects including biomedicine and the life sciences, clinical medicine, physics, engineering, mathematics, computer sciences, and economics.

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Engaging Young Children in Science and Mathematics on JSTOR

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The purpose of this article is to present various techniques that will engage young children, ages 3-8, in learning science and mathematics. Children actively engage in acquiring basic science and mathematics concepts as they explore their environment. The methods presented are intended to meet the developmental levels of young learners as they make connections with science and mathematics.

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Herreid, C. F., & Schiller, N. A. (2013). Case Studies and the Flipped Classroom. Journal of College Science Teaching, 42(5), 62–66. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43631584

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Case Studies and the Flipped Classroom on JSTOR

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Clyde Freeman Herreid, Nancy A. Schiller, Case Studies and the Flipped Classroom, Journal of College Science Teaching, Vol. 42, No. 5 (May/June 2013), pp. 62-66

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Create a new document and edit with others at the same time -- from your computer, phone or tablet. Get stuff done with or without an internet connection. Use Docs to edit Word files. Free from Google.

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Moon Phase Project
Students will demonstrate understanding of the different moon phases. Points will be rewarded on being able to identify the different phases as well as label what it would look like in association to the sun.

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What Is on the Far Side of the Moon? By: Emily Mahoney
People have been fascinated by the moon for ages. This book simplifies complex concepts about the moon in a way that will engage readers.

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instant access to thousands of great kids books.

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Read What Is on the Far Side of the Moon? on Epic

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Instantly access What Is on the Far Side of the Moon? plus over 40,000 of the best books & videos for kids.

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Moon: by Vanessa Black
Readers learn about the moon’s characteristics and composition. Photos and text engage readers as they discover the solar system.

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instant access to thousands of great kids books.

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Instantly access 40,000 high-quality books for kids

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The leading digital library for kids offering unlimited access to 40,000 of the best children's books of all time. Sign up for a free 30 day trial to instantly access high-quality online books for kids, ebooks, audio books, quizzes, videos, and more.

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Earth By: Joyce Markovics
Early readers will be taken on a journey through outer space as they learn fascinating facts about Earth.

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Instantly access over 40,000 of the best books & videos for kids on Epic

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Get unlimited access to 40,000 of the best books, audiobooks, videos, & more for kids 12 and under. Try it free.

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Earth: Explore Space By: Derek Zobel
Children will explore our home's water, atmosphere, and the diverse land features that make Earth a beautiful place to live!

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Instantly access Earth: Exploring Space plus over 40,000 of the best books & videos for kids.

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Tool used to set size, distance, orbital velocity, and tilt angles for the Earth/Moon system.

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Sun, Earth, and Moon Visualization - Interactive Earth

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Use this tool to set size, distance, orbital velocity, and tilt angles for the Earth/Moon system. Keep in mind that relative distances and sizes are not accurately displayed. Visualize Earth/Moon angles, sizes, Kepler’s Laws, and rotational relationships.

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Shows virtually past space missions around the earth and important vitals that were used for the mission.

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Fly along with NASA's Earth science missions in real-time, monitor Earth's vital signs like Carbon Dioxide, Ozone and Sea Level, and see satellite imagery of the latest major weather events, all in an immersive, 3D environment.

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Welcome to NASA's Eyes, a way for you to learn about your home planet, our solar system, the universe beyond and the spacecraft exploring them.

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Fun website that keeps track of the time, but the phases of the moon.

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Moon phases for 2023 or any year. New Moon and Full Moon calendar with precise times and simulation of the Moon phase today. When is the next Full Moon?

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Phases of the moon, has printable pictures for students to have at their desk with them.

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We have a slightly different view of the Moon each night. We describe how the Moon looks with the eight Moon phases, or shapes:

🌑 New

🌒 Waxing Crescent

🌓 First Quarter

🌔 Waxing Gibbous

🌕 Full

🌖 Waning Gibbous

🌗 Third Quarter

🌘 Waning Crescent

If you have looked into the night sky, you may have noticed the Moon appears to change shape each night. Some nights, the Moon might look like a narrow crescent. Other nights, the Moon might look like a bright circle. And on other nights, you might not be able to see the Moon at all. The different shapes of the Moon that we see at different times of the month are called the Moon's phases.

Why does this happen? The shape of the Moon isn't changing throughout the month. However, our view of the Moon does change.

The Moon does not produce its own light. There is only one source of light in our solar system, and that is the Sun. Without the Sun, our Moon would be completely dark. What you may have heard referred to as "moonlight" is actually just sunlight reflecting off of the Moon's surface.

The Sun's light comes from one direction, and it always illuminates, or lights up, one half of the Moon - the side of the Moon that is facing the Sun. The other side of the Moon is dark.

On Earth, our view of the illuminated part of the Moon changes each night, depending on where the Moon is in its orbit, or path, around Earth. When we have a full view of the completely illuminated side of the Moon, that phase is known as a full moon.

But following the night of each full moon, as the Moon orbits around Earth, we start to see less of the Moon lit by the Sun. Eventually, the Moon reaches a point in its orbit when we don't see any of the Moon illuminated. At that point, the far side of the Moon is facing the Sun. This phase is called a new moon. During the new moon, the side facing Earth is dark.

The eight Moon phases:

🌑 New: We cannot see the Moon when it is a new moon.

🌒 Waxing Crescent: In the Northern Hemisphere, we see the waxing crescent phase as a thin crescent of light on the right.

🌓 First Quarter: We see the first quarter phase as a half moon.

🌔 Waxing Gibbous: The waxing gibbous phase is between a half moon and full moon. Waxing means it is getting bigger.

🌕 Full: We can see the Moon completely illuminated during full moons.

🌖 Waning Gibbous: The waning gibbous phase is between a full moon and a half moon. Waning means it is getting smaller.

🌗 Third Quarter: We see the third quarter moon as a half moon, too. It is the opposite half as illuminated in the first quarter moon.

🌘 Waning Crescent: In the Northern Hemisphere, we see the waning crescent phase as a thin crescent of light on the left.

The Moon displays these eight phases one after the other as it moves through its cycle each month. It takes about 27.3 days for the Moon to orbit Earth. However, because of how sunlight hits the Moon, it takes about 29.5 days to go from one new moon to the next new moon.

Here's what the Moon looks like right now from Earth:

Interested in learning more about the Moon?

Related Resources for Educators

Daily Moon Guide
Moon Phases Simulation Viewed from Earth and Space
Our World: Moon Phases
Make a Moon Phase Calendar and Calculator

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Moon and Earth, linked with interactive videos and forms for students to learn about both the Moon and the Earth. Teacher resources given to students to further their knowledge base of both.

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Moon and Earth - Fourth Grade is Fabulous!

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All about the Season, with quiz to display understanding from the students.

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Kids learn about the science of the seasons - winter, spring, summer, and autumn. Why we have them due to the Earth’s tilt.

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More visuals, but talks about Earth's tilt being the cause of seasons.

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It's all about Earth's tilt!

Many people believe that Earth is closer to the Sun in the summer and that is why it is hotter. And, likewise, they think Earth is farthest from the Sun in the winter.

Although this idea makes sense, it is incorrect.

It is true that Earth's orbit is not a perfect circle. It is a bit lop-sided. During part of the year, Earth is closer to the Sun than at other times. However, in the Northern Hemisphere, we are having winter when Earth is closest to the Sun and summer when it is farthest away! Compared with how far away the Sun is, this change in Earth's distance throughout the year does not make much difference to our weather.

There is a different reason for Earth's seasons.

Earth's axis is an imaginary pole going right through the center of Earth from "top" to "bottom." Earth spins around this pole, making one complete turn each day. That is why we have day and night, and why every part of Earth's surface gets some of each.

Earth has seasons because its axis doesn't stand up straight.

But what caused Earth to tilt?

Long, long ago, when Earth was young, it is thought that something big hit Earth and knocked it off-kilter. So instead of rotating with its axis straight up and down, it leans over a bit.

By the way, that big thing that hit Earth is called Theia. It also blasted a big hole in the surface. That big hit sent a huge amount of dust and rubble into orbit. Most scientists think that that rubble, in time, became our Moon.

As Earth orbits the Sun, its tilted axis always points in the same direction. So, throughout the year, different parts of Earth get the Sun's direct rays.

Sometimes it is the North Pole tilting toward the Sun (around June) and sometimes it is the South Pole tilting toward the Sun (around December).

It is summer in June in the Northern Hemisphere because the Sun's rays hit that part of Earth more directly than at any other time of the year. It is winter in December in the Northern Hemisphere, because that is when it is the South Pole's turn to be tilted toward the Sun.

Earth's lopsided orbit

Earth's perihelion (point closest to Sun) = 91,400,000 miles from Sun

Earth's aphelion (point farthest from Sun) = 94,500,000 miles from Sun

While that is a difference of over 3 million miles, relative to the entire distance, it isn't much.

And, believe it or not, aphelion (when Earth is farthest from the Sun) occurs in July, and perihelion (when we are closest) occurs in January. For those of us who live in the Northern Hemisphere where it's summer in July and winter in January, that seems backwards, doesn't it? That just goes to prove that Earth's distance from the Sun is not the cause of the seasons.

Related Resources for Educators

Seasons (Educator Guide to go with Seasons Spotlite video)
Seasons (Nearpod Lesson to go with Seasons Spotlite video)
Our World: Sun's Position
Sun's Position (Educator Guide to go with Sun's Position Spotlite video)
Sun's Position (Nearpod Lesson to go with Sun's Position Spotlite video)

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Earth's Rotation, similiar to others, but would be another source that is given to the students to use.

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The tilted Earth and its rotation on its own axis

Simply, this is how we get day and night. Do you know that all these happen due to the Earth's rotation? So, let's talk about how Earth's rotation takes place and what changes occur due to this.

What is the shape of the Earth?

The Earth is (roughly) spherical, like a (slightly squashed) ball.

What is 'Earth's axis'?

The Earth's axis is the imaginary line that runs through the centre of the Earth. One end of the axis is the North Pole and the other end is the South Pole. Earth is slightly tilted on its axis.

The tilted Earth and Earth's rotation

Earth is slightly tilted (slanted) on its axis as it rotates on its axis and orbits around the Sun. Tilt means turned toward one side. The Earth's axis is tilted at an angle of 23.5 degrees. This picture shows the correct way of Earth's rotation.

No, it doesn't. The Sun does not actually move around the Earth. What actually happens is, Earth is turning on its axis makes it look as if the Sun is moving.

Why don't we feel the Earth's rotation?

The Earth rotates slowly all the time, but we don't feel any movement because it turns smoothly and at the same speed.

Changes occur due to the Earth's rotation

What makes day and night?

The Earth spins (turn or rotate) on its own axis once every 24 hours (The Earth takes 24 hours to completely rotate on its axis). That means one whole day. This makes day and night on Earth. As Earth turns, half of the Earth faces the Sun, and the other half faces away. On the half of the Earth that is facing the sun is having daytime. On the half of the Earth that is facing away from the sun is having night.
E.g. - 1) You are going to school during daytime. That time, the part of the Earth which you live on faces the Sun. 2) You are going to bed at night. That time, the part of the Earth which you live on faces away from the Sun.
So this means, our Earth is rotating on its own axis while it is rotating around the Sun, not the Sun is rotating around the Earth.

What are the changes happen because of the tilt of the Earth's axis?

1) All places don't have exactly 12 hours of day and 12 hours of night.

2) Seasons occur on Earth.

The rising and setting Sun

Where does the Sun rise in the sky?

The Sun rises in the East sky.

Where does the Sun set in the sky?

The Sun sets in the West sky.

Why does the Sun seem to move across the sky?

The Sun does not move across the sky. It seems to move across the sky starting in the east in the morning, moving toward the south at noon, and then toward the west as the day ends. It is the turning Earth that makes it seem like that Sun is moving.

When are the shadows long?

Shadows are long in the morning and evening.

Why shadows are long in the morning and evening?

Shadows are long in the morning and evening, because the Sun is low in the Sky at those times. The lower the Sun, the longer the shadows.

When are the shadows shortest?

Shadows are shortest at midday (noon).

Why shadows are shortest at midday?

Shadows are shortest at midday, because the Sun is at its highest in the sky. The higher the Sun, the shorter the shadows.

At what time the Sunrays has to travel a shorter distance to reach us?

When the Sun is directly overhead, it has to travel a shorter distance to reach us.

At what time the Sunrays has to travel a longer distance to reach us?

As the Sun begins to set, its rays have much further to travel through the atmosphere towards us.

Why does the Sun itself appear like a crimson sphere at Sunrise and Sunset?

Dust and water droplets in the atmosphere scatter (spread out) some of the rays of light coming from the Sun. But the red and yellow rays of light are not scattered and they reach our eyes. Therefore the sun itself may appear like a crimson sphere at Sunrise and Sunset.

Why can we see beautiful colours in the sky at Sunrise and Sunset?

At Sunrise and Sunset Sun's rays shining from a low angle and tint (shade) the undersides of the clouds with beautiful colours.

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Earth's Rotation | Geography for Kids | The K8 School

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The tilted Earth and its rotation on its own axis Simply, this is how we get day and night. Do you know that all these happen due to the Earth's rotation? So, let's talk about how Earth's rotation takes place and what changes occur due to this.

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Crash Course Kids, going into detail about Earth's Rotation and Revolution. Would be used at home for parents.

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Watch Crash Course Kids: Earth's Rotation & Revolution on Epic

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Instantly access 40,000 high-quality books for kids

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The leading digital library for kids offering unlimited access to 40,000 of the best children's books of all time. Sign up for a free 30 day trial to instantly access high-quality online books for kids, ebooks, audio books, quizzes, videos, and more.

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Day and Night, better suited for kids fun little alien talks about Earth's Day and Night, would be linked with Polly Olly.

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What Causes Day and Night? | Day and night explained for children | About Gravity

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Polly Olly and friends talk about the days and night on earth.

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Polly Olly - Kids Videos and Nursery Rhymes

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Day and night explanation causes science for kids | Day and Night for kids | Polly Olly

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Gallenstein, N. L. (2005). Engaging Young Children in Science and Mathematics. Journal of Elementary Science Education, 17(2), 27–41. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43156150

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The purpose of this article is to present various techniques that will engage young children, ages 3-8, in learning science and mathematics. Children actively engage in acquiring basic science and mathematics concepts as they explore their environment. The methods presented are intended to meet the developmental levels of young learners as they make connections with science and mathematics. Also included is a review of science and mathematics content and process skills appropriate for early childhood age learners.

Publisher Information

Springer is one of the leading international scientific publishing companies, publishing over 1,200 journals and more than 3,000 new books annually, covering a wide range of subjects including biomedicine and the life sciences, clinical medicine, physics, engineering, mathematics, computer sciences, and economics.

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Engaging Young Children in Science and Mathematics on JSTOR

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The purpose of this article is to present various techniques that will engage young children, ages 3-8, in learning science and mathematics. Children actively engage in acquiring basic science and mathematics concepts as they explore their environment. The methods presented are intended to meet the developmental levels of young learners as they make connections with science and mathematics.

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Consider incorporating relevant activities from the journal from NSTA called Science and Children.

Remember to cite all resources using APA guidelines.

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Moon Quiz

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Using all of the resources that you have compiled, create an outline of a unit that you could use to teach these concepts.
Include the Essential standards, learning objectives, activities and assessments.  You may create this in a google doc and link here if you like.
Be very detailed in your descriptions and include a timeline of how many days you would take to teach this unit.
List how many days and what lessons and activities per day.

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This website digs in about Earth's days and nights, the rotation of the planet, the tilt that our axis sits and the seasonal changes.

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For most of here on planet Earth, sunrise, sunset, and the cycle of day and night (aka. the diurnal cycle) are just simple facts of life. As a result of seasonal changes that happen with every passing year, the length of day and night can vary - and be either longer or shorter - by just a few hours. But in some regions of the world (i.e. the poles) the Sun does not set during certain times of the year. And there are also seasonal periods where a single night can last many days.

Naturally, this gives rise to certain questions. Namely, what causes the cycle of day and night, and why don't all places on the planet experience the same patterns? As with many other seasonal experiences, the answer has to do with two facts: One, the Earth rotates on its axis as it orbits the Sun. And two, the fact that Earth's axis is tilted.

Earth's Rotation:

Earth's rotation occurs from west to east, which is why the Sun always appears to be rising on the eastern horizon and setting on the western. If you could view the Earth from above, looking down at the northern polar region, the planet would appear to be rotating counter-clockwise. However, viewed from the southern polar region, it appears to be rotating clockwise.

The Earth rotates once in about 24 hours with respect to the Sun and once every 23 hours 56 minutes and 4 seconds with respect to the stars. What's more, its central axis is aligned with two stars. The northern axis points outward to Polaris, hence why it is called "the North Star", while its southern axis points to Sigma Octantis.

Axial Tilt:

As already noted, due to the Earth's axial tilt (or obliquity), day and night are not evenly divided. If the Earth's axis were perpendicular to its orbital plane around the Sun, all places on Earth would experience equal amounts of day and night (i.e. 12 hours of day and night, respectively) every day during the year and there would be no seasonal variability.

Instead, at any given time of the year, one hemisphere is pointed slightly more towards the Sun, leaving the other pointed away. During this time, one hemisphere will be experiencing warmer temperatures and longer days while the other will experience colder temperatures and longer nights.

Seasonal Changes:

Of course, since the Earth is rotating around the Sun and not just on its axis, this process is reversed during the course of a year. Every six months, the Earth undergoes a half orbit and changes positions to the other side of the Sun, allowing the other hemisphere to experience longer days and warmer temperatures.

Consequently, in extreme places like the North and South pole, daylight or nighttime can last for days. Those times of the year when the northern and southern hemispheres experience their longest days and nights are called solstices, which occur twice a year for the northern and southern hemispheres.

The Summer Solstice takes place between June 20th and 22nd in the northern hemisphere and between December 20th and 23rd each year in the southern hemisphere. The Winter Solstice occurs at the same time but in reverse - between Dec. 20th and 23rd for the northern hemisphere and June 20th and 22nd for the southern hemisphere.

According to NOAA, around the Winter Solstice at the North Pole there will be no sunlight or even twilight beginning in early October, and the darkness lasts until the beginning of dawn in early March. Conversely, around the Summer Solstice, the North Pole stays in full sunlight all day long throughout the entire summer (unless there are clouds). After the Summer Solstice, the sun starts to sink towards the horizon.

Another common feature in the cycle of day and night is the visibility of the Moon, the stars, and other celestial bodies. Technically, we don't always see the Moon at night. On certain days, when the Moon is well-positioned between the Earth and the Sun, it is visible during the daytime. However, the stars and other planets of our Solar System are only visible at night after the Sun has fully set.

The reason for this is because the light of these objects is too faint to be seen during daylight hours. The Sun, being the closest star to us and the most radiant object visible from Earth, naturally obscures them when it is overhead. However, with the Earth tilted away from the Sun, we are able to see the Moon radiating the Sun's light more clearly, and the stars light is detectable.

On an especially clear night, and assuming light pollution is not a major factor, the glowing band of the Milky Way and other clouds of dust and gas may also be visible in the night sky. These objects are more distant than the stars in our vicinity of the Galaxy, and therefore have less luminosity and are more difficult to see.

Another interesting thing about the cycle of day and night is that it is getting slower with time. This is due to the tidal effects the Moon has on Earth's rotation, which is making days longer (but only marginally). According to atomic clocks around the world, the modern day is about 1.7 milliseconds longer than it was a century ago - a change which may require the addition of more leap seconds in the future.

We have many interesting articles on Earth's Rotation here at Universe Today. To learn more about solstices here in Universe Today, be sure to check out our articles on the Shortest Day of the Year and the Summer Solstice.

More information can be found at NASA, Seasons of the Year, The Sun at Solstice

Check out this podcast at Astronomy Cast: The Life of the Sun

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What Causes Day and Night? - Universe Today

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For most of here on planet Earth, sunrise, sunset, and the cycle of day and night (aka. the diurnal cycle) are just simple facts of life. As a result of seasonal changes that happen with every passing year, the length of day and night can vary - and be either longer or shorter - by ...

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Earth Space Lab includes interactive games that the students can explore about Earth, its Season, Revolution, time Zone etc.

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The app Earth Space Lab is designed especially for teaching the topic of the Earth as a planet at grammar or elementary schools (geography, physics). The app consists of individual learning objects that can be used independently.

This app was created by Václav Černík ([email protected] ) and it's based on his diploma thesis at the Faculty of Science, Charles University in 2017. Any comments can be sent to e-mail [email protected] .
Special thanks:

RNDr. Marek Křížek, Ph.D. - supervisor of the diploma thesis

RNDr. Jitka Houfková, Ph.D. - opponent of the diploma thesis

Translations:
Thank you!
Credits:

numbers - "Školní atlas světa" (Kartografie Praha, 2004), "Velká encyklopedie vesmíru" (Josip Kleczek, Academia, Praha, 2002)

textures of the Earth, the Sun, the Moon (James Hastings-Trew, free license)

textures of space (Jerome Etienne, license MIT)

fonts Roboto, Roboto Slab (Google Inc., licence Apache 2.0)

JavaScript and CSS plugins:

normalize.css (v5.0.0, Nicolas Gallagher and Jonathan Neal, license MIT)

jQuery (1.11.3, The jQuery Foundation, license MIT)

jQuery Mobile (1.4.5, The jQuery Foundation, license MIT)

three.js (r84, three.js authors, license MIT)

Two.js (v0.6.0, Jono Brandel, volná license)

API Mapy.cz (4.11, Seznam.cz, a. s.)

Background image (c) Can Stock Photo / onyxprj

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Earth Space Lab - interactive 3D animations 🌍

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Excellent educative app about the Earth in the Space - seasons, solar time, Moon phases, ...

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Let's Explore Earth By: Walt K. Moon
Explore the fascinating universe we live in. Learn about the wonders of the sun, the moon, the stars, and our home planet, Earth!

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Instantly access over 40,000 of the best books & videos for kids on Epic

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Get unlimited access to 40,000 of the best books, audiobooks, videos, & more for kids 12 and under. Try it free.

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Earth’s Rotation:

Axial Tilt

Seasonal Changes

Revolution

Seasons: Spring, Summer, Autumn, Winter

Moon Phases:

🌑 New: We cannot see the Moon when it is a new moon.

🌒 Waxing Crescent: In the Northern Hemisphere, we see the waxing crescent phase as a thin crescent of light on the right.

🌓 First Quarter: We see the first quarter phase as a half moon.

🌔 Waxing Gibbous: The waxing gibbous phase is between a half moon and full moon. Waxing means it is getting bigger.

🌕 Full: We can see the Moon completely illuminated during full moons.

🌖 Waning Gibbous: The waning gibbous phase is between a half moon and full moon. Waning means it is getting smaller.

🌗 Third Quarter: We see the third quarter moon as a half moon, too. It is the opposite half as illuminated in the first quarter moon.

🌘 Waning Crescent: In the Northern Hemisphere, we see the waning crescent phase as a thin crescent of light on the left.

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4.E.1 Explain the causes of day and night and phases of the moon.

Objective:
4.E.1.1 Explain the cause of day and night based on the rotation of Earth on its axis.

4.E.1.2 Explain the monthly changes in the appearance of the moon, based on the moon’s orbit around the Earth.

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The type of science that I need to study more is Earth Science. Earth Science being a broad term it is broken up into 4 categories. Geology, which is the study of the substances that make up the Earth. Meteorology, is the study of Earth's Atmosphere. Oceanology, being the study of the sea. Last, Astronomy being the study of Earth's solar system and beyond.

Livescience.com. (2014, June 11). What is earth science? LiveScience. Retrieved October 27, 2021, from https://www.livescience.com/46252-earth-science.html#:~:text=What%20Is%20Earth%20Science%3F%201%20Geology.%20Geology%20is,the%20weather.%203%20Oceanography.%20...%204%20Astronomy.%20.